Skip to main content

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The 1998–2002 Regional War in DR Congo involved 9 countries and led to the death of an estimated 3.6–4.2 million Congolese, the greatest loss of life in a single conflict since WW 11.

References

  • Aceijas, C., Friedman, S.R., Cooper H.L., Wiessing, L, Stimson, G.V., & Hickman, M. (2006) Estimates of injecting drug users at the national and local level in developing and transitional countries, and gender and age distribution. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82, Supplement 3, iii 10–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyrer, C. (2007). HIV epidemiology update and transmission factors: risks and risk contexts – 16th International AIDS Conference epidemiology plenary. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 44, 981–987.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, L. (2005). HIV and National security: Where are the links? Special Report for Council on Foreign Relations. New York: CFR Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keele, B.F., Van Heuverswyn, F., Li, Y., Bailes, E., Takehisa, J., Santiago, M.L., Biboleet-Ruche, F., Chen, Y., Wain, L.V., Liegeois, F., Loul, S., Ngole, E.M., Bienvenue, Y., Delaporte, E., Brookfield, J.F., Sharp, P.M., Shaw, G.M., Peeters, M., & Hahn, B.H. (2006). Chimpanzee reserviors of pandemic and non-pandemic HIV-1. Science, 313, 523–526.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS. (2007) AIDS Epidemic Update (Accessed December 19, 2007)www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/EpiUpdate/EpiUpdArchive/2007 default.asp

  • Wolfe, N.D., Dunavan, C.P., & Diamond, J. (2007) Origins of major human infectious diseases. Nature, 447, 279–283.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Beyrer, C., Davis, W.W., Celentano, D.D. (2008). The HIV/AIDS Epidemics of Africa. In: Celentano, D.D., Beyrer, C. (eds) Public Health Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Low and Middle Income Countries. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72711-0_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72711-0_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-72710-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-72711-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics