Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Molecular Pathology of Lung Diseases pp 193–199Cite as

Prognostic Markers

  • Chapter

  • 2109 Accesses

Part of the book series: Molecular Pathology Library ((MPLB,volume 1))

Abstract

DNA damage in lung cancers results in molecular genetic abnormalities that contribute to their pathogenesis and progression.1 Many studies have examined the predictive value of specific molecular genetic abnormalities involving cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and so forth, in individual tumors on the clinical outcomes of lung cancer patients.2–4 Both loss of specific tumor-suppressor gene function and the activation of specific oncogenes have been studied as potential prognostic indicators, as have other molecular abnormalities, for example, epigenetic phenomena such as hypermethylation.3–22 Ultimately, no one molecular marker is expected to predict prognosis by itself because development and progression of cancer involves the accumulation of multiple genetic abnormalities with complex pathways, feedback loops, and redundancies such that abnormalities of any of several proteins in a pathway can produce similar effects on the cells. Therefore, molecular profiles of multiple markers are likely to be more useful than examination of one or two markers alone in predicting prognosis.19 The markers presented here are those that have undergone the most investigation to date.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Brambilla E. Histopathological classification and phenotype of lung tumors. In Hayat MA, ed. Handbook of Immunohistochemistry and In Situ Hybridization of Human Carcinomas: Molecular Genetics; Lung and Breast Carcinomas. Boston: Elsevier; 2004:105–114.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Cagle PT. The cytogenetics and molecular genetics of lung cancer: implications for pathologists. In Rosen PP, Fechner RE, eds. Pathology Annual. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1990:317–329.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Cagle PT. Carcinoma of the lung. In Churg AM, Myers JL, Taxelaar HD, Wright JL, eds. Thurlbeck’s Pathology of the Lung, 3rd ed. New York: Thieme; 2005:413–480.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Fong KM, Sekido Y, Mina J. The molecular basis of lung carcinogenesis. In Coleman WB, Tsongalis GJ, eds. The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2002:379–405.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Fong KM, Sekido Y, Gazdar AF, Minna JD. Lung cancer. 9: Molecular biology of lung cancer: clinical implications. Thorax 2003;58:892–900.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sekido Y, Fong KM, Minna JD. Molecular genetics of lung cancer. Annu Rev Med 2003;54:73–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Johnson BE, Ihde DC, Makuch RW, et al. myc family oncogene amplification in tumor cell lines established from small cell lung cancer patients and its relationship to clinical status and course. J Clin Invest 1987;79:1629–1634.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Harada M, Dosaka-Akita H, Miyamoto H, et al. Prognostic significance of the expression of ras oncogene product in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer 1991;69:72–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Miyamoto H, Harada M, Isobe H, et al. Prognostic value of nuclear DNA content and expression of the ras oncogene product in lung cancer. Cancer Res 1991;51:6346–6350.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Slebos RJC, Kibbelaar RE, Dalesio O, et al. K-ras oncogene activation as a prognostic marker in adenocarcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med 1990;323:561–565.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kern JA, Schwartz DA, Nordberg JE, et al. p185neu expression in human lung adenocarcinomas predicts shortened survival. Cancer Res 1990;50:5184–191.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Volm M, Efferth T, Mattern J. Oncoprotein (c-myc, c-erbB1, c-erbB2, c-fos) and suppressor gene product (p53) expression in squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. Anticancer Res 1992;12:11–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Funa K, Steinholtz L, Nou E, Bergh J. Increased expression of N-myc in human small cell lung cancer biopsies predicts lack of response to chemotherapy and poor prognosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1987;88:216–220.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Xu H-J, Hu S-X, Cagle PT, Moore GE, Benedict WF. Absence of retinoblastoma protein expression in primary non-small cell lung carcinomas. Cancer Res 1991;51:2735–2739.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Quinlan D, Davidson A, Summers C, Doshi H. Production of mutant p53 protein correlates with a poor prognosis in human lung cancer. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1992;33:379.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Xu H-J, Cagle PT, Hu S-X, Li J, Benedict WF. Altered retinoblastoma and p53 protein status in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung: potential synergistic effects on prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:1169–1176.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Younes M, Brown RW, Stephenson M, Gondo M, Cagle PT. Overexpression of Glutl and Glut3 in stage I non-small cell carcinoma is associated with poor survival. Cancer 1997;80:1046–1051.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Anton RC, Brown RW, Younes M, Gondo MM, Stephenson MA, Cagle PT. Absence of prognostic significance of bcl-2 immunopositivity in non-small cell lung cancer: Analysis of 427 cases. Hum Pathol 1997;28:1079–1082.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Marchevsky AM, Patel S, Wiley KJ, Stephenson MA, Gondo M, Brown R, Yi ES, Benedict WF, Anton RC, Cagle PT. Artificial neural networks and logistic regression as tools for prediction of survival in patients with stages I and II non-small cell lung cancer. Mod Pathol 1998;11:618–625.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Yi ES, Harclerode D, Gondo M, Stephenson M, Brown RW, Younes M, Cagle PT. High c-erbB-3 protein expression is associated with shorter survival in advanced non-small cell lung carcinomas. Mod Pathol 1997;10:142–148.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Castro CY, Stephenson M, Gondo MM, Medeiros LJ, Cagle PT. Prognostic implications of calbindin-D28K expression in lung cancer: analysis of 452 cases. Mod Pathol 2000;13:808–813.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Anton RC, Coffey DM, Gondo MM, Stephenson MA, Brown RW, Cagle PT. The expression of cyclins D1 and E in predicting short-term survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Mod Pathol 2000;13:1167–1172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Moldvay J, Scheid P, Wild P, et al. Predictive survival markers in patients with surgically resected non-small cell lung carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:1125–1134.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Brundage MD, Davies D, Backillop WJ. Prognostic factors in non-small cell lung cancer: a decade of progress. Chest 2002;122:1037–1057.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kern JA, Slebos RJC, Top B, et al. C-erB-2 expression and codon 12 k-ras mutations both predict shortened survival for patients with pulmonary adenocarcinomas. J Clin Invest 1994;93:516–520.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Giatromanolaki A, Gorgoulis V, Chetty R, et al. C-erbB-2 oncoprotein expression in operable non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res 1996;16:987–994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Pfeiffer P, Clausen PP, Anderson K, Rose C. Lack of prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor and the oncoprotein p185her-2 in patients with systemically untreated non-small cell lung cancer: an immunohistochemical study on cryosections. Br J Cancer 1996;74:86–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Pollan M, Varela G, Torres A, et al. Clinical value of p53, c-erbB-2, CEA and CA125 regarding relapse metastasis and death in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2003;107:781–790.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Tateishi M, Ishida T, Mitsudomi T, et al. Prognostic value of c-erbB-2 protein expression in human lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell lung carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 1991;27:1372–1375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Pezzella F, Turley H, Kuzu I, et al. Bcl-2 protein expression in non-small cell lung cancers: correlation with survival time. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:690–694.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Cox G, Louise-Jones J, Andi A, et al. Bcl-2 is an independent prognostic factor and adds to a biological model for predicting outcome in operable non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2001;34:417–426.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Silvestrini R. Costa A, Lequaglie C, et al. Bcl-2 protein and prognosis in patients with potentially curable non-small-cell lung cancer. Virchows Arch 1998;432:441–444.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Poleri C, Morero JL, Nieva B, et al. Risk of recurrence in patients with surgically resected stage I non-small cell lung carcinoma: histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Chest 2003;123:1858–1867.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Pastorino U, Andreola S, Tagliabue E, et al. Immunocytochemical markers in stage I lung cancer: relevance to prognosis. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2858–2865.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Greatens TM, Niehans GA, Rubins JB, et al. Do molecular markers predict survival in non-small-cell lung cancer? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1093–1097.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lee YC, Chang YL, Luh SP, et al. Significance of p53 and Rb protein expression in surgically treated non-small cell lung cancers. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:343–347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. D’Amico TA, Massey M, Herndon JE, et al. A biologic risk model for stage I lung cancer: immunohistochemical analysis of 408 patients with the use of ten molecular markers. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:736–743.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kwiatkowski DJ, Harpole DH, Godleski J, et al. Molecular pathologic substaging in 244 stage I non-small-cell lung cancer patients: clinical implications. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:2468–2477.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dalquen P, Sauter G, Torhorst J, et al. Nuclear p53 over-expression is an independent prognostic parameter in node-negative non-small cell lung carcinoma. J Pathol 1996;178:53–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Huang C, Taki T, Adachi M, et al. Mutations in exon 7 and 8 of p53 as poor prognostic factors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 1998;16:2469–2477.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ahrendt SA, Hu Y, Buta M, et al. p53 mutations and survival in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:961–970.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fukuyama Y, Mitsudomi T, Sugio K, et al. K-ras and p53 mutations are an independent unfavourable prognostic indicator in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 1997;75:1125–1130.