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Adrenocortical Carcinoma pp 85–103Cite as

Functional Imaging of Adrenocortical Carcinoma

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Abstract

Increased glucose metabolism through the activation of aerobic glycolysis is a central feature of malignant transformation and progression (the Warburg effect) [1]. Malignant tumors can be detected with high sensitivity and specificity by imaging their increased metabolic rate for glucose; and positron emission tomography (PET) using the glucose analog fluorine-18 labeled fluoro-deoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG) has become a routine clinical imaging strategy for staging and restaging most solid tumors. In recent years, metabolic imaging has been increasingly combined with computed tomography (CT) imaging for precise anatomic localization resulting in fusion PET-CT. After intravenous injection [18F]-FDG is transported across cell membrane by sodium-independent, facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs), and in most malignant tumors GLUT1 is frequently highly expressed. Intracellularly, [18F]-FDG is phosphorylated by hexokinase to [18F]-FDG-6 phosphate, which cannot be further metabolized in the glycolytic pathway and becomes trapped within the cell steadily accumulating in metabolically active cells [2]. This process has enabled accurate metabolic imaging of malignant tumors based on their increased rate of metabolism and glucose utilization as compared to surrounding normal tissues.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nuclear Medicine/Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA

    Anca M. Avram

  2. Department of lnternal Medicine I, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany

    Stephanie Hahner

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  1. Zina Pitcher Place 109, Ann Arbor, 48109-2200, Michigan, USA

    Gary D. Hammer

  2. Dept. Internal Medicine, Div. Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Zina Pitcher Place 109, Ann Arbor, 48109-2200, Michigan, USA

    Tobias Else

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Avram, A.M., Hahner, S. (2009). Functional Imaging of Adrenocortical Carcinoma. In: Hammer, G., Else, T. (eds) Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77236-3_7

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