Abstract
Many plants growing in polar and alpine regions clearly solve serious problems of life under extreme climatic conditions, as low temperatures, strong winds, unstable soils and in the North partly 24-h of light.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aas B, Faarlund T (2001) The holocene history of the nordic mountain birch belt. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Nordic mountain birch ecosystems. UNESCO, Paris and The Parthenon Publ. Group, New York, London, pp 5–22
ACIA (2004) Impacts of a warming arctic. Arctic climate impact assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Arft AM, Walker MD, Gurevitch J, Alatalo JM, Bret-Harte MS, Dale M, Diemer M, Gugerli F, Henry GHR, Jones MH, Hollister RD, Jónsdóttir IS, Laine K, Lévesque E, Marion GM, Molau U, Mølgaard P, Nordenhäll U, Raszivin V, Robinson CH, Starr G, Stenström M, Totland Ø, Turner PL, Walker LJ, Webber PJ, Welker JM, Wookey PA (1999) Responses of tundra plants to experimental warming: meta-analysis of the international tundra experiment. Ecol Monogr 69:491–511
Aune B (1993) Climate (Engl. Summ. pp 56–61). Nasjonalatlas for Norge. Statens Kartverk. Hønefoss, Norway
Barry RG, Ives JD (1974) Introduction. In: Ives JD, Barry RG (eds) Arctic and alpine environments. Methuen & Co Ltd., London, pp 1–13
Beuker E (1994) Adaptation to climatic changes of the timing of bud burst in populations of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L.) karst. Tree Physiol 14:961–970
Billings WD (1973) Arctic and alpine vegetations: similarities, differences, and susceptibility to disturbance. Bioscience 23:697–704
Bliss LC (1971) Arctic and alpine life cycles. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 2:405–438
Bliss LC (1981) North American and Scandinavian tundras and polar deserts. In: Bliss LC, Heal OW, Moore JJ (eds) Tundra ecosystems: a comparative analysis. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, London, New York, Sydney, pp 8–34
Bliss LC (1997) Arctic ecosystems of North America. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Polar and alpine tundra. Ecosystems of the world, vol. 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, Tokyo, pp 551–683
Bliss LC, Matveyeva NV (1992) Circumpolar arctic vegetation. In: Chapin III FS, Jefferies RL, Reynolds JF, Shaver GR, Svoboda J (eds) Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, New York, pp 59–89
Bogaert J, Zhou L, Tucker CJ, Myneni RB, Ceulemans R (2002) Evidence for a persistent and extensive greening trend in Eurasia inferred from satellite vegetation index data. J Geophys Res 107(D11), doi:10.1029/2001JD001075
Brown J (1981) Introduction. In: Bliss LC, Heal OW, Moore JJ (eds) Tundra ecosystems: a comparative analysis. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, London, New York, Sydney, p 79
Buermann W, Anderson B, Tucker CJ, Dickinson RE, Lucht W, Potter CS, Myneni RB (2003) Interannual covariability in northern hemisphere air temperatures and greenness associated with El Niño-southern oscillation and the arctic oscillation. J Geophys Res 108(D13):4396, doi:10.1029/2002JD002630,2003
CAVM Team (2003) Circumpolar arctic vegetation map scale 1:7,500000. Conservation of arctic flora and fauna (CAFF) Map No. 1. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska
Carlsson BA, Callaghan TV (1994) Impact of climatic change factors on the clonal sedge Carex bigelowii: implication for population growth and spread. Ecography 17:321–330
Chernov YI, Matveyeva NV (1997) Arctic ecosystems in Russia. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Polar and alpine tundra. Ecosystems of the world, vol. 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, Tokyo, pp 361–507
Chmielewski F-M, Rötzer (2001) Response of tree phenology to climate change across Europe. Agr For Meteorol 108:101–112
