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Biomarkers in Schizophrenia

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Book cover Biomarkers for Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder presenting as episodes of psychosis against the background of cognitive, social, and functional impairments. Schizophrenia has been studied extensively, and a large number of biological abnormalities associated with the disorder have been described. Many of these abnormalities have been proposed as biomarkers, some of which may represent useful endophenotypes for dissecting the etiology or pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The main molecular, electrophysiological, imaging, and psychological features of schizophrenia are described, with a critical evaluation of their utility as diagnostic and endophenotypic biomarkers. While none of these biomarkers are useful at present for clinical diagnosis, they may identify subgroups of schizophrenia or represent dimensions of the illness that can be subject to further study. With the recent identification of several promising candidate susceptibility genes, models of pathophysiology can now be generated to integrate this diverse collection of abnormalities from the molecular level of description with that of abnormal psychology.

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Abbreviations

AS:

Antisaccade

BDNF:

Brain derived neurotrophic factor

CAPON:

Also known as nitric oxide synthase 1(neuronal) adaptor protein (NOS1AP)

CHRNA7:

Cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 7

CI:

Cortical inhibition

CNS:

Central nervous system

COMT:

Catechol-o-methyltransferase

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

CT:

Catscan

DISC1:

Disrupted in schizophrenia 1

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DPFC:

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

DTNBP1:

Dysbindin-1, dystrobrevin-binding protein 1

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

EPN4:

Epsin-related protein, clathrin interactor 1

ErbB:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

ERP:

Event-related potential

fMRI:

Functional MRI

G72:

D-amino acid oxidase, D-amino acid oxidase activator

DOA:

DAOA

GABA:

γ-Aminobutyrate

GAD67:

67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase

GRM3:

Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 3

GS:

Gamma synchrony

IBZM:

Iodobenzamide

IL:

Interleukin

INFγ:

Interferon gamma

MEG:

Magnetoencephalography

MMN:

Mismatch negativity

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

NRG1:

Neuregulin 1

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PFC:

Prefrontal cortex

PPI:

Prepulse inhibition

PPP3C:

Protein phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B), catalytic subunit, gamma isoform

PRODH:

Proline dehydrogenase (proline oxidase)

RGS4:

Regulator of G-protein signaling 4

SELENBP1:

Selenium binding protein 1

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

SPECT:

Single positron emission computed tomography

TAAR6:

Trace amine associated receptor 6

TMS:

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

TNFα:

Tumour necrosis factor alpha

TOM:

Theory of mind

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Acknowledgments

AHCW is supported by a Clinician-Scientist Fellowship from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR).

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    Albert Wong

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    Wong, A., Feldcamp, L. (2008). Biomarkers in Schizophrenia. In: Turck, C. (eds) Biomarkers for Psychiatric Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79251-4_2

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