Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Adapted from Kroenke et al., 2002, p. 266.
- 2.
Instructions for diaphragmatic breathing can be provided verbally to patients and/or recorded on CD so that patients can practice outside of the session.
References
Addis, M., Martell, C., & Jacobson, N. S. (2001). Depression in Context: Strategies for Guided Action. New York: Norton.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders– Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Aronson, K. R., Barrett, L. F., & Quigley, K. (2006). Emotional reactivity and the overreport of somatic: sensitivity or negative reporting style? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 521–530.
Asmundson, G. J. G., & Taylor, S. (2005). It's not all in your head: how worrying about your health could be making you sick - and what you can do about it. New York: Guilford Press.
Barsky, A. J., & Deans, E. C. (2006). Stop being your symptoms and start being yourself: the six- week mind-body program to ease your chronic symptoms. New York: Collins.
Barsky, A. J., Orav, E. J., & Bates, D. W. (2006). Distinctive patters of medical care utilization in patients who somatize. Medical Care, 44(9), 803–811.
Bernstein, D. A., Borkovec, T., & Hazlett-Stevens, H. (2000). New directions in progressive relaxation training: a guidebook for helping professionals. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishing.
Bridges, K. W., & Goldberg, D. P. (1985). Somatic presentation of DSM-III psychiatric disorders in primary care. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29, 563–569.
Burns, D. D. (1999a). Feeling good: the new mood therapy(2nd. Ed). New York: Plume.
Burns, D. D. (1999b). The feeling god handbook. New York: Plume.
Christensen, K. S., Rosendal, M., Nielsen, J. M., Kallerup, H., & Olen, F. (2003). Outreach visits. Choice of strategy for interviewing general practitioners. Ugeskr Laeger, 165, 1456–1460.
Derogatis, L. R., & Cleary, P. A. (1977). Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL – 90: A study in construct validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 981–989.
Dickinson, W. P., Dickinson, L. M., deGruy, F. V., Main, D. S., Candib, L. M., & Rost, K. (2003). A randomized clinical trial of a care recommendation letter intervention for somatization in primary care. Annals of Family Medicine, 1, 228–235.
Dobson, K. S., & Hamilton, K. E. (2003). Cognitive restructuring: behavioral tests of negative cognitions. In W. T. O’Donohue, J. E. Fisher, & S. C. Hayes (Eds.), Cognitive behavioral therapy: Applying empirically supported techniques in your practice (pp. 84–88). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Ellis, A. (2003). Cognitive restructuring of the disputing of irrational beliefs. In W. T. O’Donohue, J. E. Fisher, & S. C. Hayes (Eds.), Cognitive behavioral therapy: Applying empirically supported techniques in your practice (pp. 79–83). Habokin, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Escobar, J. I., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G., & Karno, M. (1989_. Somatic Symptom Index (SSI): a new and abridged somatization construct. Prevalence and epidemiological correlates in two large community samples. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 177(3), 140–146.
Feder, A., Olfson, M., Gameroff, Fuentes, M., Shea, S., & Lantigua, R. A., et al. (2001). Medically unexplained symptoms in an urban general medical practice. Psychosomatic, 42(3), 261–268.
Ferguson, K. E. (2003). Relaxation. In W. T. O’Donohue, J. E. Fisher, & S. C. Hayes (Eds.), Cognitive behavioral therapy: applying empirically supported techniques in your practice (pp. 330–340). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Fink, P., Sorensen, L., Engberg, M., Holm, M., & Munk-Jorgensen, P. (1999). Somatization in primary care: prevalence health care utilization and general practitioner recognition.
Hahn, S. R., Kroenke, K. Spitzer, Williams, J. B. W., Brody, D., Linzer, M., et al. (1996). The difficult patient in primary care: prevalence, psychopathology, and impairment. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 11, 1–8.
Kroenke, K. (2000). Somatization in primary care: it’s time for parity. General Hospital Psychiatry, 22, 141–143.
Kroenke, K. (2004). The interface between physical and psychological symptoms. Primary care companion. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 5(suppl 7), 11–18.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., DeGruy, F. V., & Swindle, R. (1998). A symptom checklist to screen for somatoform disorders in primary care. Psychosomatics, 39, 263–272.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 258–266.
Kroenke, K. & Swindle, R. (2000). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for somatization and symptom syndromes: A critical review of controlled clinical trials. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 69, 205–215.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Munoz, R. F., Youngren, M. A., & Zeiss, A. M. (1992). Control your depression. New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster.
Lipowski, Z. J. (1988). Somatization: the concept and its clinical application. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1358–1368.
Martell, C. R., Addis, M. E., & Jacobson, N. S. (2001). Depression in context, statistics for guided action. New York: W.W. Norton.
Morriss, R. K., & Gask, L. (2002). Treatment of patients with somatized mental disorder: Effects of reattribution training on outcomes under direct control of the family doctor. Psychosomatics, 43, 394–399.
Morriss, R. K., Gask, L., Ronalds, C., Downes-Grainger, E., Thompson, H., & Goldberg, D. (1999). Clinical and patient satisfaction outcomes of a new treatment for somatized mental disorder taught to general practitioners. British Journal of General Practice, 49, 263–267.
Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & Lombardo, E. R. (2001). Cognitive behavioral therapy for medically unexplained symptoms: a critical review of the treatment literature. Behavior Therapy, 32, 537–583.
O’Donohue, W. T., Cummings, N. A., Cucciare, M. A., Cummings, J., & Runyan, C. (2006). Integrated behavioral health care: a guide to effective intervention. New York: Prometheus Books.
O’Donohue, W. T., & Levensky, E. (2006). Promoting treatment adherence: A practical handbook for health care providers. New York: Sage.
O'Malley, P. G., Jackson, J.l., Santoro, J., Tomkins, G., Balden, E., & Kroenke, K. (1999). Antidepressant therapy for unexplained symptoms and symptom syndromes. The Journal of Family Practice, 48, 980–990.
Ormel, J., Von Korff, M., Ustun, T. B., Pini, S., Korten, A., & Oldehinkel, T. (1994). Common mental disorders and disability across cultures: results from the WHO Collaborative Study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 1741–1748.
Rosendal, M., Bro, F., Fink, P., Christensen, K. S., & Olesen, F. (2003). Diagnosis of somatization: Effect of an educational intervention in a cluster randomized controlled trial. British Journal of General Practice, 53, 917–922.
Rosendal, M., Fink, P., Flemming, B., & Olesen, F. (2005). Somatization, heartsink patients, or functional somatic symptoms? Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 23, 3–10.
Russo, D. C., Bird, B. L., & Masek, B. J. (1980). Assessment issues in behavioral medicine, Behavioral Assessment, 2, 1–18.
Smith, G. R. (1994). The course of Somatization and its effects on utilization of health care resources. Psychosomatics, 35, 263–267.
Smith, R. C., & Gardiner, J. C. (2006). Administrative database screening to identify somatizing patients. Medical Care, 44(9), 799–802.
Smith, R. C., Gardiner, J. C., Lyles, J. S., Sirbu, C., Dwamena, F. C., Hodges, A., et al. (2006). Exploration of DSM-IV criteria in primary care patients with medically unexplained symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 123–129.
Smith, G. Jr., Monson, R. A., & Ray, D. C. (1986). Psychiatric consultation in somatization disorder: A randomized controlled study. New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 1407–1413.
Smith, G. R., Rost, K., & Kashner, T. M. (1995). A trial of the effect of a standardized psychiatric consultation on health outcomes and costs in somatizing patients. Arcives of General Psychiatry, 52, 238–243.
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Kroenke, K., Linzer, M., deGruy, F. V., Hahn, S. R., et al. (1994). Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: the PRIME-MD 1000 study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 1749–1756.
Swartz, M., Hughes, D., George, L., Blazer, D., Landerman, R., & Bucholz, K. (1986). Developing a screening index for community studies of somatization disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 20, 335–343.
Toft, T., Fink, P., Oernboel, E., Christensen, K., Frostholm, L., & Olesen (2005). Mental disorders in primary care: prevalence and co-morbidity among disorders. Results from the Functional Illness in Primary Care (FIP) study. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1175–1184.
Weil, A. (2004). Self-healing with guided imagery: how to use the power of your mind to heal your body(Audio CD). Sounds True Publishing.
Woolfolk, R. L., & Allen, L. A. (2006). Treating somatization: A cognitive-behavioral approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendices
Appendix A1
Appendix B2
Instructions for Diaphragmatic Breathing
-
1.
Sit comfortably in a chair with your feet flat on the ground.
-
2.
Put one hand on your stomach.
-
3.
Slowly inhale through your nose.
-
4.
As you inhale, feel your stomach expand with your hand. If your chest expands, try to focus your next breath so that your stomach expands instead.
-
5.
Take slow, deep breaths and continue to feel your stomach expand until it becomes natural.
-
6.
Once you have perfected breathing with your stomach, focus your breathing so that it follows the following three steps:
-
a.
a. Inhale for a count of two seconds.
-
b.
b. Hold your breath for two seconds.
-
c.
c. Exhale for a count of two seconds.
-
a.
-
7.
Repeat for 1–5 minutes.
Appendix C: Self-Report Rating Scale – Relaxation
Instructions: Please use the following scale to rate your current level of relaxation – circle 1 to indicate that you feel extremely relaxed (e.g., like a wet noodle); circle 5 to indicate that you feel extremely stressed (e.g., stiff as a board).
1 2 3 4 5
“Wet noodle” “ Stiff as a board”
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cucciare, M.A., Lillis, J. (2008). Somatization in Primary Care. In: James, L.C., O’Donohue, W.T. (eds) The Primary Care Toolkit. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78971-2_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78971-2_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-78970-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-78971-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)