Cornelissen JH, Callaghan TV, Alatalo JM, Michelsen A, Graglia E, Hartley AE, Hik DS, Hobbie SE, Press MC, Robinson CH, Henry GHR, Shaver GR, Phoenix GK, Gwynn Jones D, Jonasson S, Chapin III FS, Molau U, Neill C, Lee JA, Melillo JM, Sveinbjörnsson B, Aerts R (2001) Global change and arctic ecosystems: is lichen decline a function of increases in vascular plant biomass? J Ecol 89:984–994
Dahl E (1986) Zonation in arctic and alpine tundra and fellfield ecobiomes. In: Bliss LC, Heal OW, Moore JJ (eds) Tundra ecosystems: a comparative analysis. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, London, New York, Sydney, pp 35–62
Dickinson R (1986) The climate system and modelling of future climate. In: Bolin B, Doos B, Jager J, Warrick RA (eds) The greenhouse effect, climate change and ecosystems. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp 207–270
Førland E (1993) Annual precipitation. Det Norske Meteorologiske Institutt, Kartblad (Map) 3.1.1. Nasjonalatlas for Norge. Statens Kartverk. Hønefoss, Norway
Galakhoff NN (1938) The autumnal hue and shedding of foliage (in Russ.). Bot J USSR 23:193–208
Gong D-Y, Ho C-H (2003) Detection of large-scale climate signals in spring vegetation index (normalized difference vegetation index) over the northern hemisphere. J Geophys Res 108(D16):4498, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002300
Håbjørg A (1972a) Effects of photoperiod and temperature on growth and development of three latitudinal and three altitudinal populations of Betula pubescens Ehrh. Meld N Landbr Høgsk 51(2):1–27
Håbjørg A (1972b) Effects of light quality, light intensty and night temperature on growth and development of three latitudinal populations of Betula pubescens Ehrh. Meld N Landbr Høgsk 51(26):1–17
Håbjørg A (1978) Photoperiodic Ecotypes in Scandinavian Trees and Shrubs. Meld N Landbr Høgsk 57(33):1–20
Hagem O (1931) Forsøk med vestamerikanske treslag (in Norw., German summ.). Medd Vestl Forstl Forsk 12:1–217
Hedberg O (1957) Afro-alpine vascular plants: a taxonomic revision. Symb Bot Upsal 15:1–411
Heide OM (1985) Physiological aspects of climatic adaptation in plants with special references to high-latitude environments. In: Kaurin A, Juntila O, Nilsen J (eds) Plant production in the North. Norw. Univ. Press, Tromsø, Norway, pp 1–22
Henry GHR, Molau U (1997) Tundra plants and climate change: the international tundra experiment (ITEX). Global Change Biol 3(Suppl. 1):1–9
Høgda KA, Karlsen SR, Solheim I (2001) Climatic change impact on growing season in Fennoscandia studied by a time series of NOAA AVHRR NDVI data. Proceedings IGARSS 2001 (ISBN 0–7803–7536-X) (pp 1–3). Sydney, Australia
Inouye DW, Wielgolaski FE (2003) High altitude climates. In: Schwartz MD (ed) Phenology: an integrative environmental science. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp 195–214
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2001) Summary for policymakers, third assessment report. In: Watson RT, the Core Writing Team (eds) Synthesis report. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, London, New York, Sydney, pp 1–34
Jia GJ, Epstein HE, Walker DA (2003) Greening of arctic Alaska, 1981–2001. Geophys Res Lett 30(20):2067, doi:10.1029/2003GL018268
Johansen B, Karlsen SR (2005) Monitoring vegetation changes on Finnmarksvidda, Northern Norway, using Landsat MSS and Landsat TM/ETM+ satellite images. Phytocoenologia 35:969–984
Jones PD, Moberg A (2003) Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: an extensive revision and an update to 2001. J Clim 16:206–223
Kalela A (1938) Zur Synthese der experimentellen Untersuchungen über Klimarassen der Holzarten. Comm Inst For Fenn 26:1–445