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Schiller JH, Adak S, Reins RH, et al. Lack of prognostic significance of p53 and K-ras mutations in primary resected non-small-cell lung cancer on E4592: a laboratory ancillary study on an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Prospective Randomized Trial of Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:448–457.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Au NCH, Cheang M, Huntsman DG, et al. Evaluation of immunohistochemical markers in non-small cell lung cancer by unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis: a tissue microarray study of 284 cases and 18 markers. J Pathol 2004;204:101–109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Massion PP, Taflan PM, Jamshedur Rahman SM, et al. Significance of p63 amplification and overexpression in lung cancer development and prognosis. Cancer Res 2003;63:7113–7121.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Iwata T, Uramoto H, Sugio K, et al. A lack of prognostic significance regarding ΔNp63 immunoreactivity in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2005;50:67–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Dworakowska D, Jassem E, Jassem J, et al. Prognostic relevance of altered pRb and p53 protein expression in surgically treated non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncology 2004;67:60–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Reissmann PT, Koga H, Takahashi R, et al. Inactivation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. The Lung Cancer Study Group. Oncogene 1993;8:1913–1919.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Haga Y, Hiroshima K, Iyoda A, et al. Ki-67 expression and prognosis for smokers with resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2003;75:1727–32; discussion 1732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Esposito V, Baldi A, Tonini G, et al. Analysis of cell cycle regulator proteins in non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Pathol 2004;57:58–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sonnweber B, Dlaska M, Skvortsov S, et al. High predictive value of epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation but not of EGFRvIII mutation in resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Pathol 2006;59:255–259.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Nakamura H, Kawasaki N, Taguchi M, Kabasawa K. Survival impact of epidermal growth factor receptor in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Thorax 2006;61:140–145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Shepherd FA, Pereira J, Ciuleanu TE, et al. Erlotinib in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2005;353:123–132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Dworakowska D, Jassem E, Jassem J, et al. MDM2 gene amplification: a new independent factor of adverse prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2004;43:285–295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Higashiyama M, Doi O, Kodama K, et al. MDM2 gene amplification and expression in non-small-cell lung cancer: immunohistochemical expression of its protein is a favourable prognostic marker in patients without p53 protein accumulation. Br J Cancer 1997;75:1302–1308.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ko JL, Cheng YW, Change SL, et al. MDM2 mRNA expression is a favorable prognostic factor in non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2000;89:265–270.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Mascaux C, Iannino N, Martin B, et al. The role of RAS oncogene in survival of patients with lung cancer: a systemic review of the literature with meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2005;92:131–139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Grossi F, Loprevite M, Chiaramondia M, et al. Prognostic significance of K-ras, p53, bcl-2, PCNA, CD34 in radically resected non-small cell lung cancers. Eur J Cancer 2003;39:1242–1250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Keohavong P, De Michele MMA, Melacrinos AC, et al. Detection of K-ras mutations in lung carcinomas: relationship to prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:411–418.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Shih CM, Kuo YY, Want YC, et al. Association of L-myc polymorphism with lung cancer susceptibility and prognosis in relation to age-selected controls and stratified cases. Lung Cancer 2002;32:125–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Ge H, Lam WK, Lee J, et al. Analysis of L-myc and GSTM1 genotypes in Chinese non-small cell lung carcinoma patients. Lung Cancer 1996;15:355–366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Tefre T, Borresen AL, Aamdal S, Brogger A. Studies of the L-myc DNA polymorphism and relation to metastasis in Norwegian lung cancer patients. Br J Cancer 1990;61:809–812.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Spinola M, Nomoto T, Manenti G, et al. Linkage disequilibrium pattern in the L-myc gene in Italian and Japanese non-small-cell lung-cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2001;95:329–331.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Johnson BE, Russell E, Simmons AM, et al. Myc family DNA amplification in 126 tumor cell lines from patients with small cell lung cancer. J Cell Biochem 1996;24:210–217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Rodriguez-Salas N, Palacios J, de Castro J, et al. Beta-catenin expression pattern in small cell lung cancer: correlation with clinical and evolutive features. Histol Histopathol 2001;16:353–358.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Micke P, Hengstler JG, Ros R, et al. c-erbB-2 expression in small-cell lung cancer is associated with poor prognosis. Int J Cancer 2001;92:474–479.