Skip to main content

Derivatives of Chitin and Chitosan

  • Chapter
Book cover Chitin Chemistry

Abstract

Compared with the extensive research that has been carried out on both the production and the properties of cellulose nitrate,1 because of its commercial importance as an explosive and as a plastic, very little research has been carried out on the nitration of chitin and chitosan.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. J. Barsha, in Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives, E. Ott, H.M. Spurlin and M.W. Grafflin (eds), Interscience, New York, vol. 2, 2nd edn, p. 713.

    Google Scholar 

  2. O. Von Fürth and E. Scholl, Beitr. Chem. Physiol., 10 (1907) 188.

    Google Scholar 

  3. P.P. Schorigin and E. Hait, Ber., 67 (1934) 1712.

    Google Scholar 

  4. G.L. Clark and A.F. Smith, J. Phys. Chem., 40 (1936) 863.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. R.H. Hackman, Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 7 (1954) 168.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. M.L. Wolfrom, G.G. Maher and A. Chaney, J. Org. Chem., 23 (1957) 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. S. Hirano and H. Yano, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 8 (1986) 153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. G.N. Marchenko, V.N. Marsheva, V.I. Kovalenko, T.M. Safronova and V.M. Datsun, Vysokomol. Soedin., Ser. B, 25 (1983) 427.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. P. Karrer, H. Koenig and E. Usteri, Helv. Chim. Acta, 26 (1943) 1296.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. S. Coppick and W.P. Hall, in Flameproofing Textile Fabrics, R.W. Little (ed.), Reinhold, New York, 1947, p. 179.

    Google Scholar 

  11. K. Katsuura and H. Mizuno, Sen-i Gakkaishi, 22 (1966) 510.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. T. Sakaguchi, T. Horikoshi and A. Nakajima, Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi, 53 (1979) 149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. T. Sakaguchi, T. Horikoshi and A. Nakajima, Agric. Biol. Chem., 45 (1981) 2191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. B. Laszkiewicz, J. Therm. Anal., 30 (1985) 889.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. S. Tokura, N. Nishi, S. Nishimura and Y. Ikeuchi, in Chitin, Chitosan, and Related Enzymes, J.P. Zikakis (ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1984, p. 303.

    Google Scholar 

  16. N. Nishi, S. Nishimura, Y. Maekita, A. Ebina, A. Tsutsumi and S. Tokura, in Chitin in Nature and Technology, R.A.A. Muzzarelli, C. Jeuniaux and G.W. Gooday (eds), Plenum Press, New York, 1986, p. 297.

    Google Scholar 

  17. N. Nishi, A. Ebina, S. Nishimura, A. Tsutsumi, O. Hasegawa and S. Tokura, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 8 (1986) 311.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. N. Nishi, Y. Maekita, S. Nishimura, O. Hasegawa and S. Tokura, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 9 (1987) 109.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. S.E. Lasker and S.S. Stivala, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 115 (1966) 360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. G.A.F. Roberts and J.G. Domszy, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 4 (1982) 374.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. M.L. Wolfrom and W.H. McNeely, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 67 (1945) 748.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. M.L. Wolfrom, R. Montgomery, J.V. Karabinos and P. Rathgeb, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 72 (1950) 5796.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. J. Doczi, A. Fischman and J.A. King, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 75 (1953) 1512.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. M.L. Wolfrom, T.M. Shen and C.G. Summers, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 75 (1953) 1519.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. I.B. Cushing, R.V. Davis, E.J. Kratovil and D.W. MacCorquodale, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 76 (1954) 4590.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. I.B. Cushing, US Patent 2,755,275 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  27. R.V. Jones, US Patent 2,689,244 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  28. The Upjohn Company, UK Patent 746,870 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  29. F. Hoffmann-La Roche and Co., UK Patent 777,204 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  30. K. Vogler, US Patent 2,831,851 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  31. M.L. Wolfrom and T.M. Shen Han, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 81 (1959) 1764.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. M.L. Wolfrom, US Patent 2,832,766 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  33. K. Nagasawa, Y. Tohira, Y. Inoue and N. Tanoura, Carbohydr. Res., 18 (1971) 95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. K. Nagasawa and Y. Inoue, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 19 (1971) 2617.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. K. Nagasawa and N. Tanoura, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 20 (1972) 157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. R.A. Gibbons and M.L. Wolfrom, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 98 (1962) 374.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. A.M. Naggi, G. Torri, T. Compagnoni and B. Casu, in ref. 16, p. 371.