Karlsen SR, Elvebakk A, Johansen B (2005) A vegetation-based method to map climatic variation in the arctic-boreal transition area of Finnmark, north-easternmost Norway. J Biogeogr 32:1161–1186
Karlsen SR, Elvebakk A, Høgda KA, Johansen B (2006) Satellite based mapping of the growing season and bioclimatic zones in Fennoscandia. Global Ecol Biogeogr 15:416–430
Kevan PG (1975) Sun-tracking solar furnaces in high arctic flowers: significance for pollination and insects. Science 189:723–726
Kittel TGF, Thornton PE, Royle JA, Chase TN (2002) Climates of the rocky mountains: historical and future patterns. In: Baron J, Fagre D, Hauer R (eds) Rocky Mountain Futures: An Ecological Perspective. Island Press, Covelo, California, pp 59–82
Klaveness D, Wielgolaski FE (1996) Plant phenology in Norway—a summary of past and present first flowering dates (FFDs) with emphasis on conditions within three different areas. Phenol Season 1:47–61
Körner C (1995) Alpine plant diversity: a global survey and functional interpretations. In: Chapin III FS, Körner C (eds) Arctic and alpine biodiversity. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 45–62
Krog J (1955) Notes on temperature measurements indicative on special organization in arctic and subarctic plants for utilization of radiated heat from the sun. Phys Plant 8:836–839
Kullman L (1998) Tree-limits and Montane forests in the Swedish scandes: sensitive biomonitors of climate change and variability. Ambio 27:312–321
Kullman L (2002) Rapid recent range-margin rise of tree and shrub species in the Swedish scandes. J Ecol 90:68–77
Marchand FF, Nijs I, Heuer M, Mertens S, Kockelbergh F, Pontailler J-Y, Impens I, Beyens L (2004) Climate warming postpones senescence in high arctic tundra. Arctic Antarctic Alp Res 36:390–394
Maxwell B (1992) Arctic climate: potential for change under global warming. In: Chapin III FS, Jefferies RL, Reynolds JF, Shaver GR, Svoboda J (eds) Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, New York, pp 11–34
Maxwell B (1997) Recent climate patterns in the arctic. In: Oechel WC, Callaghan T, Gilmanov T, Holten JI, Maxwell B, Molau U, Sveinbjörnsson B (eds) Global change and arctic terrestrial ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 21–46
Mooney HA, Billings WD (1960) The annual carbohydrate cycle of alpine plants as related to growth. Am J Bot 47:594–598
Mooney HA, Billings WD (1961) Comparative physiological ecology of arctic and alpine populations of Oxyria digyna. Ecol Monogr 31:1–29
Myking T (1999) Winter dormancy release and budburst in Betula pendula ROTH and B. pubescens EHRH. Ecotypes Phyton (Austria) 39:139–145
Myneni RB, Keeling CD, Tucker CJ, Asrar G, Nemani RR (1997) Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature 386:698–702
Nilsen J (1986) Plantenes reaksjon på daglengde og spektral energifordeling (in Norw.). Ottar: 30–38
Obasi GOP (1996) Climatological normals (Clino) for the period 1961–1990. WMO/OMM-No 847
Ovaska JA, Nilsen J, Wielgolaski FE, Kauhanen H, Partanen R, Neuvonen S, Kapari L, Skre O, Laine K (2005) Phenology and performance of mountain birch provenances in transplant gardens: latitudinal, altitudinal and oceanity–continentality gradients. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Plant ecology, herbivory, and human impact in nordic mountain birch forests. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 99–115
Overpeck J, Hughen K, Hardy D, Bradley R, Case R, Douglas M, Finney B, Gajewski K, Jacoby G, Jennings A, Lamoureux S, Lasca A, MacDonald G, Moore J, Retelle M, Smith S, Wolfe A, Zielenski G (1997) Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries. Science 278:1251–1256
Post E, Stenseth NC (1999) Climatic variability, plant phenology, and northern ungulates. Ecology 80:1322–1339
Raunkiaer C (1934) The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Resvoll TR (1917) Om Planter som Passer til Kort og Kold Sommer (in Norw.). Archiv for Matematik og Naturvidenskab 35:1–224
