Abstract
The purpose of the work presented in this book is to analyze and improve the performance of video streaming systems operating in bandwidth-constrained networks. In particular, we consider low-latency applications where a source is serving a single receiver or where video is multicast to a population of peers. Our work builds upon recent advances which have focused on providing better compression efficiency, on increasing the robustness of video streaming systems, and on building efficient multicast architectures or peer-to-peer systems. In the following, we present an overview of the state-of-the-art in these areas.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
“Peer-to-peer in 2005,” Online report, available at http://www.cachelogic.com/research/2005_slide07.php, seen on Apr.2nd 2006.
Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual services, ITU-T Recommendation H.264 - ISO/IEC 14496-10(AVC), ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1, 2003.
ITU-T, Video Codec for Audiovisual Services at px64 kbit/s, ITU-T Recommendation H.261, Version 1: Nov. 1990; Version 2: Mar. 1993.
ISO/IEC JTC 1, ”Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbit/s Part 2: Video,” ISO/IEC 11172-2 (MPEG-1), Mar. 1993.
ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1, Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information Part 2: Video, ITU-T Recommendation H.262 ISO/IEC 13818-2 (MPEG-2), Nov. 1994.
ITU-T, Video coding for low bit rate communication, ITUT Recommendation H.263; version 1, Nov. 1995; version 2, Jan. 1998; version 3, Nov. 2000.
ISO/IEC JTC1, Coding of audio-visual objects Part 2: Visual, ISO/IEC 14496-2 (MPEG-4 visual version 1), April 1999; Amendment 1 (version 2), February, 2000; Amendment 4 (streaming profile), January, 2001.
Y. Wang, J. Ostermann, and Y.-Q. Zhang, Video Processing and Communications. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2001.
A. Luthra, G. Sullivan, and T. Wiegand (Eds.), “Special Issue on the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard,” IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, vol. 13, no. 7, Jul. 2003.
J. Ostermann, J. Bormans, P. List, D. Marpe, M. Narroschke, F. Pereira, T. Stockhammer, and T. Wedi, “Video Coding with H.264/AVC: Tools, Performance, and Complexity,” IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 7–28, Jan. 2004.
B. Erol, A. Dumitras, F. Kossentini, A. Joch, and G. Sullivan, MPEG-4, H.264/AVC, and MPEG-7: New Standards for the Digital Video Industry, in Handbook of image and video processing, 2nd Ed.Academic Press, 2005.
S. Srinivasan, P. Hsu, T. Holcomb, K. Mukerjee, S. Regunathan, B. Lin, J. Liang, M.-C. Lee, and J. Ribas-Corbera, “Windows Media Video 9: Overview and Applications,” Signal Processing: Image Communications, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 851–875, Oct. 2004.
G. Srinivasan and S. Regunathan, “An overvriew of VC-1,” Proc. of SPIE, Visual Communications and Image Processing, Beijing, China, vol. 5960, pp. 720–728, Jul. 2005.
L. Yu, F. Yi, J. Dong, and C. Zhang, “Overview of AVS-video: Tools, Performance and Complexity,” Proc. of SPIE, Visual Communications and Image Processing, Beijing, China, vol. 5960, pp. 679–689, Jul. 2005.
T. Wedi and H. Musmann, “Motion- and Aliasing-Compensated Prediction for Hybrid Video Coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 577–586, Jul. 2003.
D. Marpe, H. Schwarz, and T. Wiegand, “Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding in the H.264/AVC Video Compression Standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 620–636, Jul. 2003.
“H.264/AVC Reference Software,” http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml/download/, seen on Aug. 28 2005.
G. Sullivan and T. Wiegand, “Video Compression - From Concepts to the H.264/AVC Standard,” Proc. of the IEEE, Special Issue on Advances in Video Coding and Delivery, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 18–31, Jan. 2005.
G. Sullivan, P. Topiwala, and A. Luthra, “The H.264/AVC Advanced Video Coding Standard: Overview and Introduction to the Fidelity Range Extensions,” SPIE Annual Conference on Applications of Digital Image Processing XXVII, Special Session on Advances in the New Emerging Standard H.264/AVC, pp. 454–474, Aug. 2004.
H. Schwarz, D. Marpe, and T. Wiegand, “MCTF and Scalability Extension of H.264/AVC,” Proc. Picture Coding Symposium (PCS 2004), San Francisco, CA, USA, Dec. 2004.
H. Schwarz, “SNR-Scalable Extension of H.264/AVC,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Singapore, Oct. 2004.
B. Girod, “The E.ciency of Motion-Compensating Prediction for Hybrid Coding of Video Sequences,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 1140–1154, Aug. 1987.
B. Girod, “Motion-Compensating Prediction with Fractional Pel Accuracy,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 41, pp. 604–612, Apr. 1993.
B. Girod, “E.ciency Analysis of Multi-Hypothesis Motion-Compensated Prediction for Video Coding,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 173– 183, Feb. 2000.
M. Flierl and B. Girod, “Multihypothesis Motion Estimation for Video Coding,” Proc. of the Data Compression Conference, Snowbird, USA, Mar. 2001.
M. Flierl, “Multihypothesis Motion-Compensated Prediction with Forward Adaptive Hypothesis Switching,” Proc. Picture Coding Symposium, Seoul, Korea, Apr. 2001.
M. H. Flierl, Video Coding with Superimposed Motion-Compensated Signals, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Erlangen, 2003.
G. Cook, J. Prades-Nebot, and E. Delp, “Rate-Distortion Bounds for Motion- Compensated Rate Scalable Video Coders,” Proc. Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Singapore, pp. 3121–3124, Oct. 2004.
J. Prades-Nebot, G. Cook, and E. Delp, “Analysis of the E.ciency of SNRScalable Strategies for Motion Compensated Video Coders,” Proc. Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Singapore, pp. 3109–3112, Oct. 2004.
Z. He and S. Mitra, “A Uni.ed Rate-Distortion Analysis Framework for Transform Coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 1221–1236, dec 2001.
K. Stuhlmüller, N. Färber, M. Link, and B. Girod, “Analysis of Video Transmission over Lossy Channels,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1012–32, June 2000.
R. Zhang, S. Regunathan, and K. Rose, “End-to-end Distortion Estimation for RD-based Robust Delivery of Pre-compressed Video,” Thirty-Fifth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, USA, Nov. 2001.
G. Cote, S. Shirani, and F. Kossentini, “Optimal Mode Selection And Synchronization For Robust Video Communication Over Error-Prone Networks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 952– 956, Jun. 2000.
Y. Eisenberg, F. Zhai, C. Luna, T. Pappas, R. Berry, and A. Katsaggelos, “Variance-Aware Distortion Estimation for Wireless Video Communications,” Proc. Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Barcelona, Spain, vol. 1, pp. 89–92, Sep. 2003.
Y. Liang, J. Apostolopoulos, and B. Girod, “Analysis of Packet Loss for Compressed Video: Does Burst-Length Matter?” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Hong Kong, China.
J. Chakareski, J. Apostolopoulos, W. t. Tan, S. Wee, and B. Girod, “Distortion Chains for Predicting for Video Distortion for General Loss Patterns,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Montreal, Canada, May 2004.
W. Zhu, M.-T. Sun, L.-G. Chen, and T. Sikora (Eds.), “Special Issue on Advances in Video Coding and Delivery,” Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 93, no. 1, Jan. 2005.
W. Zeng, K. Nahrstedt, P. Chou, A. Ortega, P. Frossard, and H. Yu (Eds.), “Special issue on streaming media,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 6, no. 2, Apr. 2004.
B. Girod, M. Kalman, Y. Liang, and R. Zhang, “Advances in Channel-adaptive Video Streaming,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 549–552, Sep. 2002.
M. Civanlar, A. Luthra, S. Wenger, and W. Zhu (Eds.), “Special Issue on Streaming Video,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 11, no. 3, Mar. 2001.
J. Apostolopoulos and M. Conti (Eds.), “Special Issue on Multimedia over Broadband Wireless Networks,” IEEE Networks, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1721–1737, Mar. 2006.
B. Girod, I. Lagenduk, Q. Zhang, and W. Zhu (Eds.), “Special Issue on Advances inWireless Video,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 4, Aug. 2005.
R. Chandramouli, R. Shorey, P. Srimani, X. Wang, and H. Yu (Eds.), “Special Issue on Recent Advances in Wireless Multimedia,” Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1721–1737, Dec. 2003.
Y. Wang and Q.-F. Zhu, “Error Control and Concealment for Video Communication: a Review,” Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 974–997, May 1998.
Y. Wang, S. Wenger, J. Wen, and A. Katsaggelos, “Error Resilient Video Coding Techniques,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 61–82, Jul. 2000.
B. Girod and N. Färber, Wireless Video, in A. Reibman, M.-T. Sun (Eds.), Compressed Video over Networks,. Marcel Dekker, 1999.
S. Wenger, “H.264/AVC over IP,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 645–656, Jul. 2003.
S. Blake, D. Black, M. Carlson, E. Davies, Z. Wang, and W. Weiss, “An Architecture for Di.erentiated Services,” IETF RFC 2475, Dec. 1998.
R. Braden, L. Zhang, S. Berson, S. Herzog, and S. Jamin, “Resource ReSer- Vation Protocol (RSVP),” IETF RFC 2205, Sep. 1997.
G. Cote and F. Kossentini, “Optimal Intra Coding of Blocks for Robust Communication over the Internet,” Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 15, no. 1-2, pp. 25–34, Sep. 1999.
R. Zhang, S. Regunathan, and K. Rose, “Video Coding with Optimal Inter/Intra-Mode Switching for Packet Loss Resilience,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 966–976, Jun. 2000.
