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Plant Mitochondria pp 411–437Cite as

Plant Mitochondrial Retrograde Regulation

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Part of the book series: Advances in Plant Biology ((AIPB,volume 1))

Abstract

Changes in plant cellular metabolism require altered gene expression. Cellular adjustments and altered gene expression also occur in response to environmental stresses. Both of these situations involve changes in mitochondrial activities. Changes in the status of the mitochondria and resulting inputs for altered nuclear gene expression are communicated to the nucleus by interorganellar signaling called mitochondrial retrograde regulation (MRR). The study of plant MRR is a young field and the mechanisms and components are just beginning to be discovered. Evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be involved in plant MRR, but this does not mean that they are involved in all cases. Calcium level changes, redox changes, and changes in metabolite levels are leading candidates for nonprotein signaling components. Protein signaling components like kinases, phosphatases, and transcription factors are likely to be involved, but only the recent discovery of the involvement of transcription factor Abscisic Acid Insensitive 4 in Arabidopsis provides a specific protein example. Growing evidence indicates overlaps of MRR with other signaling pathways, including those from chloroplasts. MRR could be linked to metabolic signaling and/or ROS production, but these would still originate in mitochondria and be components of MRR. The emerging view is that plant mitochondria are stress sensors that contribute to decisions regarding cell fate during stresses and that this is conveyed to the nucleus by MRR.

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Abbreviations

AOX:

Mitochondrial alternative oxidase

CMS:

Cytoplasmic male sterility

COX:

Cytochrome c oxidase

CRR:

Chloroplastic retrograde regulation

ETC:

Mitochondrial electron transport chain

HR:

Hypersensitive response

HSP:

Heat shock/stress protein

MRR:

Mitochondrial retrograde regulation

mt:

Mitochondrial

NCS:

Non-chromosomal stripe

OGE:

Organellar gene expression

PCD:

Programmed cell death

Redox:

Reduction/oxidation

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

sHSP:

Small heat shock/stress protein

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid

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Acknowledgments

I thank Ann Umbach for many helpful discussions leading to the preparation of this chapter. This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (IOS-0822521) and the US Department of Agriculture (2009-35100-05007).

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  1. School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Forbes Building, Room 303, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0036, USA

    David M. Rhoads

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  1. Botanisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, Kiel, 24098, Germany

    Frank Kempken

Glossary

Adenylate restriction: When the cellular level of ADP becomes so low that the formation of ATP becomes restricted, which has effects on many cellular processes including mitochondrial respiration.

Hypersensitive response: A plant defense response to infection that directs death of cells adjacent to the infected cells so as to prevent spreading of the infection by depriving the pathogen of resources; a type of programmed cell death in plants.

Programmed cell death: The well-orchestrated cellular death program that involves, in most cases, defined morphological changes and biochemical shifts aimed at controlled organism recovery of cellular components.

Retrograde regulation: Communication pathways initiated by organelles that result in altered nuclear gene expression.

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Rhoads, D.M. (2011). Plant Mitochondrial Retrograde Regulation. In: Kempken, F. (eds) Plant Mitochondria. Advances in Plant Biology, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89781-3_16

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