Rydén BE (1981) Hydrology of Northern tundra. In: Bliss LC, Heal OW, Moore JJ (eds) Tundra ecosystems: a comparative analysis. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, London, New York, Sydney, pp 115–137
Savile DBO (1972) Arctic adaptations in plants. Can Dept Agric Monogr 6:1–81
Schwartz MD, Ahas R, Aasa A (2006) Onset of spring starting earlier across the northern hemisphere. Global Change Biol 12:343–331
Shaver GR, Canadell J, Chapin FS III, Gurevitch J, Harte J, Henry G, Ineson P, Jonasson S, Melillo J, Pitelka L, Rustad L (2000) Global warming and terrestrial ecosystems: a conceptual framework for analysis. BioSci 50:871–882
Shutova E, Wielgolaski FE, Karlsen SR, Makarova O, Haraldsson E, Aspholm PE, Berlina N, Filimonova T, Flø, L, Høgda KA (2005) Phenology of nordic mountain birch in relation to climate change at Kola Peninsula and the trans-boundary pasvik-enare region. Proceedings of the 17th international congress of biometeorology ICB September 2005, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Deutscher Wetterdienst, Annal Meteorol 41(2):524–527
Shutova E, Wielgolaski FE, Karlsen SR, Makarova O, Berlina N, Filimonova T, Haraldsson E, Aspholm PE, Flø L, Høgda KA (2006) Growing seasons in nordic mountain birch in northernmost Europe as indicated by long-term field studies and analyses of satellite images. Int J Biometeorol DOI: 10.1007/s 00484-006-0042-y
Skjelvåg AO (1998) Climatic conditions for crop production in nordic countries. Agr Food Sci Finl 7:149–160
Slayback DA, Pinzon JE, Los SO, Tucker CJ (2003) Northern hemisphere photosynthetic trends 1982–99. Global Change Biol 9:1–15
Sørensen T (1941) Temperature relations and phenology of northeast greenland flowering plants. Medd Grønl 125:1–305
Sonesson M (2001) Ecology of some epiphytic lichens on the mountain birch. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Nordic mountain birch ecosystems. UNESCO, Paris and The Parthenon Publ. Group, New York, London, pp 63–70
Sonesson M, Wielgolaski FE, Kallio P (1975) Description of Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems, part 1 plants and microorganisms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 3–28
Stow DA, Daeschner S, Hope A, Douglas D, Petersen A, Myneni R, Zhou L, Oechel W (2003) Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s. Int J Rem Sens 24:1111–1117
Stow DA, Hope A, McGuire D, Verbyla D, Gamon J, Huemmrich F, Houston S, Racine C, Sturm M, Tape K, Hinzman L, Yoshikawa K, Tweedie C, Noyle B, Silapaswan C, Douglas D, Griffith B, Jia G, Epstein H, Walker D, Daeschner S, Petersen A, Zhou L, Myneni R (2004) Remote sensing of vegetation and land-cover change in arctic tundra ecosystems. Rem Sens Environ 89:281–308
Suzuki R, Nomaki T, Yasunari T (2001) Spatial distribution and its seasonality of satellite-derived vegetation iindex (NDVI) and climate in Siberia. Int J Climat 21:1321–1335
Swan LW (1967) Alpine and aeolian regions of the world. In: Wright HE Jr, Osbura WS Jr (eds) Arctic and alpine environments. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington, pp 29–54
Tømmervik H, Johansen B, Tombre I, Thannheiser D, Høgda KA, Gaare E, Wielgolaski FE (2004) Vegetation changes in the nordic mountain birch forests: the influence of grazing and climate change. Arctic Antarctic Alpine Res 36:323–332
Troll C (1972) Geoecology and the world-wide differentiation of high-mountain ecosystems. In: Troll C (ed) Geoecology of the high-mountain regions of Eurasia. Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp 1–13
Troll C (1973a) The upper timberlines in different climatic zones. Arctic Alp Res A3–A18
Troll C (1973b) High mountain belts between the polar caps and the equator: their definition and lower limit. Arctic Alp Res A19–A27
Walker DA, Epstein HE, Jia GJ, Balser A, Copass C, Edwards EJ, Gould WA, Hollingsworth J, Knudson J, Maier HA, Moody A, Raynolds MK (2003) Phytomass, LAI, and NDVI in northern Alaska: relationship to summer warmth, soil pH, plant functional types, and extrapolation to the circumpolar arctic. J Geophys Res 108(D2):8169, doi: 10.1029/2001JD000986
Walker MD, Wahren CH, Hollister RD, Henry GHR, Ahlquist LE, Alatalo JM, Bret-Harte MS, Calef MP, Callaghan TV, Carroll AB, Epstein HE, Jónsdóttir IS, Klein JA, Magnússon B, Molau U, Oberbauer SF, Reva SP, Robinson CH, Shaver GR, Suding KN, Thompson CC, Tolvanen A, Totland Ø, Turner PL, Tweedie CE, Webber PJ, Wookey PA (2006) Plant community responses to experimental warming across the tundra biome. PNAS 103:1342–1346
Wanner H, Brönnimann S, Casty C, Gyalistras D, Luterbacher J, Schmutz C, Stephenson DB, Xoplaki E (2001) North Atlantic oscillation–concepts and studies. Surv Geophys 22:321–382
Wielgolaski FE (1984) Functioning of tundra vegetation in relation to life forms. In: Margaris NS, Arianoustou-Farragitaki M, Oechel WC (eds) Being alive on land. Dr W Junk Publ., The Hague, pp 13–19
Wielgolaski FE (1986) Production-ecology and functioning of polar and alpine ecosystems. In: Polunin N (ed) Ecosystem theory and application. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp 12–34
Wielgolaski FE (1987) Floral processes. In: Nelson JG, Needham R, Norton L (eds) Arctic heritage. IUCN, Ottawa, pp 80–94
Wielgolaski FE (1997a) Introduction. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Polar and alpine tundra. Ecosystems of the world, vol. 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, Tokyo, pp 1–5
Wielgolaski FE (1997b) Fennoscandian tundra. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Polar and alpine tundra. Ecosystems of the world, vol. 3, Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, Tokyo, pp 27–83
Wielgolaski FE (1997c) Adadaptation in plants. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Polar and alpine tundra. Ecosystems of the world, vol. 3, Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, Tokyo, pp 7–10
Wielgolaski FE (2001) Field-and bottom layer vegetation mat transplantation: a method to simulate possible effects of climate change? Skogræktarritid Iceland 2001:167–170
Wielgolaski FE, Kjelvik S, Kallio P (1975) Mineral content of tundra and forest tundra plants in Fennoscandia. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems, part 1 plants and microorganisms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 316–332
Wielgolaski FE, Bliss LC, Svoboda J, Doyle G (2001) Primary production of tundra. In: Bliss LC, Heal OW, Moore JJ (eds) Tundra ecosystems: a comparative analysis. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, London, New York, Sydney, pp 187–225
Wielgolaski FE, Inouye DW (2003) High Latitude Climates. In: Schwartz MD (ed) Phenology: an integrative environmental science. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp 175–194
Wielgolaski FE, Karlsen SR, Høgda KA (2004) Plant phenology in Norway related to climate change and latitude. In: van Vliet AJH (ed) Proceedings of the international conference “Challenging Times”, April 2003. Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp 96–102
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wielgolaski, F.E., Karlsen, S.R. (2006). Some views on plants in polar and alpine regions. In: Amils, R., Ellis-Evans, C., Hinghofer-Szalkay, H. (eds) Life in Extreme Environments. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6285-8_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6285-8_15
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-6284-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-6285-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)