    Google Scholar 

  38. B. Focher, A. Massoli, G. Torri, A. Gervasini and F. Morazzoni, in ref. 16, p. 306.

    Google Scholar 

  39. B. Focher, A. Massoli, G. Torri, A. Gervasini and F. Morazzoni, Makromol. Chem., 187 (1986) 2609.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. S.S. Stivala, A. Patel and S. Patel, in ref. 16, p. 379.

    Google Scholar 

  41. S.S. Stivala, M. Herbst, O. Kratky and I. Pilz, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 127 (1968) 795.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. M. Terbojevich, A. Cosani, C. Carraro and G. Torri, in Chitin and Chitosan, G. Skjåk-Braek, T. Anthonsen and P. Sandford (eds), Elsevier, London, 1989, p. 407.

    Google Scholar 

  43. D. Horton and E.K. Just, Carbohydr. Res., 29 (1973) 173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. O. Okiei, S. Nishimura, O. Somorin, N. Nishi and S. Tokura, in ref. 16, p. 453.

    Google Scholar 

  45. S. Hirano, J. Kinugawa and A. Nishioka, in ref. 16, p. 461.

    Google Scholar 

  46. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, F. Tanfani, M. Emanuelli, D.P. Pace, E. Chiurazzi and M. Piani, Carbohydr. Res., 126 (1984) 225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, F. Tanfani, M. Emanuelli, E. Chiurazzi and M. Piani, in ref. 16, p. 469.

    Google Scholar 

  48. L.D. Hall and M. Yalpani, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., (1980) 1153.

    Google Scholar 

  49. N. Seno, I. Matsumoto, A. Doi and K. Anno, in Chitin and Chitosan, S. Hirano and S. Tokura (eds), The Japanese Society of Chitin and Chitosan, Tottori, 1982, p. 159.

    Google Scholar 

  50. C.J.B. Thor, US Patent 2,168,374 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  51. C.J.B. Thor, US Patent 2,168,375 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  52. C.J.B. Thor, US Patent 2,217,823 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  53. G. Saito, Cellulose Chemie, 18 (1940) 106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. S.N. Danilov and E.A. Plisko, Zhur. Obsch. Khim., 28 (1958) 2217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. J. Noguchi, O. Wade, H. Seo, S. Tokura and N. Nishi, Kobunshi Kagaku, 30 (1973) 320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. N. Nishi, J. Noguchi, S. Tokura and H. Shiota, Polym. J., 11 (1979) 27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. S. Tokura, N. Nishi and J. Noguchi, Polym. J., 11 (1979) 781.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. H. Yamada and T. Imoto, Carbohydr. Res., 92 (1981) 160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. S. Tokura, J. Yoshida, N. Nishi and T. Hiraoki, Polym. J., 14 (1982) 527.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. S. Tokura, N. Nishi, A. Tsutsumi and O. Somorin, Polym. J., 15 (1983) 485.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. G. Sundara Rajulu and N. Gowri, in Proceedings 1st International Conference on Chitin/Chitosan (1977), R.A.A. Muzzarelli and E.R. Pariser (eds), MIT Sea Grant Program Report MITSG 78-7, 1978, p. 430.

    Google Scholar 

  62. L.L. Balassa and J.F. Prudden, in ref. 61, p. 296.

    Google Scholar 

  63. J. Noguchi, S. Tokura and N. Nishi, in ref. 61, p. 315.

    Google Scholar 

  64. S. Aiba, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 8 (1986) 173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. G.W. Rigby, US Patent 2,040,880 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  66. J.G. Domszy, Ph.D. Thesis (CNAA), Trent Polytechnic, UK, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  67. T. Yaku and I. Yamashita, Japan Patent 7,319,213 (through Chem Abs., 80 (1973) 72291v).

    Google Scholar 

  68. K. Kurita, T. Sannan and Y. Iwakura, Makromol. Chem., 178 (1977) 2595.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. R. Yamaguchi, Y. Arai, T. Ito and S. Hirano, Carbohydr. Res., 88 (1981) 172.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. G.A.F. Roberts and K.E. Taylor, Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 10 (1989) 339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. G.C. Windridge and E.C. Jorgensen, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 93 (1971) 6318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. P.V. Sundaram, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 61 (1974) 717.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. K. Kurita, S. Chikaoka, M. Kamiya and Y. Koyama, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 61 (1988) 927.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. G.K. Moore and G.A.F. Roberts, in ref. 61, p. 421.