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Beasley MB, Lantuejoul S, Abbondanzo S, et al. The p16/cyclin D1/Rb pathway in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Hum Pathol 2003;34:136–140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Casali C, Stefani A, Rossi G, et al. The prognostic role of c-kit protein expression in resected large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;77:247–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Bakir K, Ucak R, Tuncozgur B, Elbeyli L. Prognostic factors and c-erbB-2 expression in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (c-erB-2 in non-small cell lung carcinoma). Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;50:55–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Choi S, Kim M, Kang C, et al. Activation of Bak and Bax through c-Abl-protein kinase Cδ-p38 MAPK signaling in response to ionizing radiation in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2006;281:7049–7059.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Jiang SX, Sato Y, Kuwao S, Kameya T. Expression of bcl-2 oncogene protein is prevalent in small cell lung carcinomas. J Pathol 1995;177:135–138.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ohsaki Y, Toyoshima E, Fujiuchi S, et al. Bcl-2 and p53 protein expression in non-small cell lung cancers: correlation with survival time. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:915–920.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Reed JC. Double identity for proteins of the bcl-2 family. Nature (Lond) 1997;387:773–776.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Koukourakis MI, Giatromanolaki A, O’Byrne KJ, et al. Potential role of Bcl-2 as a supressor of tumor angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. Intl J Cancer 1997;74:565–570.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Yilmaz A, Savas I, Dizbay-Sak S, et al. Distribution of Bcl-2 gene expression and its prognostic value in non-small cell lung cancer. Tuberkuloz ve Toraks Dergisi 2005;53:323–329.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Maddau C, Confortini M, Bisanzi S, et al. Prognostic significance of p53 and Ki-67 antigen expression in surgically treated non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 2006;125:425–431.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Singhal S, Vachani A, Antin-Ozerkis D, et al. Prognostic implications of cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer: a review. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:3974–3986.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Pappot H, Francis D, Brunner N, et al. p53 protein in non-small cell lung cancers as quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: relation to prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:155–160.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Nishio M, Koshikawa T, Kuroishi T, et al. Prognostic significance of abnormal p53 accumulation in primary, resected non-small-cell lung cancers. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:497–502.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Harpole DH, Herndon JE, Wolfe WG, et al. A prognostic model of recurrence and death in stage I non-small cell lung cancer utilizing presentation, histopathology, and oncoprotein expression. Cancer Res 1995;55:51–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Pelosi, G, Pasini F, Stehnolm CO, et al. p 63 immunoreactivity in lung cancer: yet another player in the development of squamous cell carcinomas? J Pathol 2002;198:100–109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Esposito V, Baldi A, De Luca A, et al. Cell cycle related proteins as prognostic parameters in radically resected non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Pathol 2005;58:734–739.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lee SM. Is EGFR expression important in non-small cell lung cancer? Thorax 2006;66:98–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Spinola M, Pedotti P, Dragani TA, Taioli E. Meta-analysis suggests association of L-myc EcoR1 polymorphism with cancer prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:4769–4775.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Campbell AM, Camling BG, Algazy KM, El-Deiry WS. Clinical and molecular features of small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2002;1:105–112.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

    Anna Sienko MD

  2. Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA

    Timothy Craig Allen MD, JD

  3. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY

    Philip T. Cagle MD (Professor and Director Pulmonary Pathology)

  4. The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

    Philip T. Cagle MD (Professor and Director Pulmonary Pathology)

Authors
  1. Anna Sienko MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Timothy Craig Allen MD, JD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Philip T. Cagle MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA

    Dani S. Zander MD

  2. Institute of Pathology, Laboratories for Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

    Helmut H. Popper MD

  3. Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA

    Jaishree Jagirdar MD

  4. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY

    Abida K. Haque MD

  5. Department of Pathology, San Jacinto Methodist Hospital, Baytown, TX, USA

    Abida K. Haque MD

  6. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY

    Philip T. Cagle MD  & Roberto Barrios MD  & 

  7. The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

    Philip T. Cagle MD  & Roberto Barrios MD  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sienko, A., Allen, T.C., Cagle, P.T. (2008). Prognostic Markers. In: Zander, D.S., Popper, H.H., Jagirdar, J., Haque, A.K., Cagle, P.T., Barrios, R. (eds) Molecular Pathology of Lung Diseases. Molecular Pathology Library, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72430-0_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72430-0_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-72429-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-72430-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation