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Type 1 Diabetes pp 29–45Cite as

The Impact of Type 1 Diabetes on the Physiological Responses to Exercise

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Abstract

To provide energy in the form of carbohydrates, lipids, and protein in the face of increased energy demands during exercise, the healthy body must orchestrate a complex neuroendocrine response that starts at the onset of the activity. This response is continuously modulated as the duration of the exercise increases and as the intensity of the activity changes. Since one of the main fuels for exercise is carbohydrate, glucose utilization by the working muscle must be matched equally by glucose provision, predominantly by the liver, or hypoglycemia will ensue. If the liver cannot keep up with glucose utilization, then carbohydrate intake is critical to maintain performance. Glucose homeostasis during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise (40–60% maximum oxygen uptake [VO2max]) is primarily regulated by a reduction in insulin secretion and an increase in glucagon release from the pancreatic islets, which together helps to increase liver glucose production [1]. The increase in the glucagon-to-insulin ratio raises the rate of glucose appearance (Ra) to match almost perfectly the increased rate of peripheral glucose disposal (Rd) into working muscle (Fig. 2.1).

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  1. Physical Activity and Diabetes Unit, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, 4700 Keele Street, M3J1P3, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Michael C. Riddell Ph.D.

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Ph.D., M.C.R. (2012). The Impact of Type 1 Diabetes on the Physiological Responses to Exercise. In: Type 1 Diabetes. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-754-9_2

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