    Google Scholar 

  75. G.K. Moore and G.A.F. Roberts, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 3 (1981) 292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. K. Kurita, Y. Koyama, S. Nishimura and M. Kamiya, Chem. Letters, (1989) 1597.

    Google Scholar 

  77. K. Kurita, H. Ichikawa, S. Ishizeki, H. Fujisaki and Y. Iwakura, Makromol. Chem., 183 (1982) 1161.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. S.A. Barker, A.B. Foster, M. Stacey and J.M. Webber, J. Chem. Soc., (1958) 2218.

    Google Scholar 

  79. S. Hirano, S. Kondo and Y. Ohe, Polymer, 16 (1975) 622.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. S. Hirano, Y. Ohe and H. Ono, Carbohydr. Res., 47 (1976) 315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. S. Hirano, O. Miura and R. Yamaguchi, Agric. Biol. Chem., 41 (1977) 1755.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. S. Hirano and Y. Yagi, Carbohydr. Res., 83 (1980) 103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. S. Hirano and Y. Ohe, Carbohydr. Polymers, 4 (1984) 15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. S. Hirano, S. Tsuneyasu and Y. Kondo, Agric. Biol. Chem., 45 (1981) 1335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. S. Hirano and T. Moriyasu, Carbohydr. Res., 92 (1981) 323.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. M. Yalpani and L.D. Hall, Macromolecules, 17 (1984) 272.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. W.N. Emmerling and B. Pfannemüller, Makromol. Chem., 184 (1983) 1441.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. K. Kurita, M. Kanari and Y. Koyama, Polym. Bull., 14 (1985) 511.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. K. Kurita, A. Yoshida and Y. Koyama, Macromolecules, 21 (1985) 1579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. K. Kurita, Y. Koyama, K. Murakami, S. Yoshida and N. Chau, Polym. J., 18 (1986) 673.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. S. Shinkai, H. Tsuji, T. Sone and O. Manabe, J. Pol. Sci., Pol. Lett. Ed., 19 (1981) 17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. K. Kaifu, N. Nishi, T. Komai, S. Tokura and O. Somorin, Polym. J., 13 (1981) 241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. D. Gagnaire, J. Saint-Germain and M. Vincendon, Makromol. Chem., 183 (1982) 593.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. S. Tokura, N. Nishi, O. Somorin and J. Noguchi, Polym. J., 12 (1980) 695.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. G.K. Moore and G.A.F. Roberts, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 4 (1982) 246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. K. Sakurai, T. Shibano and T. Takahashi, Fukui Daigaku Kogakubu Kenkyui Hokoku, 33 (1985) 71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. O. Somorin, N. Nishi, S. Tokura and J. Noguchi, Polym. J., 11 (1979) 391.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. N. Nishi, H. Ohnuma, S. Nishimura, O. Somorin and S. Tokura, Polym. J., 14 (1982) 919.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. K. Kaifu, N. Nishi and T. Komai, J. Pol. Sci., Pol. Chem. Ed., 19 (1981) 2361.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. T. Ando and S. Kataoko, Kobunshi Ronbunshu, 37 (1980) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. T. Komai, K. Kaifu, M. Matsushita, I. Koshino and T. Kon, in ref. 16, p. 497.

    Google Scholar 

  102. M. Kakizaki, T. Shoji, A. Tsutsumi and T. Hideshima, in ref. 16, p. 398.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Y. Kawamura, S. Nagai, J. Hirose and Y. Wada, J. Pol. Sci., A-2, 7 (1969) 1559.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. T. Tetsutani, M. Kakizaki and T. Hideshima, Polym. J., 14 (1982) 305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. G.K. Moore and G.A.F. Roberts, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 3 (1981) 337.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. S.M. Hudson and U.B. Kim, paper presented at 199th Amer. Chem. Soc. Meeting (Cellulose, Paper and Textile Division) Boston, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  107. K. Ogura, T. Kanamoto, T. Sannan, K. Tanaka and Y. Iwakura, in ref. 49, p. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  108. S. Fujii, H. Kumagi and N. Noda, Carbohydr. Res., 83 (1980) 389.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. S. Grant, H.S. Blair and G. McKay, Makromol. Chem., 190 (1989) 2279.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. S. Grant, H.S. Blair and G. McKay, Polym. Commun., 29 (1988) 342.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. L.A. Berkovich, M.G. Tsyurupa and V.A. Davankov, J. Pol. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed., 21 (1983) 1281.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. G.K. Moore, Ph.D. Thesis (CNAA), Trent Polytechnic, UK, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  113. C.L. McCormick, D.K. Lichatowich, J.A. Pelezo and K.W. Anderson, Amer. Chem. Soc. Polymer Preprints, 21 (1980) 109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. C.L. McCormick and K.W. Anderson, in ref. 15, p. 41.

    Google Scholar 

  115. M. Terbojevich, C. Carraro, A. Cosani and E. Marsano, Carbohydr. Res., 180 (1988) 73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. O. Somorin, N. Nishi and S. Tokura, in ref. 49, p. 54.

    Google Scholar 

  117. R.H. Hackman and M. Goldberg, Carbohydr. Res., 38 (1974) 35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. P.P. Schorigin and N.N. Makarova-Semljanskaya, Ber., 68 (1935) 969.

    Google Scholar 

  119. M.L. Wolfrom, J.R. Vercellotti and D. Horton, J. Org. Chem., 29 (1964) 547.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. R.C. Capozza, German Patent 2,505,305 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  121. S. Tokura and N. Nishi, in ref. 49, p. 244.

    Google Scholar 

  122. R. Senju and S. Okimasu, J. Agric. Chem. Soc. Japan, 23 (1950) 432.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. S. Okimasu and R. Senju, J. Agric. Chem. Soc. Japan, 23 (1950) 437.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. W. Brown, D. Henley and J. Öhman, Makromol. Chem., 64 (1963) 49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Y. Araki and E. Ito, Eur. J. Biochem., 55 (1975) 71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. S. Hirano, in Methods in Enzymology, W.A. Wood and S.T. Kellogg (eds), Academic Press, New York, 1988, vol. 161, p. 408.

    Google Scholar 

  127. T. Sannan and H. Sobue, Repts Progr. Polym. Phys. Japan, 18 (1974) 701.

    Google Scholar 

  128. K. Shimahara, N. Nagahata and Y. Takiguchi, Seikei Daigaku Kogakubu Kogaku Okoku, 18 (1974) 1371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, Chitin, Pergamon, Oxford, 1977, p. 120.

    Google Scholar 

  130. S.N. Danilov and E.A. Plisko, Zhur. Obsch. Khim., 31 (1961) 469.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. S. Okimasu, Nippon Nogei Kagaku, 32 (1958) 383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. R. Trujillo, Carbohydr. Res., 7 (1968) 483.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. M. Kaneko, Y. Inoue and S. Tokura, Rep. Prog. Polym. Phys. Japan, 25 (1982) 759.

    Google Scholar 

  134. K. Ohmiya, Y. Uraki, N. Nishi, A. Tsutsumi and S. Tokura, in ref. 42. p. 439.

    Google Scholar 

  135. S. Baba, Y. Uraki, Y. Miura and S. Tokura in ref. 42, p. 703.

    Google Scholar 

  136. G. Maresch, J. Titze and G. Lang, German Patent 3,432,227 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  137. T. Amiya and R. Tsushima, Japan Patent 61,34,004 (through Chem. Abs., 105 (1985) P135843j).

    Google Scholar 

  138. G. Lang and T. Clausen, in ref. 42, p. 139.

    Google Scholar 

  139. S. Tokura, N. Nishi, A. Tsutsumi and O. Somorin, Polym. J., 15 (1983) 485.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. K. Kurita, S. Inoue and Y. Koyama, Polym. Bull., 21 (1989) 13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. J. Noguchi, K. Arato and T. Komai, Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi, 72 (1969) 796.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. E.A. Plisko, L.A. Nud’ga and S.N. Danilov, USSR Patent 325,234 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  143. L.A. Nud’ga, E.A. Plisko and S.N. Danilov, Zhur. Obsch. Khim., 43 (1973) 2752.

