Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Aerial Plant Surface Microbiology pp 59–72Cite as

Bacterial hrp and Avirulence Genes are Key Determinants in Plant-Pathogen Interactions

  • Chapter

  • 250 Accesses

Abstract

Among the 1600 different species known in the bacterial kingdom only a small number are plant pathogenic. In fact, most pathogens can only infect a limited number of host plant species. On the other hand, many bacteria live in the plant’s phyllosphere and rhizosphere without causing any harm. To be successful as a pathogen, i.e., live on the expense of the host and cause damage that may even kill the host, the bacterium has to overcome the plant’s physical barriers and defence responses. During evolution plant pathogenic bacteria have acquired multiple functions that enable them to colonise and multiply in living plant tissue. Due to this specialisation the host range is often limited to a few plant species. In the well studied plant pathogens Agrobacterium tumefaciens, A. rhizogenes, and A. vitis virulence genes are located on an endogenous plasmid and are responsible for the transfer of the so-called T-DNA region from the same plasmid to the plant nucleus. The integrated T-DNA contains genes for plant hormone metabolism and for the synthesis of opines which are expressed in the plant cell. Consequently, the transformed plant tissue develops into tumours or hairy roots; the opines are utilised by the surrounding bacteria. For excellent more comprehensive reviews on Agrobacterium see Zambryski (1992) and Winans (1992). This chapter will focus on subspecies of the gram-negative genera Erwinia, Pseudomonas, and Xanthomonas which cause numerous diseases in important crop plants. These bacteria have evolved tools different from Agrobacterium in order to infect the host plant.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Albertini A. M, Caramori, T., Crabb, W. D, Scoffone, F. and Galizzi, A. 1991, The flaA locus of Bacillus subtilis is part of a large operon coding for flagellar structures, motility functions and an ATPase-like polypeptide. J. Bacteriol. 173:3573–3579.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allaoui, A., Sansonetti, P. J. and Parsot, C. 1992, MxiJ, a lipoprotein involved in secretion of Shigella Ipa invasins, is homologous to YscJ, a secretion factor of the Yersinia Yop proteins. J. Bacteriol. 174:7661–7669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allaoui, A., Sansonetti, P. J. and Parsot, C. 1993, MxiD, an outer membrane protein necessary for the secretion of the Shigella flexneri Ipa invasins. Mol. Microbiol. 7:59–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, G. P. and Maurelli, A. T. 1992, mxiA of Shigella flexneri 2a, which facilitates export of invasion plasmid antigens, encodes a homolog of the low-calcium response protein, LscD, of Yersinia pestis. Infect. Immun. 60:3287–3295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arlat, M., Gough, C. L., Barber, C. E., Boucher, C. and Daniels, M. J. 1991, Xanthomonas campestris contains a cluster of hrp genes related to the larger hrp cluster of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 4:593–601.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arlat, M., Gough, C. L., Zischek, C., Barberis, P. A., Trigalet, A. and Boucher, C. A. 1992, Transcriptional organization and expression of the large hrp gene cluster of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 5:187–193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arlat, M., Van Gijsegem, F., Huet, J. C., Pernollet, J. C. and Boucher, C. A. 1994, PopA1, a protein which induces a hypersensitive-like response on specific Petunia genotypes, is secreted via the Hrp pathway of Pseudomonas solanacearum. EMBO J. 13:543–553.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, D. W., Wei, Z.-M., Beer, S. V. and Collmer, A. 1995, Erwinia chrysanthemi harpinEch: an elicitor of the hypersensitive response that contributes to soft-rot pathogenesis. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 8:484–491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, T., Erickson, K., Galyov, E., Persson, C. and Wolf-Watz, H. 1994, The lcrB (vscN/U) gene cluster of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is involved in Yop secretion and shows high homology to the spa gene clusters of Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 176: 2619–2626.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonas, U. 1994, hrp genes of phytopathogenic bacteria. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 192:79–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonas, U., Conrads-Strauch, J. and Balbo, I. 1993, Resistance in tomato to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is determined by alleles of the pepper-specific avirulence gene avrBs3. Mol. Gen. Genet. 238:261–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonas, U., Schulte, R., Fenselau, S., Minsavage, G. V., Staskawicz, B. J. and Stall, R. E. 1991, Isolation of a gene cluster from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria that determines pathogenicity and the hypersensitive response on pepper and tomato. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 4:81–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonas, U., Stall, R. E. and Staskawicz, B. J. 1989. Genetic and structural characterization of the avirulence gene avrBs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Mol. Gen. Genetics 218:127–136.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, I., Mansfield, J. and Bonas, U. 1995, hrp genes in Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria determine ability to suppress papillae deposition in pepper mesophyll cells. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 8:825–836.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, I., Mansfield, J., Irlam, I., Conrads-Strauch and Bonas, U. 1993, Ultrastructure of interactions between Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and pepper, including immunocytochemical localization of extracellular polysaccharides and the AvrBs3 protein. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 6:376–386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canteros, B., Minsavage, G., Bonas, U., Pring, D. and Stall, R. 1991, A gene from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria that determines avirulence in tomato is related to avrBs3. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 4:628–632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, P. B. and Ordal, G. W. 1993, Bacillus subtilis FlhA: a flagellar protein related to a new family of signal-transducing receptors. Mol. Microbiol. 7:735–743.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, P. B., Zuberi, A. R. and Ordal, G. W. 1993, Bacillus subtilis flagellar proteins FliP, FliQ, FliR and FlhB are related to Shigella flexneri virulence factors. Gene 137:243–245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condemine, G., Dorel, C., Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat, N. and Robert-Beaudouy, J. 1992, Some of the out genes involved in the secretion of pectate lyases in Erwinia chrysanthemi are regulates by kdgR. Mol. Microbiol. 6:3199–3211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coplin, D. L., Frederick, R. D., Majerczak, D. R. and Tuttle, L. D. 1992, Characterization of a gene cluster that specifies pathogenicity in Erwinia stewartii. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 5:81–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dangl, J. L. 1994, The enigmatic avirulence genes of phytopathogenic bacteria. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 192:99–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Feyter, R., Yang, Y., and Gabriel, D. W. 1993, Gene-for-genes interactions between cotton R genes and Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum avr genes. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 6:225–237.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eichelberg, K., Ginocchio, C. C. and Galan, J. E. 1994, Molecular and functional characterization of the Salmonella typhimurium invation genes invB and invC: homology of InvC to the F0F1 ATPase family of proteins. J. Bacteriol. 176: 4501–4510.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fellay, R, Rahme, L. G., Mindrinos, M. N., Frederick, R. D., Pisi, A. and Panopoulos, N. J. 1991, Genes and signals controlling the Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola-plant interaction, pp. 45–52 In: Hennecke, H. and Verma, D.P.S. (eds.) Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenselau, S., Balbo, I. and Bonas, U. 1992, Determinants of pathogenicity in Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria are related to proteins involved in secretion in bacterial pathogens of animals. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 4:593–601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenselau, S. and Bonas, U. 1995, Sequence and expression analysis of the hrpB pathogenicity operon of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria which encodes eight proteins with similarity to components of the Hrp, Ysc, Spa and Fli secretion systems. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 8:845–854.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flor, H. 1956. The complementary genetic systems in flax and flax rust. Adv. Genet. 8:29–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galán, J. E., Ginocchio, C. and Costeas, P. 1992, Molecular and functional characterization of the Salmonella invasion gene invA: homology of InvA to members of a new protein family. J. Bacteriol. 174:4338–4349.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Genin, S, Gough, C. L., Zischek, C. and Boucher, C. A. 1992, The hrpB gene encodes a positive regulator of pathogenicity genes from Pseudomonas solanacearum. Mol. Microbiol. 6:3065–3076.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gough, C. L., Genin, S., Zischek, C. and Boucher, C. A. 1992, hrp genes of Pseudomonas solanacearum are homologous to pathogenicity determinants of animal pathogenic bacteria and are conserved among plant pathogenic bacteria. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 5:384–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gough, C. L., Genin, S., Lopes, V. and Boucher, C. A. 1993, Homology between the HrpO protein of Pseudomonas solanacearum and bacterial proteins implicated in a signal peptide independent secretion mechanism. Mol. Gen. Genet. 239:378–392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, C., Aufsatz, W. and Panopoulos, N. J. 1995, The hrpRS locus of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola constitutes a complex regulatory unit. Mol. Microbiol. 15:155–165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groisman, E. A. and Ochman, H. 1993, Cognate gene clusters govern invation of host epithelial cells by Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri. EMBO J. 12:3779–3787.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hale, T. L. 1991, Genetic basis for virulence in Shigella species. Microbiol. Rev. 55:206–224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He, S. Y., Huang, H. C. and Collmer, A. 1993, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae HarpinPss: a protein that is secreted via the Hrp pathway and elicits the hypersensitive response in plants. Cell 73:1255–1266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herbers, K., Conrads-Strauch, J. and Bonas, U. 1992, Race-specificity of plant resistance to bacterial spot disease determined by repetitive motifs in a bacterial avirulence protein. Nature 356:172–174.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, C. M., White, F. F., Choi, S.-H., Guo, A. and Leach, J. 1993, Identification of a family of avirulence genes from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 5:451–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, H. C., Hutcheson, S. W. and Collmer, A. 1991, Characterization of the hrp cluster from Pseudomonas syrinage pv. syrinage 61 and TnphoA tagging of genes encoding exported or membrane-spanning Hrp proteins. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 4:469–476.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, H. C., He, S. Y., Bauer, D. W. and Collmer, A. 1992, The Pseudomonas syrinage pv. syrinage 61 hrpH product, an envelope protein required for elicitation of the hypersensitive response in plants. J. Bacteriol. 174: 6878–6885.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, H. C., Xiao, Y., Lin, R. H., Lu, Y., Hutcheson S. W. and Collmer, A. 1993, Characterization of the Pseudomonas syrinage pv. syrinage hrpJ and hrpI genes: homology of HrpI to a superfamily of proteins associated with protein translocation. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 6:515–520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, H.-C., Lin, R.-H., Chang, C.-J., Collmer, A. and Deng, W.-L. 1995, The complete hrp gene cluster of Pseudomonas syrinage pv. syrinage 61 includes two blocks of genes required for harpinPss secretion that are arranged colinearly with Yersinia ysc homologs. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 8 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huynh, T.V., Dahlbeck, D. and Staskawicz, B. J. 1989, Bacterial blight of soybean: regulation of a pathogen gene determining host cultivar specificity. Science 245:1374–1377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, I., Lim, S. M. and Shaw, P. D. 1992, Cloning and characterization of pathogenicity genes from Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines. J. Bacteriol. 174:1923–1931.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Innes, R. W., Bent, A. F., Kunkel, B. N., Bisgrove, S. R. and Staskawicz, B. J. 1993, Molecular analysis of avirulence gene avrRpt2 and identification of a putative regulatory sequence common to all known Pseudomonas syrinage avirulence genes. J. Bacteriol. 175:4859–4869.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, K. G., Giron, J. A., Jerse, A. E., McDaniel, T. K., Donnenberg, M. S. and Kaper, J. B. 1995, Enteropathogenic E. coli contains a putative type III scretion system necessary for the export of proteins involved in attaching and effacing lesion formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamdar, H. V., Kamoun, S. and Kado, C. I. 1993, Restoration of pathogenicity of avirulent Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. campestris pathovars by reciprocal complementation with the hrypXo and hrpXc genes and identification of HrpX function by sequence analyses. J. Bacteriol. 175:2017–2025.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamoun, S, Kamdar, H. V., Tola, E. and Kado, C. I. 1992, Incompatible interactions between crucifers and Xanthomonas campestris involve a vascular hypersensitive response: role of the hrpX locus. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 5:22–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaniga, K., Bossio, J. C. and Galan, J. E. 1994, The Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes invF and invG encode homologues of the AraC and PulD family of proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 13: 555–568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kearney, B. and Staskawicz, B. J. 1990, Widespread distribution and fitness contribution of Xanthomonas campestris avirulence gene avrBs2. Nature 346:385–386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keen, N. T. 1992, The molecular biology of disease resistance. Plant Mol. Biol. 19:109–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keen, N. T., Tamaki, S., Kobayashi, D., Gerhold, D., Stayton, M., Shen, H., Gold, S., Lorang, J., Thordal-Christenson, H., Dahlbeck, D. and Staskawicz, B. J. 1990, Bacteria expressing avirulence gene D produce a specific elicitor of the soybean hypersensitive reaction. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 3:112–121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klement, Z. 1982. Hypersensitivity, pp. 149–177 In: Phytopathogenic Prokaryotes. vol. 2, Mount, M.S. and Lacy, G.H. (eds.) Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knoop, V., Staskawicz, B. J. and Bonas, U. 1991, The expression of the avirulence gene avrBs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is not under the control of hrp genes and is independent of plant factors. J. Bacteriol. 173:7142–7150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laby, R. J. and Beer, S. V. 1992, Hybridization and functional complementation of the hrp gene cluster from Erwinia amylovora strain Ea321 with DNA of other bacteria. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 5:412–419.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lidell, M. C. and Hutcheson, S. W. 1994, Characterization of the hrpJ and hrpU operons of Pseudomonas syrinage pv. syrinage Pss61: Similarity with components of enteric bacteria involved in flagellar biogenesis and demonstration of their role in harpinPss secretion. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7:488–497.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, P. B., Peet, R. C. and Panopoulos, N. J. H. 1986. Gene cluster of Pseudomonas syrinage pv. phaseolicola controls pathogenicity on bean plants and hypersensitivity on nonhost plants. J. Bacteriol. 168:512–522.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorang, J. M., Shen, H., Kobayashi, D., Cooksey, D. and Keen, N. T. 1994, avrA and avrE in Pseudomonas syrinage pv. tomato PT23 play a role in virulence on tomato plants. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7:208–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malakooti, J., Ely, B. and Matsumura, P. 1994, Molecular characterization, nucleotide sequence and expression of the fliO, fliP, fliQ and fliR genes of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 176:189–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meinhardt, L. W., Krishnan, H. B., Balatti, P. A. and Pueppke, S. G. 1993, Molecular cloning and characterization of a sym plasmid locus that regulates cultivar-specific nodulation of soybean by Rhizobium fredii USDA257. Mol. Microbiol. 9:17–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michiels, T., Wattiau, P., Brasseur, R., Ruysschaert, J. M. and Cornelis, G. 1990, Secretion of Yop proteins by Yersiniae. Infect. Immun. 58:2840–2849.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michiels, T., Vanooteghem, J.-C., Lambert de Rouvroit, C, China, B., Gustin, A., Boudry, P. and Cornelis, G. R. 1991, Analysis of virC, an operon involved in the secretion of Yop proteins by Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Bacteriol. 173:4994–5009.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minamino, T., Iino, T. and Kutskake, K. 1994, Molecular characterization of the Salmonella typhimurium flhB operon and its protein. J. Bacteriol. 176:7630–7637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minsavage, G. V., Dahlbeck, D., Whalen, M. C., Kearney, B., Bonas, U., Staskawicz, B. J. and Stall, R. E. 1990, Gene-for-gene relationships specifying disease resistance in Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria-pepper interactions. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 3:41–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukhopadhyay, P, Williams, J., and Mills, D. 1988. Molecular analysis of a pathogenicity locus in Pseudomonas syrinage pv. syrinage. J. Bacteriol. 170:5479–5488.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulholland, V., Hinton, J. C. D., Sidebotham, J., Toth, I. K., Hyman, L. J., Pérombelon, M. C. M., Reeves, P. J. and Salmond, G. P. C. 1993, A pleiotropic reduced virulence (Rvi−) mutant of Erwinia carotovora subspecies atroseptica is defective in flagella assembly proteins that are conserved in plant and animal bacterial pathogens. Mol. Microbiol. 9:343–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pegues, D. A., Hantman, M. J., Behlau, I. and Miller, S. I. 1995, PhoP/PhoQ transcriptional repression of Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes: evidence for a role in protein secretion. Mol. Microbiol. 