T. Stockhammer, M. Hannuksela, and T. Wiegand, “H.264/AVC in Wireless Environments,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 657–673, Jul. 2003.
S. Lin, S. Mao, and Y. Wang, “A Reference Picture Selection Scheme for Video Transmission over Ad Hoc Networks using Multiple Paths,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Tokyo, Japan, Aug. 2001.
Y. J. Liang, M. Flierl, and B. Girod, “Low Latency Video Transmission over Lossy Packet Networks using Rate-Distortion Optimized Reference Picture Selection,” Proc. Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Rochester, USA, pp. 181–184, Sep. 2002.
Y. Liang, E. Setton, and B. Girod, “Network-Adaptive Video Communication Using Packet Path Diversity and Rate-Distortion Optimized Reference Picture Selection,” Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems for Signal, Image, and Video Technology, vol. 41, no. 3, Nov. 2005.
W. Tu and E. Steinbach, “Proxy-Based Reference Picture Selection for Real- Time Video Transmission Over Mobile Networks,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 309–312, Jul. 2005.
E. Setton, Y. Liang, and B. Girod, “Adaptive Multiple Description Video Streaming over Multiple Channels with Active Probing,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Baltimore, USA, vol. 1, pp. 509–512, Jul. 2003.
Y. Liang and B. Girod, “Low-latency Streaming of Pre-Encoded Video Using Channel-Adaptive Bitstream Assembly,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Lausanne, Switzerland, pp. 873–876, Jul. 2002.
E. Setton, A. Shionozaki, and B. Girod, “Real-time Streaming of Prestored Multiple Description Video with Restart,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Taipe, Taiwan, vol. 2, pp. 1323–1326, jul 2004.
H.-K. Cheung, Y.-L. Chan, and W.-C. Siu, “Reference Picture Selection in an Already MPEG Encoded Bitstream,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Genoa, Italy, vol. 1, pp. 793–796, Sep. 2005.
A. Albanese, J. Blömer, J. Edmonds, M. Luby, and M. Sudan, “Priority Encoding Transmission,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol. 42, pp. 1737–1744, Nov. 1996.
U. Horn, K. Stuhlmüller, M. Link, and B. Girod, “Robust Internet Video Transmission Based on Scalable Coding and Unequal Error Protection,” Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 15, no. 1-2, pp. 77–94, Sep. 1999.
A. Mohr, E. Riskin, and R. Ladner, “Unequal Loss Protection: Graceful Degradation of Image Quality over Packet Erasure Channels through Forward Error Correction,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 819–829, Jun. 2000.
W. Zhu, Q. Zhang, and Y.-Q. Zhang, “Network-Adaptive Rate Control with Unequal Loss Protection for Scalable Video over Internet,” Proc. Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems, Sydney, Australia, May 2001.
R. Puri and K. Ramchandran, “Multiple Description Source Coding through Forward Error Correction Codes,” Proc. IEEE Asilomar Conf. Signals, Systems, and Computers, Asilomar, USA, vol. 1, pp. 342–246, Oct. 1999.
D. Turner and K. Ross, “Optimal Streaming of Layered-Encoded Multimedia Presentations,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), New York, USA, Jul. 2000.
T. Tian, A. Li, J. Wen, and J. Villasenor, “Prority Dropping in Network Transmission of Scalable Video,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing (ICIP), Vancouver, Canada, vol. 3, pp. 400–403, Oct. 2000.
S. Dumitrescu, Z. Wang, and X. Wu, “Globally Optimal Uneven Error- Protected Packetization of Scalable Code Streams,” Proc. of the Data Compression Conference, Snowbird, USA, pp. 73–82, Sep. 2002.
J. Boyce, “Packet Loss Resilient Transmission of MPEG Video over the Internet,” Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 15, no. 1-2, pp. 7–24, Sep. 1999.
M. Hannuksela, Y.-K. Wang, and M. Gabbouj, “Isolated Regions in Video Coding,” IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 259–267, Apr. 2004.
P. Baccichet, S. Rane, A. Chimienti, and B. Girod, “Robust Low-Delay Video Transmission using H.264/AVC Redundant Slices and Flexible Macroblock Ordering,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), to appear, Oct. 2007.
S. Wicker, Error Control Systems for Digital Communication and Storage. Prentice Hall, 1995.
B. Dempsey, J. Liebeherr, and A. Weaver, “On Retransmission-Based Error Control for Continuous Media Tra.c in Packet-Switching Networks,” Computer Networks and ISDN Systems Journal, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 719–736, Mar. 1996.
C. Papadopoulos and G. Parulkar, “Retransmission-Based Error Control for Continuous Media Applications,” Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV), Zushi, Japan, pp. 5–12, Jul. 1996.
M. Podolsky, S. McCanne, and M. Vetterli, “Soft ARQ for Layered Streaming Media,” Tech. Rep. UCB/CSD-98-1024, University of California, Computer Science Division, Berkeley, Nov. 1998.
Z. Miao and A. Ortega, “Optimal Scheduling for Streaming of Scalable Media,” Proc. IEEE Asilomar Conf. Signals, Systems, and Computers, Pacific Grove, USA, vol. 2, pp. 1357–1362, Nov. 2000.
P. Chou and Z. Miao, “Rate-Distortion Optimized Streaming of Packetized Media,” Microsoft Research Technical Report MSR-TR-2001-35, Feb. 2001.
P. Chou, “Rate-Distortion Optimized Streaming of Packetized Media,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 390–404, Apr. 2006.
M. Kalman, P. Ramanathan, and B. Girod, “Rate-Distortion Optimized Streaming with Multiple Deadlines,” Proc. Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Barcelona, Spain, vol. 5, pp. 3145–3148, Sep. 2003.
J. Chakareski, P. Chou, and B. Girod, “Rate-Distortion Optimized Streaming from the Edge of the Network,” Proc. IEEE Fifth Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP), St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, Dec. 2002.
J. Chakareski and B. Girod, “Rate-distortion Optimized Media Streaming with Rich Requests,” Proc. Packet Video Workshop, Irvine, USA, Dec. 2004.
M. Röder, J. Cardinal, and R. Hamzaoui, “On the Complexity of Rate- Distortion Optimal Streaming of Packetized Media,” Proc. Data Compression Conference, Snowbird, USA, Mar. 2004.
S. Wee,W. Tan, J. Apostolopoulos, and M. Etoh, “Optimized Video Streaming for Networks with Varying Delay,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Lausanne, Switzerland, Aug. 2002.
J. Chakareski, J. Apostolopoulos, S. Wee, W. Tan, and B. Girod, “Rate- Distortion Hint Tracks for Adaptive Video Streaming,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 12571269, Oct. 2005.
M. Kalman and B. Girod, “Rate-Distortion Optimized Video Streaming with Multiple Deadlines for Low Latency Applications,” Proc. Packet Video Workshop, Irvine, USA, Dec. 2004.
M. Kalman, “Rate-distortion Optimized Video Streaming Using Conditional Packet Delay Distributions,” Proc. IEEE Int. Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP), Siena, Italy, Sep. 2004.
J. Chakareski and B. Girod, “Rate-Distortion Optimized Packet Scheduling and Routing for Media Streaming with Path Diversity,” Proc. IEEE Data Compression Conference, Snowbird, USA, Apr. 2003.
R. Thoma and M. Bierling, “Motion Compensated Interpolation Considering Covered and Uncovered Background,” Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 192–212, Oct. 1989.
J. K. Su and R. Mersereau, “Motion-Compensated Interpolation of Untransmitted Frames in Compressed Video,” Proc. 30th Asilomar Conf. on Signals Systems and Computers, Asilomar, USA, pp. 100–104, Nov. 1996.
P. Csillag and L. Boroczky, “Enhancement of Video Data using Motion- Compensated Postprocessing Techniques,” Proc. Int. Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Munich, Germany, vol. 4, pp. 2897–2900, Apr. 1997.
E. Quacchio, E. Magli, G. Olmo, P. Baccichet, and A. Chimienti, “Enhancing Whole-Frame Error Concealment with an Intra Motion Vector Estimator in H.264/AVC,” Proc. Int. Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 329–332, Mar. 2005.
G. Conklin, G. Greenbaum, K. Lillevold, A. Lippman, and Y. Reznik, “Video Coding for Streaming Media Delivery on the Internet,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 269–281, Mar. 2001.
M. Allman, V. Paxson, and W. R. Stevens, “TCP Congestion Control,” RFC 2581, Apr. 1999.
M. Handley, S. Floyd, J. Pahdye, and J. Widmer, “TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC): Protocol Speci.cation,” RFC 3448, Jan. 2003.
D. Bansal and H. Balakrishnan, “Binomial Congestion Control,” Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Anchorage, USA, Apr. 2001.
H. Balakrishnan and R. Katz, “Explicit Loss Noti.cation and Wireless Web Performance,” Proc. Globecom, Sydney, Australia, Nov. 1998.
M. Sharma, D. Katabi, R. Pan, and B. Prabhakar, “A General Multiplexed ECN Channel and its use for Wireless Loss Noti.cation,” Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, Karlsruhe, Germany, Aug. 2003.
A. Markopoulou, E. Setton, M. Kalman, and J. Apostolopoulos, “Wise Video: Improving Rate-controlled Video Streaming Using in-band Wireless Loss Noti .cation,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Taipei, Taiwan, Jul. 2004.
M. Chen and A. Zakhor, “Rate Control for Streaming Video over Wireless,” Proc. Infocom, Hong-Kong, China, Mar. 2004.
H. Kanakia, P. Mishra, and A. Reibman, “An Adaptive Congestion Control Scheme for Real Time Packet Video Transport,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 671–682, Dec. 1995.