    Google Scholar 

  144. L.A. Nud’ga, E.A. Plisko and S.N. Danilov, Zhur. Obsch. Khim., 45 (1975) 1145.

    Google Scholar 

  145. J.V. Park, D.M. Park and K.K. Park, Polymer (Korea), 10 (1986) 641.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. L.A. Nud’ga, E.A. Plisko and S.N. Danilov, Zhur. Obsch. Khim., 43 (1973) 2756.

    Google Scholar 

  147. A. Domard, M. Rinaudo and C. Terrassin, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 8 (1986) 105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. J.G. Domszy and G.A.F. Roberts, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 7 (1985) 45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. R.F. Borch, M.D. Bernstein and H.D. Durst, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 93 (1971) 2897.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. M.S. Masri, V.G. Randall and W.L. Stanley, Amer. Chem. Soc, Polym. Preprints, 16 (1975) 70; also in ref. 61, p. 364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. M. Yalpani and L.D. Hall, Can. J. Chem., 62 (1984) 975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. L.D. Hall and M. Yalpani, Carbohydr. Res., 83 (1980) C5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. M. Yalpani and L.D. Hall, Can. J. Chem., 59 (1981) 2934.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, F. Tanfani, S. Mariotti and M. Emanuelli, Carbohydr. Polym., 2 (1982) 145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. B. Casu, M. Colombo, T. Compagnoni, A. Naggi, E. Pivari and G. Torri, in ref. 16, p. 309.

    Google Scholar 

  156. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, F. Tanfani, M. Emanuelli and S. Mariotti, J. Membrane Sci., 16 (1983) 295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. R.A.A. Muzzarelli and F. Tanfani, Carbohydr. Polym., 5 (1985) 297.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. M. Yalpani, Tetrahedron, 41 (1985) 2957.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, F. Tanfani, M. Emanuelli and S. Mariotti, Carbohydr. Res., 107 (1982) 199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. R.A.A. Muzzarelli and F. Tanfani, in ref. 49, p. 45.

    Google Scholar 

  161. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, F. Tanfani, and M. Emanuelli, Carbohydr. Polym., 4 (1984) 137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, F. Tanfani, M. Emanuelli and L. Bolognini, Biotech. Bioeng., 27 (1985) 1115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, Carbohydr. Polym., 5 (1985) 85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, in ref. 16, p. 321.

    Google Scholar 

  165. R.A.A. Muzzarelli and A. Zattoni, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 8 (1986) 137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, C. Lough and M. Emanuelli, Carbohydr. Res., 164 (1987) 433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, Carbohydr. Polym., 8 (1988) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, M. Weckx, O. Filippini and C. Lough, Carbohydr. Polym., 11 (1989) 307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. G. Biagini, A. Pugnaloni, G. Frongia, G. Gazzanelli, C. Lough and R.A.A. Muzzarelli, in ref. 42, p. 671.

    Google Scholar 

  170. R.H. Leonard, Ind. Eng. Chem., 48 (1956) 1330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. G. Lang, G. Maresch, H. Wendel, E. Konrad, H. Lenz and J. Titze, German Patent 3,541,305 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  172. G. Lang, H. Wendel, E. Konrad, German Patent 3,502,833 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  173. G. Lang, H. Wendel, E. Konrad, German Patent 3,501,891 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  174. G. Maresch, T. Clausen and G. Lang, in ref. 42, p. 389.

    Google Scholar 

  175. G. Lang, H. Wendel and E. Konrad, German Patent 3,223,423 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  176. G. Lang, H. Wendel and E. Konrad, German Patent 3,245,784 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  177. G. Lang, E. Konrad and H. Wendel, in ref. 16, p. 303.

    Google Scholar 

  178. G.A.F. Roberts and K.E. Taylor, paper presented at 5th International Conference on Chitin/Chitosan, Princeton, USA, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  179. S.L. Herlihy, B.Sc. (Applied Chem.) Dissertation, Nottingham Polytechnic, UK, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  180. E.R. Hayes, US Patent 4,619,995 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  181. R.A.A. Muzzarelli and G. Giacomelli, Carbohydr. Polym., 7 (1987) 87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. D.H. Davies, C.M. Elson and E.R. Hayes, in ref. 42, p. 467.