17:169–181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plano, G. V., Barve, S. S. and Straley, S. C. 1991, LcrD, a membrane-bound regulator of the Yersinia pestis low-calcium response. J. Bacteriol. 173:7293–7303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preston, G. M., Huang, H.-C., He, S. Y. and Collmer, A. 1995, The HrpZ proteins of Pseudomonas syrinage pvs. syrinage, glycinea and tomato are encoded by an operon containing Yersinia ysc homologs and elicit the hypersensitive response in tomato but not soybean. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahme, L. G., Mindrinos, M. N. and Panopoulos, N. J. 1992, Plant and environmental sensory signals control the expression of hrp genes in Pseudomonas syrinage pv. phaseolicola. J. Bacteriol. 174:3499–3507.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishnan, G., Zhao, J-L. and Newton, A. 1991, The cell cycle-regulated flagellar gene flbF of Caulobacter crescentus is homologous to a virulence locus (lcrD) of Yersinia pestis. J. Bacteriol. 173:7283–7392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rimpiläinen, M., Forsberg, A. and Wolf-Watz, H. 1992, A novel protein, LcrQ, involved in the low-calcium response of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis shows extensive homology to YopH. J. Bacteriol. 174:3355–3363.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, C. and Dangl, J. L. 1995, The avrRpm1 gene of Pseudomonas syrinage pv. maculicola is required for virulence on Arabidopsis. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 8:444–453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmeron, J. M. and Staskawicz, B. J. 1993, Molecular characterization and hrp dependence of the avirulence gene avrPto from Pseudomonas syrinage pv. tomato. Mol. Gen. Genet. 239:6–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saraste, M., Gay, N. J., Eberle, A., Runswick, M. J. and Walker, J. E. 1981, The atp operon: nucleotide sequences of the genes for the a, b and g subunits of Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Nucl. Acids. Res. 9:5287–5296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasakawa, C., Komatsu, K., Tobe, T., Suzuki, T. and Yoshikawa, M. 1993, Eight genes in region 5 that form an operon are essential for invasion of epithelial cells by Shigella flexneri. J. Bacteriol. 175:2334–2346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulte, R. and Bonas, U. 1992a. Expression of the Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria hrp gene cluster, which determines pathogenicity and hypersensitivity on pepper and tomato, is plant inducible. J. Bacteriol. 174:815–823.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulte, R. and Bonas, U. 1992b. A Xanthomonas pathogenicity locus is induced by sucrose and sulfur-containing amino acids. Plant Cell 4:79–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, H. and Keen, N. T. 1993, Characterization of the promoter of avirulence gene D from Pseudomonas syrinage pv. tomato. J. Bacteriol. 175:5916–5924.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stall, R. E. and Minsavage, G. V. 1990, The use of hrp genes to identify opportunistic xanthomonads, pp. 396–374 In: Klement, Z. (ed.) Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Budapest, Hungary, 1989, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staskawicz, B. J., Dahlbeck, D. and Keen, N. 1984. Cloned avirulence gene of Pseudomonas syrinage pv. glycinea determines race-specific incompatibility on Glycine max (L.) Merr. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6024–6028.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staskawicz, B. J., Ausubel, F. M., Baker, B. J., Ellis, J. G., Jones, J. D. G. 1995, Molecular genetics of plant disease resistance. Science 268:661–667.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swarup, S., De Feyter, R., Brlanski, R. H. and Gabriel, D. W. 1991, A pathogenicity locus from Xanthomonas citri enables strains from several pathovars of X. campestris to elicit canker-like lesions on citrus. Phytopathology 81:802–809.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Gijsegem, F., Genin, S. and Boucher, C. 1993, Conservation of secretion pathways for pathogenicity determinants of plant and animal bacteria. Trends Microbiol. 1:175–180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Gijsegem, F., Gough, C., Zischek, C., Niqueux, E., Arlat, M., Genin, S., Barberis, P., German, S., Castello, P. and Boucher, C. A., 1995, The hrp gene locus of Pseudomonas solanacearum that controls the production of a type III secretion system, encodes eight proteins related to components of the bacterial flagellar biogenesis complex. Mol. Microbiol. 15:1095–1114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, M. M., Buysse, J. M. and Oaks, E. V. 1992, Surface presentation of Shigella flexneri invasion plasmid antigens requires the products of the spa locus. J. Bacteriol. 174:1990–2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogler, A. P., Homma, M., Irikura, V. M. and Macnab, R. M. 1991, Salmonella typhimurium mutants defective in flagellar filament regrowth and sequence similarity of F1i1 to F0F1, vacuolar and archaebacterial ATPase subunits. J. Bacteriol. 173:3564–3572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, Z. M., Laby, R. J., Zumoff, C. H., Bauer, D. W., He, S. Y., Collmer, A., Beer, S. V. 1992a. Harpin, elicitor of the hypersensitive response produced by the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Science 257:85–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, Z. M., Sneath, B. J. and Beer, S. V. 1992b. Expression of Erwinia amylovora hrp genes in response to environmental stimuli. J. Bacteriol. 174:1875–1882.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, Z. M. and Beer, S. V. 1993, HrpI of Erwinia amylovora functions in secretion of harpin and is a member of a new protein family. J. Bacteriol. 175: 7958–7967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wengelnik, K., and Bonas, U. 1996, HrpXv, an AraC-type regulator, activates expression of five of the six loci in the hrp cluster of Xanthomnas campestris pv. vesicatoria. J. Bacteriol. 178: 3462–3469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, D. K., Rich, J. J. and Hrabak, E. M. 1991, hrp genes of phytopathogenic bacteria. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 4:132–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winans, S. C. 1992, Two-way chemical signaling in Agobacterium-plant interactions. Micobiol. Rev. 56:12–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woestyn, S., Allaoui A., Wattiau, P. and Cornelis, G. R. 1994, YscN, the putative energizer of the Yersinia yop secretion machinery. J. Bacteriol. 176: 1561–1569.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, Y. X., Lu, Y., Heu, S. G. and Hutcheson, S. W. 1992, Organization and environmental regulation of the Pseudomonas syrinage pv. syrinage 61 hrp cluster. J. Bacteriol. 174:1734–1741.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, Y. and Hutcheson, S. W. 1994, A single promoter sequence recognized by a newly identified alternate sigma factor directs expression of pathogenicity and host range determinants in Pseudomonas syrinage. J. Bacteriol. 176:3089–3091.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, Y., Heu, S., Yi, J., Lu, Y. and Hutcheson, S. W. 1994, Identification of a putative alternate sigma factor and characterization of a multicomponent regulatory cascade controlling the expression of Pseudomonas syrinage pv. syrinage Pss61 hrp and hrmA genes. J. Bacteriol. 176:1025–1036.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y., De Feyter, R. and Gabriel, D.W. 1994, Host-specific symptoms and increased release of Xanthomonas citri and X. campestris pv. malvacearum from leaves are determined by the 102-bp tandem repeats of pthA and avrb6, respectively. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 3:345–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y. and Gabriel, D. W. 1995a. Xanthomonas avirulence/pathogenicity gene family encodes functional plant nuclear targeting signals. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 8:627–631.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y. and Gabriel, D. W. 1995b. Intragenic recombination of a single plant pathogen gene provides a mechanism for the evolution of new host specificities. J. Bacteriol. 177:4963–4968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zambryski, P. C. 1992, Chronicles from the Agobacterium-plant cell DNA transfer story. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 43:465–490.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhuang, W. Y. and Shapiro, L. 1995, Caulobacter FlQ and FliR membrane proteins, required for flagellar biogenesis and cell division, belong to a family of virulence factor export proteins. J. Bacteriol. 177:343–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut des Sciences Végétales, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Ulla Bonas & Guido Van den Ackerveken

Authors
  1. Ulla Bonas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Guido Van den Ackerveken
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Station de Pathologie Végétale, Avignon, France

    Cindy E. Morris  & Philippe C. Nicot  & 

  2. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Station de Technologie des Produits Végétaux, Avignon, France

    Christophe Nguyen-The

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bonas, U., Van den Ackerveken, G. (1996). Bacterial hrp and Avirulence Genes are Key Determinants in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. In: Morris, C.E., Nicot, P.C., Nguyen-The, C. (eds) Aerial Plant Surface Microbiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-34164-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-34164-4_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-45382-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-585-34164-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation