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Dental Perspectives on Human Evolution: State of the Art Research in Dental Paleoanthropology pp 117–136Cite as

HRXCT analysis of hominoid molars: A quantitative volumetric analysis and 3D reconstruction of coronal enamel and dentin

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Part of the book series: Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology ((VERT))

Abstract

The significance of enamel thickness in hominoid evolution has been plagued by the absence of nondestructive quantitative analysis. The aim of this investigation was to use a nondestructive method of analysis to document the volume of enamel and dentin, thereby providing a quantitative method for comparing both extant and extinct hominoid dentition. High-resolution X-ray computer tomography (HRXCT) is a nondestructive technique for visualizing and quantifying the interior of objects such as bone, teeth and minerals. HRXCT is also capable of obtaining digital information on their 3D geometries and volumetric properties. HRXCT differs from conventional medical CT-scanning in its ability to resolve details as small as a few microns in size, even when imaging objects made of high density materials like enamel and dentin. HRXCT also differs from micro-CT in its ability to examine large specimens up to 1.5 meters, with higher energy sources (typically 125–450 keV) that make the instrument capable of penetrating much denser objects including teeth and very heavily mineralized fossils. HRXCT offers several advantages over both the medical and micro-CT systems. Hominoid teeth used in this study consisted of a collection of extant hominoids as well as a number of fossil hominoids (Proconsul and Sivapithecus). HRXCT was used to obtain a data set of serially sectioned digitized images at a slice thickness of approximately 50 micrometers per section. The digital images were analyzed, and 3D reconstructions allowed for the collection of volumetric data for coronal enamel and dentin. HRXCT provides researchers with capabilities not found in other CT systems, which allows for a wider range of specimens sizes, with customizable scanning parameters unique to each specimen type. Our results demonstrate that HRXCT is an effective means by which volumetric data and 3D reconstruction of dental hard tissues are obtained from both extant and extinct hominoid dentitions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy, Georgia Campus-Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, 625 Old Peachtree Road NW, Suwanee, GA, 30024, USA

    D.G. Gantt

  2. Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78712-1086, USA

    J. Kappelman

  3. High-Resolution X-ray CT (Computed Tomography) Facility, Department of Geology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712-1100, USA

    R.A. Ketcham

Authors
  1. D.G. Gantt
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  2. J. Kappelman
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  3. R.A. Ketcham
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Correspondence to D.G. Gantt .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

    Shara E. Bailey  & Jean-Jacques Hublin  & 

  2. Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, USA

    Shara E. Bailey

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Gantt, D., Kappelman, J., Ketcham, R. (2007). HRXCT analysis of hominoid molars: A quantitative volumetric analysis and 3D reconstruction of coronal enamel and dentin. In: Bailey, S.E., Hublin, JJ. (eds) Dental Perspectives on Human Evolution: State of the Art Research in Dental Paleoanthropology. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5845-5_8

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