    Google Scholar 

  183. F.H. Suydam, Anal. Chem., 35 (1963) 193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. P. Broussignac, Chim. Ind. Genie Chem., 99 (1968) 1241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. S. Hirano, R. Yamaguchi, N. Matsuda, O. Miura and Y. Kondo, Agric. Biol. Chem., 41 (1977) 1547.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. S. Hirano, N. Matsuda, O. Miura and T. Tanaka, Carbohydr. Res., 71 (1979) 344.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. K. Kurita, M. Ishiguro and T. Kitajima, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 10 (1988) 124.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. J.G. Domszy, G.A.F. Roberts and F.A. Wood, in ref. 16, p. 311.

    Google Scholar 

  189. G.A.F. Roberts and S. Ude, unpublished work.

    Google Scholar 

  190. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, G. Barontini and R. Rocchetti, Biotech. Bioeng., 18 (1976) 1445.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. W.L. Stanley, G.G. Watters, B. Chan and J.M. Mercer, Biotech. Bioeng., 17 (1975) 315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. W.L. Stanley, G.G. Watters, S.H. Kelly and A.C. Olsen, Biotech. Bioeng., 20 (1978) 135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. M.S. Masri, V.G. Randall and W.L. Stanley, in ref. 61, p. 364.

    Google Scholar 

  194. W.L. Stanley, G.G. Watters, S.H. Kelly, J.A. Garibaldi and J.C. Schade, Biotech. Bioeng., 18 (1976) 439.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. J.W. Finley, W.L. Stanley and G.G. Watters, Biotech. Bioeng., 19 (1977) 1895.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. J. Synowiecki, in ref. 16, p. 417.

    Google Scholar 

  197. A. Ohtakara, G. Mukerjee and M. Mitsutomi, in ref. 42, p. 643.

    Google Scholar 

  198. W.H. Liu, in ref. 49, p. 144.

    Google Scholar 

  199. L. Iyengar and A.V.S. Prabhakara Rao, in ref. 49, p. 149.

    Google Scholar 

  200. A. Ohtakara, M. Mitsutomi and Y. Uchida, in ref. 16, p. 409.

    Google Scholar 

  201. A. Ohtakara and M. Mitsutomi, J. Ferment. Technol., 65 (1987) 493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. A. Illanes, R. Chamy and M.E. Zuniga, in ref, 16, p. 411.

    Google Scholar 

  203. J. Braun, P. LeChanu and F. LeGoffic, in ref. 16, p. 416.

    Google Scholar 

  204. M.S. Masri, V.G. Randall and A.G. Pittman, Amer. Chem. Soc., Polym. Preprints, 19(1) (1978) 483.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. M.S. Masri, and V.G. Randall, in ref. 61, p. 277.

    Google Scholar 

  206. T. Uragami, in ref. 42, p. 783.

    Google Scholar 

  207. T. Uragami, Y. Yoshida and M. Sugihara, in ref. 49, p. 221.

    Google Scholar 

  208. T. Uragami, Y. Yoshida and M. Sugihara, Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 4 (1983) 99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. M.S. Masri, V.G. Randall and A.G. Pittman, in ref. 61, p. 306.

    Google Scholar 

  210. E. Siegel, in The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, K. Venkataraman (ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1972, vol. 6, p. 1.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  211. G.E. Knchevshii and F.I. Sadov, Izv. Vyss. Uchib. Zavadenii Tekknol. Tekstil. Prom., 3 (1961) 102.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Ciba S.A., Belgium Patent 609,054 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  213. R.H. Hackman and M. Goldberg, Anal. Biochem., 8 (1964) 397.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. G.G. Allan and Y. Hirabayashi, Cellul. Chem. Technol., 18 (1984) 83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. S. Sicsic, J. Léonil, J. Braun and F. LeGoffic, in ref. 16, p. 420.

    Google Scholar 

  216. K. Kurita and S. Inoue, in ref. 42, p. 365.

    Google Scholar 

  217. K. Kurita, S. Nishimura, Y. Koyama, S. Inoue and O. Kohogo, paper presented at 199th Amer. Chem. Soc. Meeting, Boston, USA, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  218. S. Nishimura, O. Kohogo, K. Kurita, C. Vittavatvong and H. Kuzuhara, Chem. Letters, (1990) 243.

    Google Scholar 

  219. R.E. Harmon, K.K. De and S.K. Gupta, Carbohydr. Res., 31 (1973) 407.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 1992 George A.F. Roberts

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Roberts, G.A.F. (1992). Derivatives of Chitin and Chitosan. In: Chitin Chemistry. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11545-7_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11545-7_4

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-11547-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-11545-7

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics