Abstract
In May 1927, at the 52nd annual meeting of the American Gynecological Society at Hot Springs, Virginia, Sampson stated: “At the meeting of the American Gynecological Society in 1921, the writer presented a paper1 on perforating hemorrhagic cysts of the ovary and their relation to pelvic adenomas of endometrial type…In view of the theories which have arisen to explain the origin of the peritoneal endometriosis associated with these cysts, the following quotation from that paper may be of interest.”2 “The question naturally arises: in what way do the contents of the cyst or ovary cause the development of these adenomas? Is it due to some specific irritant present in the cyst contents which stimulates the peritoneal endothelium to a metaplasia with the development of endometrial tissue typical both in structure and function? Some may assert that dormant endometrial epithelium may be present in the tissues soiled by the contents of the cyst and this is stimulated to further growth. It seems to me that the conditions found in many of these specimens are analogous to the implantation of ovarian papilloma or cancer on the peritoneal surfaces of the pelvis from the rupture of an ovarian tumor containing these growths.”3
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- 1.
Sampson JA. Perforating hemorrhagic (chocolate) cysts of the ovary: their importance and especially their relation to pelvic adenomas of endometrial type (“Adenomyoma” of the uterus, rectovaginal septum, sigmoid, etc.) Archives of Surgery 1921;3:245–323.
- 2.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;14:422–469:422.
- 3.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;14:422–469:422.
- 4.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;14:422–469:422.
- 5.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:435. See also Bailey KV. The etiology, classification, and life history of tumors of the ovary and other female pelvic organs containing aberrant müllerian elements, with suggested nomenclature. J Obstet Gynaecol Brit Emp 1924;xxxi:539–573:541. “This serosal theory held good until quite recently for all known extra-uterine “adenomyomata” and also the sub-peritoneal variety…although Cullen stuck to his view…from congenital Müllerian relics.” Bailey believed that the serosal theory held good until Sampson’s revolutionary theory of 1921. By way of explanation, to demonstrate coelomic metaplasia, histologic observations can be made under high-power magnification and potentially ultrahigh magnification at leisure in the laboratory on specimens that can be cut into serial sections for further study. Tissue could be treated with differential stains derived from bacteriological studies. In sharp contrast, clinical observations are made on living pathology in surgery. Observations are limited several ways: by the time that the patient is under anesthesia; by the intensity of illumination of surface lesions, time for observation is limited by the ethics of prolonged anesthesia for research purposes, and finally observation is limited to surface of the living lesion under observation.
- 6.
Bailey KV. The etiology, classification, and life history of tumors of the ovary and other female pelvic organs containing aberrant müllerian elements, with suggested nomenclature. J Obstet Gynaecol Brit Emp 1924;xxxi:539–573:540. “Meyer later upheld this serosal –coelomic metaplasia theory [of Iwanoff], and attributed the process to a primary inflammation with secondary epithelial heterotopy or displacement.” Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:443. See caption under Figure 25, page 443. For additional references to age differential, see Figure 19, page 439; Figure 15, page 443; Figures 27 and 28 on page 445; and Figure 30, page 447.
- 7.
Bailey KV. The etiology, classification, and life history of tumors of the ovary and other female pelvic organs containing aberrant müllerian elements, with suggested nomenclature. J Obstet Gynaecol Brit Emp 1924;xxxi:539–573:540.
- 8.
Sampson JA. Endometrial carcinoma of the ovary, arising in endometrial tissue in that organ. Arch Surg 1925; 10:1–72.
- 9.
Where Sampson produced microscopic evidence of transformation – benign to malignant endometriosis, escape of endometrial fragments into the adjacent vein (at least, the first step in metastasis, he did not show the end organ that received the metastasis) to support his theory of venous metastases, he received support and not criticism.
- 10.
Daston, Lorraine and Peter Galison. Objectivity. New York, NY: Zone Books, 2007:44. As Daston and Galison described “exemplary personas,” Sampson was an intuitive expert with trained judgment. He was an “intuitive expert, who depends on unconscious judgment to organize experience into patterns in the very act of perception.” See also page 69. “The acute observer can intuit from cumulative experience, as Goethe ‘saw’ the Urpflanze,” the archetype of all flowers. Like Goethe, from cumulative experience, Sampson “saw” the archetypical theory of pathogenesis of extrauterine pelvic endometriosis; retrograde transtubal menstruation, and implantation.
- 11.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:422. Sampson’s first theory of pathogenesis of peritoneal endometriosis was centered on the ovary; inspired by Casler’s unique case that had been presented by invitation before the American Gynecological Society. Shortly after he articulated his first theory, Sampson presented transtubal retrograde menstruation as his second theory of pathogenesis for endometriosis and endosalpingiosis. Sampson stated explicitly: “At the meeting of the American Gynecological Society in 1921, the writer presented a paper on perforating hemorrhagic cysts of the ovary and their relation to pelvic adenomas of endometrial type…[Sampson JA. Arch Surg 1921;iii, 245–323]…At that time I believed that the ovary was the principal, if not the only, source of the peritoneal implantations which arose from endometrial tissue disseminated by the menstrual perforation of an endometrial cyst or by the menstrual reaction of endometrial tissue on the surface of that organ.”
- 12.
Meigs JV. Endometrial hematomas of the ovary. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 1922;clxxvii:1–13:1. “In the Archives of Surgery for September 1921, Dr. John A. Sampson, of Albany, N.Y., published a paper which is the foremost contribution to gynecology and gynecological pathology in recent years.”
- 13.
Bailey KV. The etiology, classification, and life history of tumors of the ovary and other female pelvic organs containing aberrant müllerian elements, with suggested nomenclature. J Obstet Gynaecol Brit Emp 1924;xxxi:539–573:541. “Sampson in 1921 revolutionized all preexisting theories as to the etiology of pelvic growths of “adenomyomatous” nature by pointing out their obvious relationship to the so-called “chocolate cysts” found in the ovaries, and described the gross and histological appearance of this ovarian condition. His work, which is well known, undoubtedly set the pathology of this pelvic condition on a sound basis.”
- 14.
Cullen TS. Discussion following a Symposium on Misplaced Endometrial Tissue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1925;10:732–733:733. “We are under a great debt to Sampson for the careful, painstaking, and brilliant work that he has done toward establishing the modes of origin of peritoneal adenomyomata.”
- 15.
Bell WB. Endometrioma and endometriomyoma of the ovary. J Obstet Gynaecol Brit Emp 1922;xxix:443–446.
- 16.
Sampson JA. Inguinal endometriosis (often reported as endometrial tissue in the groin, adenomyoma in the groin, and adenomyoma of the round ligament). Am J Obstet Gynecol 1925:462–503.
- 17.
Bell WB. Endometrioma and Endometriomyoma of the ovary. J Obstet Gynaecol Brit Emp 1922;xxix:443–446:444–445. Referring to ovarian endometriomas, Bell states: “The credit for the discovery of this interesting pathological condition and its clinical importance is, however, entirely due to American investigators, and in particular to Sampson.” Sampson observed “that endometrium in the ovary is the cause of the so-called ‘chocolate cysts.” Bell continues: “It has been suggested, also, that the ‘cellular spill’ from such a cyst might become implanted in the pouch of Douglas.”
- 18.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469. Sampson did not mention the Casler case, which I believe was the proof case for his first theory of peritoneal implantation of endometriosis from ruptured ovarian endometriotic cysts.
- 19.
Novak was a model critic; not only did he respect Sampson; he also offered constructive suggestions to Sampson that would strengthen his theory of implantation.
- 20.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:437. “We might infer…might also”.
- 21.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469. See pages 430, 432, and 439.
- 22.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469. See pages 425, 433, and 439.
- 23.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:428–431, 434, 436, 437; 458.
- 24.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:425.
- 25.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:448. Sampson repeatedly left space for the theory of coelomic metaplasia as he argued for his implantation theory. See figure 7, page 429; page 431; figure 31, page 448; figure 34, page 451; figure 35, page 452; figure 58, page 467. See also figure 31, page 448; this is the first instance where Sampson juxtaposed the theories of coelomic metaplasia and implantation to explain invasion of a structure (uterosacral ligament) by endometriosis. Hitherto, Sampson used coelomic metaplasia merely as an alternative explanatory model for the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
- 26.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:425.
- 27.
Jacobson VC. The autotransplantation of endometrial tissue in the rabbit. Arch Surg 1922;5:281–300. Jacobson VC. Further studies in autotransplantation of endometrial tissue in the rabbit. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1923;6:257–262. Jacobson VC. The intraperitoneal transplantation of endometrial tissue. Arch Path Lab Med 1926:1:169–174.
- 28.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:424. “The purpose of this paper is to present the evidence indicating the origin of peritoneal endometriosis from the implantation of endometrial tissue disseminated by menstruation.”
- 29.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:432. “Many interesting endometrial lesions were present in an endometriosis of the posterior vaginal wall of the second case. An endometrial cavity filled with menstrual blood and containing bits of endometrial tissue had almost eroded the overlying vaginal mucosa and was about to rapture and discharge its menstrual contents into the vagina. From the study of this lesion, one could readily understand how a similar endometrial cavity in the ovary [Casler] or any other pelvic structure might rupture and disseminate its menstrual contents into the peritoneal cavity.” Interestingly, the only other time that Sampson addressed endometriosis in this area (the so-called rectovaginal septum) was in his first article on endometriosis published in 1921. Sampson JA. Perforating hemorrhagic (chocolate) cysts of the ovary: their importance and especially their relation to pelvic adenomas of endometrial type (“Adenomyoma” of the uterus, rectovaginal septum, sigmoid, etc.) Archives of Surgery 1921;3:245–323:245. See also: Bailey KV. The etiology, classification, and life history of tumors of the ovary and other female pelvic organs containing aberrant müllerian elements, with suggested nomenclature. J Obstet Gynaecol Brit Emp 1924;xxxi:539–573. See also Bailey KV. The etiology, classification, and life history of tumors of the ovary and other female pelvic organs containing aberrant müllerian elements, with suggested nomenclature. J Obstet Gynaecol Brit Emp 1924;xxxi:539–573:541. Bailey cites Lockyer work of 1917: “The prevailing view at the present time…is to regard adenomyoma of the recto-genital space as an inflammatory product and not a true neoplasm.”
- 30.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:423. See Figure 1.
- 31.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:433. “I can see only one correct interpretation of the etiology of the embolic endometrial lesions in the veins about these endometrial cavities and that is they arose from the implantation of endometrial tissue, disseminated into the veins from the menstrual rupture of the walls of the endometrial cavities into these vessels. If so endometrial issue disseminated by menstruation in this instance must have been alive and capable of growing, when transferred to suitable situations.” See also page 437. See another reference to the proof case on page 443.
- 32.
Casler DB. A unique, diffuse uterine tumor, really an adenomyoma, with stroma, but no glands. Menstruation after complete hysterectomy due to uterine mucosa in remaining ovary. Trans Am Gynecol Soc. 1919;44:69–84:78–79. “Microscopic examination at once reveals that we are dealing here with an ovarian cyst made up almost entirely of uterine tissue, the interior of the cyst corresponding to the uterine cavity and filled with blood while the walls contain many normal glands and others which show glandular dilatation. A pathological change has also occurred and we have an overgrowth of the interglandular stroma, much resembling that seen four years previously in the uterus….The entire cyst, or uterine cavity, as it really is, is lined throughout by a single layer of tall columnar epithelium of the uterine type, and in places cilia can be made out.”
- 33.
Sampson used photomicrographs to serve as objective evidence. See Daston, Lorraine, and Peter Galison. Objectivity. New York, NY: Zone Books, 2007:164. Daston and Galison quoted Wilhelm His, the embryologist from Leipzig who held that drawings and photographs were complementary. His stated: “The photograph reproduces the object with all its particularities, including those that are accidental, in a certain sense as raw material, but which guarantees absolute fidelity.” As a youth, Sampson had trained himself to draw and it was he who drew the drawings in this paper. Again His: “In every sensible drawing, the essential is consciously separated from the inessential and the connection of the depicted forms is shown in the correct light, according to the view of the draftsman.” In other words, drawings were subjective and unretouched photographs were objective.
- 34.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:431. See Figure 9.
- 35.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469. For references to ectopic endometrial cavities, See Figure 1, page 423 for an example of “submucous endometrial cavity.” See also Figure 8, page 430; Figure 11, page 433, figure 13, page 435; and Figure 20, page 440 for examples of “endometrial cavity of the ovary.”
- 36.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:430. For an excellent example, see Figure 8, page 430.
- 37.
Sampson JA. President’s Address before the American Gynecological Society, Hot Springs, Va., May 22, 1923. Fundamental elements in the advancement of medicine. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1923;6:1–11. This address is an autobiographical statement.
- 38.
Novak E. The significance of uterine mucosa in the fallopian tube, with a discussion of the origin of aberrant endometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1926;xii:501, 503. See also Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:430.
- 39.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:443. Emil Novak was a model critic. Not only did he respect Sampson, he also offered constructive suggestions that would strengthen Sampson theory of implantation. Late in the twentieth century, investigators tested the viability of cast off endometrium in tissue culture. See: Willemsen WNP, Mungyer G, Smets H, Rolland R, Vemer H, Jap, P. Behavior of cultured glandular cells obtained by flushing of the uterine cavity. Fertil Steril 1985;44:92. Kruitwagen RFPM, Poels IG, Willemsen WNP, de Ronde IJY, Jap PHK, Rolland R. Endometrial epithelial cells in peritoneal fluid during the early follicular phase. Fertil Steril 1991;55:297.
- 40.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:433. See footnote 9 for the quotation.
- 41.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:443. Figure 25.
- 42.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:439. Figure 19.
- 43.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469. For Geographic arguments that consistently located endometrial lesions of the ovary on the lateral and undersurface of the ovary see: See Figure 2, page 424; Figure 18, pages 438; Figure 19, page 439; Page 440; Figures 23 and 24 on page 442; Figure 25, page 443; Figure 26, page 444; Figure 29, page 446; Figure 32, page 449; Figure 43, page 458; Page 462; and Figure 54 on page 465.
- 44.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:446. See Figure 29, page 446.
- 45.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:462.
- 46.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:443. See caption under Figure 25, page 443. For additional references to age differential, see Figure 19, page 439; Figure 15, page 443; Figures 27 and 28 on page 445; and Figure 30, page 447.
- 47.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:451. See legend under Figure 34. See page 461. “It would seem that during the menstrual life of women some substance escapes from the tubes into the pelvis which plays an important role in the etiology of pelvic peritoneal endometriosis, including the development of endometrial tissue in the ovaries. This substance may be menstrual blood in some instances and tubal secretions in others. In either case epithelium may be present.”
- 48.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:452. See Figure 35.
- 49.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:452. See Figure 36.
- 50.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:452. See Figure 36. See also Figures 48 and 49. Implants of endometriosis on ovary and uterus “are in a situation readily ‘soiled’ by material escaping from the abdominal ostium of the patent left tube.” I believe I am familiar with the trees, soil, and landscapes from which Sampson drew his metaphors. For I have hiked, camped, or hunted the woodlands and meadows of New York State from the Adirondack State Park to the ravines that feed the Finger Lakes; and from the Great Bear Swamp in Western New York to the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers near Sampson’s Albany.
- 51.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:462.
- 52.
This is a mixed metaphor; Galileo’s experiments at Pisa were real, Newton’s apple is an allegorical story.
- 53.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469. See pages 434–435; page 440 and page 462.
- 54.
Sampson JA. The escape of foreign material from the uterine cavity into uterine veins. Am J Obstet Diseases of Women and Children 1918;lxxxii:161–175.
- 55.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:444.
- 56.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:456. Figure 40.
- 57.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:456. Figure 41.
- 58.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:456. Figures 40 and 41.
- 59.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:457. Figure 42.
- 60.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:460. Figure 46. “Should the endometrial tissue in the photomicrograph above it be forced into a narrow, curved tube, it would be moulded or fashioned into a mass like this. I believe that this moulded mass represents a cast of the lumen of a narrow portion of the tube and adds to the evidence already presented that the endometrial tissue in the tube or tubes was derived from the uterine cavity.” Again, Sampson qualified his statements that the evidence suggests but does not prove.
- 61.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:461. See Figure 47.
- 62.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:446. “I have often observed blood dripping from the abdominal ostia of the tubes in abdominal operations which had been preceded by a curettage of the uterus.” Sampson also observed the same phenomenon when he operated during the patient’s menstruation. See also page 458. “I fully realize that it is impossible definitely to state the origin of the blood in the lumen of the tubes in these eight cases.”
- 63.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:446.
- 64.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:459. See Figures 44 and 45.
- 65.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:446.
- 66.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:449. “Novak has published photomicrographs of sections of tube showing endometrial tissue in their lumina and offers the theory that this tissue might have come from ectopic endometrial tissue in the pelvis and entered the tube through the abdominal ostium, just as the ovum and particles of cancer in peritoneal carcinosis are known to enter the tubes.”
- 67.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:447.
- 68.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:451.
- 69.
Janney JC. Report of three cases of a rare ovarian anomaly. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1922;Feb:173–187:187.
- 70.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:449. For example of the association of endometriosis with patent fallopian tubes, see Figure 32, page 449. See also page 459. “One of the outstanding features of patients with peritoneal endometriosis is that the tubes are usually patent.” In a five year period, Sampson operated 293 patients with peritoneal endometriosis; both tubes “appeared to be patent” in 284 patients. In Sampson’s series, most patients were over 30 years old. Three patients had a unilateral hematosalpinx, four had a bilateral hematosalpinx, and only two had bilateral pyosalpinx.
- 71.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:438. See Figure 16.
- 72.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:462–463.
- 73.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469. See Figures 21 and 22, page 441. See also Page 436: “cancer escaping into the peritoneal cavity sometimes becomes implanted on the surface of the peritoneum, causing lesions of peritoneal carcinosis.”
- 74.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:437.
- 75.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:438–439. Fig. 18.
- 76.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:438–439. Fig. 18.
- 77.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:453. See Figure 37.
- 78.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:453. Fig. 37.
- 79.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469.:454. Fig. 38.
- 80.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469. See Fig. 38, page 454 and Fig. 39 on page 455.
- 81.
Sampson JA. Perforating hemorrhagic (chocolate) cysts of the ovary: their importance and especially their relation to pelvic adenomas of endometrial type (“Adenomyoma” of the uterus, rectovaginal septum, sigmoid, etc.) Archives of Surgery 1921;3:245–323.
- 82.
Sampson JA. Ovarian hematomas of endometrial type (perforating hemorrhagic cysts of the ovary) and implantation adenomas of endometrial type. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 1922;186:445–456. After Sampson published his first theory in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 1921 and before he published his second theory in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal in 1922, he annotated his first theory to announce the second, which was published separately in the Proceedings of the American Gynecological Society in 1921.
- 83.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:463.
- 84.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:463–464. Sampson reproduced two photomicrographs objectively illustrating his argument. See Figures 59 and 60 on page 468.
- 85.
Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:464.
- 86.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:465.
- 87.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:465.
- 88.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;l4:422–469:466.
- 89.
Daston, Lorraine, and Peter Galison. Objectivity. New York, NY: Zone Books, 2007:344–346.
- 90.
Daston, Lorraine, and Peter Galison. Objectivity, 36. “What is the nature of objectivity? First and foremost, objectivity is the suppression of some aspect of the self, the countering of subjectivity. Objectivity and subjectivity define each other, like left and right or up and down.” See also page 51. “Objective knowledge,” understood as “a systematized theoretical account of how the world really is, comes as close to truth as today’s timorous metaphysics will permit.”
- 91.
Clement PB. History of gynecological pathology. IX. Dr. John Albertson Sampson. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2001;20:86–101. See pp. 99–100 references. References 2 through 68 all refer to Sampson’s articles arranged chronologically from 1902 to 1945.
- 92.
Sampson JA. The development of the implantation theory for the origin of peritoneal endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1940:40:549–557:557.
- 93.
Sampson JA. The development of the implantation theory for the origin of peritoneal endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1940:40:549–557:557. See also p. 549. “I greatly appreciate the appraisals of my observations and interpretations which have been made by others, However, it is my own critical evaluation of these observations and interpretations which I shall attempt to present in this review.”
- 94.
Sampson JA. Ovarian hematomas of endometrial type (perforating hemorrhagic cysts of the ovary) and implantation adenomas of endometrial type. Boston Med Surg J 1922;186:445–456. See p. 448 where Sampson casually inserted an observation about lymphatic dissemination of adenomatous tissue, anticipating Halban’s publication by 2 years.
- 95.
Sampson JA. The development of the implantation theory for the origin of peritoneal endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1940:40:549–557:550, 553.
- 96.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1940:40:549–557:555.
- 97.
Sampson JA. The development of the implantation theory for the origin of peritoneal endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1940:40:549–557:549.
- 98.
Sampson JA. Heterotopic or misplaced endometrial tissue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1925;10:649–664:649.
- 99.
Sampson JA. The development of the implantation theory for the origin of peritoneal endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1940:40:549–557:549.
- 100.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1940:40:549–557:555.
- 101.
Sampson JA. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1940:40:549–557:555–556. Henry Campbell Black, Black’s Law Dictionary: Definitions of the Terms and Phrases of America and English Jurisprudence, Ancient and Modern. Sixth Edition by the Publisher’s Editorial Staff. [St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., 1990], 243. “Circumstantial evidence. Testimony not based on actual personal knowledge or observation of the facts in controversy, but of other facts from which deductions are drawn, showing indirectly the facts sought to be proved. People v. Yokum, 145 C.A.2n 245, 302 P.2d 406, 410. The proof of certain facts and circumstances in a given case, from which jury may infer other connected facts which, usually and reasonably follow according to the common experience of mankind. Foster v. Union Starch & Refining Co., 11 Ill.App.2d 346, 137 N.E.2d 499, 502. Evidence of facts or circumstances from which the existence or nonexistence of fact in issue may be inferred. Inferences drawn from facts proved. Process of decision by which court or jury may reason from circumstances known or proved, to establish by inference the principal fact. It means that existence of principal facts is only inferred from circumstances. Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v. Lonas, 255 Ky. 717, 75 S.W.2n 348, 350. The proof of various facts or circumstances which usually attend the main fact in dispute, and therefore tend to prove its existence, or to sustain, by their consistency, the hypothesis claimed. Or as otherwise defined, it consists in reasoning from facts which are known or proved to establish such as are conjectured to exist.” See also: Robert S. Hunter, Federal Trial Handbook: Civil. 4th ed. [Danvers, MA:Thomson West, 2003], 29–1. “Admissibility of circumstantial evidence generally. Circumstantial evidence is evidence which tends to prove a disputed fact by proof of other facts which have a legitimate tendency to lead the mind to a conclusion that the fact exists which is sought to be established. It is legal evidence and the jury must act upon it as if it were direct when it is satisfactory beyond a reasonable doubt. Rumely v. U.S., 293 F. 532 (C.C.A. 2n Cir. 1923). As a legal matter, there is no distinction between direct and circumstantial evidence. Circumstantial evidence has probative value equal to that of testimonial evidence. The law does not belittle the value of circumstantial evidence by making a relative distinction between it and direct evidence. Rodella v. U.S., 286 F.2d 306 (9th Cir. 1960).”
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Sampson JA. The development of the implantation theory for the origin of peritoneal endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1940:40:549–557:557.
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James Robert Goodall, A Study of Endometriosis, Endosalpingiosis, Endocervicosis, and Peritoneo-ovarian Sclerosis: A Clinical and Pathologic Study [Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1943].
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James Robert Goodall, A Study of Endometriosis, Endosalpingiosis, Endocervicosis, and Peritoneo-ovarian Sclerosis, 89. In 1982, the writer dedicated a monograph to James Robert Goodall. Ronald E. Batt, and John D. Naples, Conservative Surgery for Endometriosis in the Infertile Couple. Current Problems in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. VI [Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1982], 1-98. See Leitch. Proc. R. Soc Med (Obst and Gyn Sect), July 1914:389. Cited by Cuthbert Lockyer, Fibroids and Allied Tumours (Myoma and Adenomyoma): Their Pathology, Clinical Features, and Surgical Treatment [London: Macmillan and Company, 1918], 330–331. Archibald Leitch described a “migratory adenomyoma” of the cervix that spread into the base of the left broad ligament. “The cervical epithelium had invaded the musculature of the cervix very deeply.” This description sounds like endocervicosis, a lesion that was not described and named as such until 1943 by Goodall. Leitch anticipated Cullen but did not recognize the significance of his observation. See Clement PB, Young RH. Endocervicosis of the urinary bladder. A report of six cases of a benign müllerian lesion that may mimic adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:633–42. On page 538 in a footnote, the authors’ noted: “The term “endocervicosis” was first used in 1943 by Goodall to refer to two cases in which there was deep infiltration of the cervical wall and paracervical tissues by benign-appearing endocervical glands. The pathology of the lesions was not illustrated, but by current criteria they would probably be interpreted as examples of minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (“adenoma malignum”). See also, Young RH, Clement PB. Endocervicosis involving the uterine cervix: a report of four cases of a benign process that may be confused with deeply invasive endocervical adenocarcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2000;19:322–8. “In adenoma malignum, the lesional glands originate from the mucosa and grow downward, whereas in cases of endocervicosis, the glands usually are confined to the outer aspect of the cervix. When there is a clear demarcation between normal endocervical glands and the more deeply seated glands of endocervicosis, with a zone of uninvolved cervical wall, it should be readily apparent that the deep glands cannot represent glands that have spread from the mucosa.”
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Clement PB, Young RH. Endocervicosis of the urinary bladder. A report of six cases of a benign müllerian lesion that may mimic adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:533–542.
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Sampson JA. Heterotopic or misplaced endometrial tissue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1925;10:649–664:649–650. Of historical interest, in this publication, Sampson equated the following terms for adenomyosis: adenomyosis = direct endometriosis = primary endometriosis = müllerianosis. Thereafter, Sampson abandoned such usage for müllerianosis. The writer appropriated the abandoned term müllerianosis in 1990 and thereafter, to designate Sampson’s developmentally misplaced endometrial, endosalpingeal, and endocervical tissue. Ronald E. Batt, Richard A. Smith, Germaine M. Buck, Mark F. Severino, and John D. Naples, “Müllerianosis,” In Current Concepts in Endometriosis. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, edited by D. Chadha and V. Buttram. [New York: Alan R. Liss, 1990], 323:413–426. (Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Endometriosis, Houston, Texas, 1-3 May 1989). Ronald E. Batt, Smith RA, Buck Louis GM, Martin DC, Chapron C, Koninckx PR, Yeh J. Müllerianosis. Histology and Histopathology 2007; 22:1161–1166.
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Russell WW. Aberrant portions of the müllerian duct found in an ovary. Bull Johns Hopkins Hospital 1899;10:8–10 plus 3 plates. Russell was the physician who displaced Cullen from the residency position promised by Howard Kelly; a displacement that lead to Cullen’s spending 3 years in pathology before he entered the gynecological residency.
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Sampson JA. Heterotopic or misplaced endometrial tissue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1925;10:649–664:649–650.
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Kelly HA. William Wood Russell, M.D. 1866–1924. Trans Am Gynecological Society 1924;49:383–384.
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Meyer R. Autobiography of Dr. Robert Meyer (1864–1947): A Short Abstract of a Long Life [New York: Henry Schuman, 1949], 33.
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Marshall VF. Endometrial tissue in the kidney. J Urology 1943;50:652. This was the same Victor Marshall of the Marshall, Marchetti, Krantz operation for stress urinary incontinence in women. Certainly, Marshall was familiar with female pelvic pathology.
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Robert Meyer, Autobiography of Dr. Robert Meyer (1864–1947): A Short Abstract of a Long Life [New York: Henry Schuman, 1949], 34. “In 1897 and 1898, I demonstrated some malformations and accessory adrenal tissue in the broad ligament of both fetus and adult. (The continuation of these studies is found in Zeitschr. f. Geb. u. Gyn. 41). Robert Meyer, Autobiography of Dr. Robert Meyer (1864–1947): A Short Abstract of a Long Life [New York: Henry Schuman, 1949], 86.” “Cysts in the Vaginal Wall of Fetuses of 3–5 months.” Arch. f. Gyn. 151 [1932]. “Those cysts from the Müllerian epithelium lie in the median plane as do also the cysts in the uterus.”
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William Henry Welch, Pathology, Preventive Medicine, vol. 1 of Papers and Addresses by William Henry Welch [Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1920], 432–3. Johnston, George B. Osteo-Fibromyoma of the Uterus. Am Gynaec & Obst. J., N.Y., 1901, XVIII, 307–308.
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Batt, R.E. (2011). Explication and Defense of Sampson’s Theory of Pathogenesis. In: A History of Endometriosis. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-585-9_10
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