J. Webb and K. Oehler, “A Simple Rate-Distortion Model, Parameter Estimation, and Application to Real-Time Rate Control for DCT-Based Coders,” Proc. Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Santa Barbara, USA, vol. 2, pp. 13–16, oct 1997.
K. H. Yang, A. Jacquin, and N. Jayant, “A Normalized Rate-Distortion Model for H.263-Compatible Codecs and its Application to Quantizer Selection,” Proc. Int. Conference on Image Processing, Santa Barbara, USA, vol. 2, pp. 41–44, oct 1997.
L.-J. Lin and A. Ortega, “Bit-Rate Control using Piecewise Approximated Rate-Distortion Characteristics,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 446–459, aug 1998.
J. Ribas-Corbera and S. Lei, “Rate Control in DCT Video Coding for Low- Delay Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 172–185, feb 1999.
Z. Li, F. Pan, K. Lim, X. Lin, and S. Rahardja, “Adaptive Rate Control for H.264,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (IEEE), Singapore, pp. 745–748, Oct. 2004.
K. Lee, R. Puri, T. Kim, K. Ramchandran, and V. Bharghavan, “An Integrated Source Coding and Congestion Control Framework for Video Streaming in the Internet,” Proc. of the IEEE INFOCOM, Tel Aviv, Israel, Mar. 2000.
N. Feamster, D. Bansal, and H. Balakrishnan, “On the Interactions Between Layered Quality Adaptation and Congestion Control for Video Streaming,” Proc. 11th Int. Packet Video Workshop, Kyongju, Korea, May 2001.
T. Schierl and T. Wiegand, “H.264/AVC Rate Adaption for Internet Streaming,” Proc. Int. Packet Video Workshop, Irvine, USA, Dec. 2004.
T. Nguyen and J. Ostermann, “Streaming and Congestion Control using Scalable Video Coding Based on H.264/AVC,” Proc. 15th Int. Packet Video Workshop, Hangzhou, China, pp. 749–754, Apr. 2006.
I. Ahmad, X.Wei, Y. Sun, and Y.-Q. Zhang, “Video Transcoding: an Overview of Various Techniques and Research Issues,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 793–804, Oct. 2005.
W. Tan and G. Cheung, “SP-Frame Selection for Video Streaming over Burstloss Networks,” Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium on Multimedia, Irvine, USA, Dec. 2005.
J. Chakareski and B. Girod, “Rate-Distortion Optimized Video Streaming Over Internet Packet Traces,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Genoa, Italy, vol. 2, pp. 161–164, Sep. 2005.
T. Stockhammer, M. Walter, and G. Liebl, “Optimized H. 264-Based Bitstream Switching for Wireless Video Streaming,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 1396–1399, Jul. 2005.
D. Andersen, H. Balakrishnan, M. Kaashoek, and R. Morris, “The Case for Resilient Overlay Networks,” Proc. of the 8th Annual Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, Elmau, Germany, May 2001.
J. G. Apostolopoulos, “Reliable Video Communication over Lossy Packet Networks using Multiple State Encoding and Path Diversity,” Proc. of SPIE Conference on Visial Communicatins and Image Processing (VCIP), San Jose, USA, pp. 392–409, Jan. 2001.
V. Goyal, “Multiple Description Coding: Compression Meets the Network,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 74–93, Sep. 2001.
Y. Wang, S. Panwar, S. Lin, and S. Mao, “Wireless Video Transport using Path Diversity: Multiple Description vs. Layered Coding,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Rochester, USA, pp. 21–24, Sep. 2002.
A. Majumdar, R. Puri, and K. Ramchandran, “Distributed Multimedia Transmission from Multiple Servers,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Rochester, USA, pp. 177–180, Sep. 2002.
S. Mao, S. Lin, S. Panwar, Y. Wang, and E. Celebi, “Video Transport over Ad Hoc Networks: Multistream Coding with Multipath Transport,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1721–1737, Dec. 2003.
A. Begen, Y. Altunbasak, O. Ergun, and M. Ammar, “Multipath Selection for Multiple Description Video Streaming over Overlay Networks,” Signal Processing: Image Communcation, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 39–60, Jan. 2005.
J. Apostolopoulos, “Error Resilient Video Compression via Multiple State Streams,” Proc. Int. Workshop on Very Low Bitrate Video Coding (VLBV’99), Kyoto, Japan, pp. 168–171, Oct. 1999.
S. Ekmekci and T. Sikora, “Unbalanced Quantized Multi-State Video Coding: Potentials,” IEEE Picture Coding Symposium, San Francisco, USA, Dec. 2004.
V. Goyal and J. Kovacevic, “Generalized Multiple Description Coding with Correlated Transforms,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 2199–2224, Sep. 2001.
I. Bajic and J. Woods, “Domain-based Multiple Description Coding of Images and Video,” Proc. of SPIE Conference on Visial Communicatins and Image Processing (VCIP), San Jose, USA, pp. 124–135, Jan. 2002.
S. Lin and Y. Wang, “Analysis and Improvement of Multiple Description Motion Compensation Video Coding for Lossy Packet Networks,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Rochester, USA, pp. 185–188, Sep. 2002.
T. Petrisor, C. Tillier, B. Pesquet-Popescu, and J.-C. Pesquet, “Redundant Multiresolution Analysis for Multiple Description Video Coding,” Proc. of the IEEE Int. Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP), Siena, Italy, Sep. 2004.
I. Radulovic and P. Frossard, “Multiple Description Image Coding with Block-Coherent Redundant Dictionaries,” Proc. of Picture Coding Symposium, Hangzhou, China, Apr. 2006.
J. Chakareski and B. Girod, “Server Diversity in Rate-Distortion Optimized Media Streaming,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Barcelona, Spain, Sep. 2003.
J. Chakareski, E. Setton, Y. Liang, and B. Girod, “Video Streaming with Diversity,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Baltimore, USA, vol. 1, pp. 9–12, Jul. 2003.
J. Chakareski, S. Han, and B. Girod, “Layered Coding vs.Multiple Descriptions for Video Streaming over Multiple Paths,” Multimedia Systems, Springer, online journal publication: Digital Object Identifier (DOI) 10.1007/s00530-004- 0162-3, Jan. 2005.
T. Nguyen and A. Zakhor, “Distributed Video Streaming over the Internet,” Proc. of SPIE Conference on Multimedia Computing and Networking, San Jose, USA, Jan. 2002.
D. Jurca and P. Frossard, “Media-Speci.c Rate Allocation in Multipath Networks,” Signal Processing Institute Technical Report - TR-ITS-2005.032, Mar. 2006.
T. Nguyen and A. Zakhor, “Distributed Video Streaming with Forward Error Correction,” Proc. of Packet Video Workshop, Pittsburg, USA, Apr. 2002.
T. Nguyen, “Path Diversity with Forward Error Correction (PDF) System for Packet Switched Networks,” Proc. INFOCOM, San Francisco, USA, vol. 3, pp. 663–672, Apr. 2003.
X. Zhu, E. Setton, and B. Girod, “Congestion-Distortion Optimized Video Transmission over Ad Hoc Networks,” Signal Processing: Image Communications, no. 20, pp. 773–783, Sep. 2005.
E. Setton, T. Yoo, X. Zhu, A. Goldsmith, and B. Girod, “Cross-Layer Design of Ad Hoc Networks for Real-Time Video Streaming,” Wireless Communications Magazine, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 59–65, Aug. 2005.
S. Mao, S. Lin, S. Panwar, and Y. Wang, “A Multipath Video Streaming Testbed for Ad Hoc Networks,” Proc. of the Fall IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Orlando, Florida, Oct. 2003.
W. Wei and A. Zakhor, “Multipath Unicast and Multicast Video Communication over Wireless Ad Hoc Networks,” Proc. of IEEE/ACM BroadNets, pp. 496–505, Oct. 2004.
S. Deering, “Multicast Routing in a Datagram Internetwork,” Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, Dec. 1991.
X. Li, M. Ammar, and S. Paul, “Video Multicast over the Internet,” IEEE Networks, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 46–60, Mar. 1999.
J. Liu, B. Li, and Y.-Q. Zhang, “Adaptive Video Multicast over the Internet ,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 22–33, Jan. 2003.
S. McCanne, V. Jacobson, and M. Vetterli, “Receiver-Driven Layered Multicast,” Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, Stanford, USA, no. 117-130, Aug. 1996.
J. Apostolopoulos, W. Tan, and S.Wee, Video Streaming: Concepts, Algorithms and Systems, in Handbook of Video Databases. CRC Press, 2003.
R. Kermode, “Scoped Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request with Forward Error Correction,” Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, Vancouver, Canada, no. 278-289, Sep. 1998.
L. Rizzo and L. Vicisano, “A Reliable Multicast Data Distribution Protocol Based on Software FEC Techniques,” Proc. of HPCS, Chalkidiki, Greece, Jun. 1997.
P. Chou, A. Mohr, A. Wang, and S. Mehrotra, “FEC and Pseudo-ARQ for Receiver-driven Layered Multicast of Audio and Video,” Proc. Data Compression Conference, Snowbird, USA, pp. 440–449, Mar. 1999.
W. Tan and A. Zakhor, “Video Multicast using Layered FEC and Scalable Compression,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems on Video Technology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 373–387, Mar. 2001.
“Akamai,” http://www.akamai.com, seen on Oct. 5 2006.
“Limelight,” http://www.limelight.com, seen on Oct. 5 2006.
“VitalStream,” http://www.vitalstream.com, seen on Oct. 5 2006.
L. Kontothanassisy, R. Sitaramanz, J. Weinz, D. Hongz, R. Kleinberg, B. Mancusoz, D. Shawz, and D. Stodolsky, “A Transport Layer for Live Streaming in a Content Delivery Network,” Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 92, no. 9, pp. 1408–1419, Sep. 2004.
L. Qiu, V. Padmanabhan, and G. Voelker, “On the Placement of Web Server Replicas,” Proc. INFOCOM, New York, USA, pp. 1587–1596, Dec. 2001.
T. P.-C. Chen and T. Chen, “Second-Generation Error Concealment for Video Transport over Error Prone Channels,” Proc. Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Rochester, USA, Sep. 2002.
J. Apostolopoulos, T. Wong, W. Tan, and S. Wee, “On Multiple Description Streaming Media Content Delivery Networks,” Proc. INFOCOM, New York, USA, pp. 1736–1745, Jun. 2002.
M. Karlsson, C. Karamanolis, and M. Mahalingam, “A Framework for Evaluating Replica Placement Algorithms,” HPL Technical Report HPL-2002-219. available at http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Magnus_Karlsson/index.html.
S. Banerjee, C. Kommareddy, K. Kar, B. Bhattacharjee, and S. Khuller, “Construction of an E.cient Overlay Multicast Infrastructure for Real-Time Applications,” Proc. INFOCOM, San Francisco, USA, Jun. 2003.
J. Jannotti, D. Gi.ord, K. Johnson, M. Kaashoek, and J. O. Jr., “Overcast: Reliable Multicasting with an Overlay Network,” USENIX Symposium on Operation Systems Design and Implementation, San Diego, USA, Oct. 2000.
Y. Chawathe, “Scattercast: an Adaptable Broadcast Distribution Framework,” Multimedia Systems, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 104–118, Jul. 2003.
D. Anderson and J. Kubiatowicz, “The Worldwide Computer,” Scientific American, vol. 286, no. 3, pp. 28–35, Mar. 2002.
“Top Sourceforge Downloads,” http://sourceforge.net/top/.
“BitTorrent Protocol Speci.cation,” http://www.bittorrent.org/protocol.html, seen on Apr. 20 2007.
D. Eastlake and P. Jones, “US Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1),” RFC 3174, Sep. 2001.
S. Saroiu, P. Gummadi, and S. Gribble, “A Measurement Study of Peerto- Peer File Sharing Systems,” Proc. Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN’02), San Jose, CA, USA, Jan. 2002.
F. Bustamante and Y. Qiao, “Friendships that Last: Peer Lifespan and its Role in P2P Protocols,” Proc. Intl. Workshop on Web Content Caching and Distribution, Hawthorne, NY, USA, Oct. 2003.
J. Pouwelse, P. Garbacki, D. Epema, and H. Sips, “The Bittorrent P2P Filesharing System: Measurements and Analysis,” 4th International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems (IPTPS), Ithaca, NY, USA, Feb. 2005.
G. Neglia, G. Reina, H. Zhang, D. Towsley, A. Venkataramani, and J. Danaher, “Availability in BitTorrent Systems,” Proceedings of IEEE Infocom, Anchorage, AK, USA, May 2007.
K. Sripanidkulchai, “The Popularity of Gnutella Queries and Its Implications on Scalability,” Technical report, Carnegie Mellon University, Feb. 2001.
Y. Tian, D. Wu, and K.-W. Ng, “Modeling, Analysis and Improvement for Bittorrent-Like File Sharing Networks,,” Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 2006.
J. Wang, C. Yeo, V. Prabhakaran, and K. Ramchandran, “On the Role of Helpers in Peer-to-Peer File Download Systems: Design, Analysis and Simulation,” Proc. of the Sixth International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems, Feb. 2007.
S. Ratnasamy, P. Francis, M. Handley, R. Karp, and S. Schenker, “A Scalable Content-Addressable Network,” Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, San Diego, USA, pp. 161–172, Aug. 2001.
I. Stoica, R. Morris, D. Karger, F. Kaashoek, and H. Balakrishnan, “Chord: A Scalable Peer-To-Peer Lookup Service for Internet Applications,” Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, San Diego, USA, pp. 149–160, Aug. 2001.
J. Liebeherr, M. Nahas, and W. Si, “Application-layer Multicasting with Delaunay Triangulations Overlays,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1472–1488, Oct. 2002.
M. Castro, P. Druschel, Y. Hu, and A. Rowstron, “Proximity Neighbor Selection in Tree-Based Structured Peer-to-Peer Overlays,” Technical report MSRTR-2003-52.
K. Hildrum, J. Kubiatowicz, S. Rao, and B. Zhao, “Distributed Object Location in a Dynamic Network ,” Theory of Computing Systems, no. 37, pp. 405–440, Mar. 2004.
P. Maymounkov and D. Mazieres, “Kademlia: A peer-to-peer information system based on the xor metric,” In Proceedings of IPTPS02, Cambridge, MA, USA, Mar. 2002.
M. Castro, M. Costa, and A. Rowstron, “Debunking Some Myths About Structured and Unstructured Overlays,” Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, Boston, MA, USA, May 2005.
S. Sheu, K. Hua, andW. Tavanapong, “Chaining: a Generalized Batching Technique for Video-on-Demand Systems,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference Multimedia Computing and Systems, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 110–117, Jun. 1997.
Y. Cui, B. Li, and K. Nahrstedt, “Layered Peer-to-Peer Streaming,” Proc. NOSSDAV’03, Monterey, USA, pp. 162–171, Jun. 2003.
Y. Cui, “oStream: Asynchronous Streaming Multicast in Application-Layer Overlay Networks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 22, no. 1, Jan. 2004.
Z. Xiang, Q. Zhang, W. Zhu, Z. Zhang, and Y.-Q. Zhang, “Peer-to-Peer Based Multimedia Distribution Service,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 343–355, Apr. 2004.
X. Xu, Y. Wang, S. Panwar, and K. Ross, “A Peer-to-Peer Video-on-Demand System using Multiple Description Coding and Server Diversity,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Singapore, vol. 3, pp. 1759–1762, Oct. 2004.
Y. Chu, S. Rao, S. Seshan, and H. Zhang, “A Case for End System Multicast,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1456–1471, Oct. 2002.
S. Banerjee, B. Bhattacharjee, and C. Kommareddy, “Scalable Application Layer Multicast,” Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, Pittsburgh, USA, pp. 205–217, Aug. 2002.
D. Tran, K. Hua, and T. Do, “ZIGZAG: An E.cient Peer-to-Peer Scheme for Media Streaming,” Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, San Francisco, USA, vol. 2, pp. 1283–1292, Mar. 2003.
Y. Chu, A. Ganjam, T. Ng, S. Rao, K. Sripanidkulchai, J. Zhan, and H. Zhang, “Early Experience with an Internet Broadcast System Based on Overlay Multicast,” Proc. USENIX Annual Technical Conference, Boston, MA, USA, pp. 1283–1292, Jun. 2004.
Y. Zhu, B. Li, and J. Guo, “Multicast with Network Coding in Application- Layer Overlay Networks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 1, no. 22, pp. 107–120, Jan. 2004.
X. Zhang, J. Liu, B. Li, and T.-S. P. Yum, “DONet/CoolStreaming: A Datadriven Overlay Network for Live Media Streaming,” Proc. IEEE Infocom, Miami, USA, Feb. 2005.
M. Zhang, J.-G. Luo, L. Zhao, and S.-Q. Yang, “A Peer-to-Peer Network for Live Media Streaming using a Push-Pull Approach,” Proc. ACM Int. Conference on Multimedia, pp. 287–290, Nov. 2005.
M. Zhang, “Large-Scale Live Media Streaming over Peer-to-Peer Networks through Global Internet,” Proc. ACM Int. Conference on Multimedia, P2PMMS Workshop, pp. 21–28, Nov. 2005.
B. Ford, P. Sisuresh, and D. Kegel, “Peer-to-Peer Communication across Network Address Translators,” Proc. USENIX Annual Technical Conference, Anaheim, CA, USA, pp. 179–192, Apr. 2005.
A. Biggadike, D. Ferullo, G. Wilson, and A. Perrig, “NATBLASTER: Establishing TCP Connections Between Hosts behind NATs,” Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, Asia Workshop, Beijing, China, Apr. 2005.
J. Rosenberg, J. Weinberger, C. Huitema, and R. Mahy, “STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) through Network Address Translators (NATs), RFC 3489,” Mar. 2003.
J. Rosenberg, C. Huitema, and R. Mahy, “Traversal using Relay NAT (TURN), Internet Draft,” Oct. 2003.
J. Rosenberg, “Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE): a Methodology for Network Address Translator (NAT) Traversal for Multimedia Session Establishment Protocols, Internet Draft,” Feb. 2004.
M. Bansal and A. Zakhor, “Path Diversity for Overlay Multicast Streaming,” Proc. Packet Video Worshop, Irvine, CA, USA, Dec. 2004.
V. Padmanabhan, H. Wang, and P. Chou, “Resilient Peer-to-Peer Streaming,” IEEE Int. Conference on Network Protocols, Atlanta, USA, Nov. 2003.
V. Padmanabhan, H. Wang, P. Chou, and K. Sripanidkulchai, “Distributing Streaming Media Content Using Cooperative Networking,” Proc. NOSSDAV’ 02, Miami, USA, May 2002.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Setton, E., Girod, B. (2007). Background. In: Peer-to-Peer Video Streaming. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74115-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74115-4_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-74114-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-74115-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)