Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ayres, R.U. 1994. Information, Entropy and Progress: A New Evolutionary Paradigm. Woodbury, NY: AIP Press.
BCSD. 1993. Getting Eco-Efficient. Report of the BCSD First Antwerp Eco-Efficiency Workshop, November 1993. Geneva: Business Council for Sustainable Development.
Caldwell, L.K. 1990. Between Two Worlds: Science, the Environmental Movement, and Policy Choice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Catton, W. 1986. Carrying capacity and the limits to freedom. (18 August, 1986). Paper prepared for Social Ecology Session 1, New Delhi, India: XI World Congress of Sociology.
Costanza, R., and Daly, H. 1992. Natural capital and sustainable development. Conservation Biology 1: 37–45.
Daly, H. 1986. Comments on “Population Growth and Economic Development.”Population and Development Review 12: 583–585.
Daly, H. 1990. Sustainable development: From concept and theory towards operational principles. In Steady State Economics, 2nd ed., Washington: Island Press.
Daly, H. 1991. From empty world economics to full world economics: Recognizing an historic turning point in economic development. In Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development: Building or Brundtland, R. Goodland, H. Daly, S. El Serafy, and B. von Droste (eds). Paris: UNESCO.
15:2. Special “Forum” on economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment.
Ehrlich, P., and Holdren, J. 1971. Impact of population growth. Science 171: 1212.
Folke, C., Larsson, J., and Sweitzer, J. 1994. Renewable resource appropriation by cities. Paper presented at “Down To Earth: Practical Applications of Ecological Economics,” Third International Meeting of the International Society for Ecological Economics, San Jose, Costa Rica, October 24–28.
Goodland, R. 1991. The case that the world has reached limits. In Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development: Building on Brundtland, R. Goodland, H. Daly, S. El Serafy, and B. Von Droste (eds). Paris: UNESCO.
Haavelmo, T., and Hansen, S. 1991. On the strategy of trying to reduce economic inequality by expanding the scale of human activity. In Environmentally Sustainable Ecological Development: Building on Brundtland, R. Goodland, H. Daly, S. El Serafy, and B. von Droste, (eds). Paris: UNESCO
Holdren, J., and Ehrlich, P. 1974. Human population and the global environment. American Science 62: 282–292.
Hornborg, A. 1992a. Machine fetishism, value, and the image of unlimited goods: Toward a thermodynamics of imperialism. Man 27: 1:1–18.
Hornborg, A. 1992b. Codifying complexity: Towards an economy of incommensurable values. Paper presented to the Second Meeting of the International Society for Ecological Economics (Investing in Natural Capital). Stockholm, August 3–6.
IIED. 1995. Citizen Action to Lighten Britain’s Ecological Footprint. A report prepared by the International Institute for Environment and Development for the UK Department of the Environment. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
Mitlin, D., and Satterthwaite, D. 1994. Cities and Sustainable Development. Background paper prepared for “Global forum ’94,” Manchester, June 24–28. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
Pauly, D., and Christensen, V. 1995. Primary production required to sustain global fisheries. Nature 374: 255–257.
Pearce, D. 1994. Valuing the Environment: Past Practice, Future Prospect. CSERGE Working Paper PA 94-02. London: University College Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment.
Pearce, D., and Atkinson, G. 1993. Capital theory and the measurement of sustainable development: An indicator of weak sustainability. Ecological Economics 8: 103–108.
Pearce, D., Markandya, A., and Barbier, E. 1989. Blueprint for a Green Economy, London: Earthscan Publications.
Rees, W. 1990. Sustainable Development and the Biosphere, Teilhard Studies Number 23. American Teilhard Association for the Study of Man, or: The ecology of sustainable development. The Ecologist 20(1): 18–23.
Rees, W. 1992. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization 4(2): 121–130.
Rees, W. 1995. Achieving sustainability: Reform or transformation? Journal of Planning Literature 9: 343–361.
Rees, W. 1996. Revisiting carrying capacity: Area-based indicators of sustainability. Population and Environment 17(3): 195–215.
Rees, W.E., and Wackernagel, M. 1994. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: Measuring the natural capital requirements of the human economy. In Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability, A-M. Jansson, M. Hammer, C. Folke, and R. Costanza (eds). Washington: Island Press.
Schneider, E., and Kay, J. 1992. Life as a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics. Preprint from: Advances in Mathematics and Computers in Medicine, Waterloo, Ont.: University of Waterloo Faculty of Environmental Studies, Working Paper Series.
Solow, R. 1986. On the intergenerational allocation of natural resources. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 88: 1.
Sterrer, W. 1993. Human economics: A non-human perspective. Ecological Economics 7: 183–202.
Victor, P., Hanna, E., and Kubursi, A. 1995. How strong is weak sustainability? Economie Appliquee XLVIII: 75–94.
Victor, Peter A. 1991. Indicators of sustainable development: Some lessons from capital theory. Ecological Economics 4: 191–213.
Vitousek, P. 1994. Beyond global warming: Ecology and global change. Ecology 75(7): 1861–1876.
Vitousek, P., Ehrlich, P., Ehrlich, A., and Matson, P. 1986. Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis. BioScience 36: 368–374.
Wackernagel, M., and Rees, W. 1995. Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. Gabriola Island, BC, and Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers.
Walker, L. 1995. The Influence of Dwelling Type and Residential Density on the Appropriated Carrying Capacity of Canadian Households, Unpublished MSc Thesis. Vancouver: UBC School of Community and Regional Planning.
Wilson, E.O. 1988. The current state of biological diversity. In: Biodiversity, E.O. Wilson (ed). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
World Resources Institute. 1992. World Resources 1992–93, New York: Oxford University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rees, W., Wackernagel, M. (2008). Urban Ecological Footprints: Why Cities Cannot be Sustainable—and Why They are a Key to Sustainability. In: Marzluff, J.M., et al. Urban Ecology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73412-5_35
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73412-5_35
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-73411-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-73412-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)