Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology pp 443–464Cite as

Torticollis and Head Oscillations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1517 Accesses

Abstract

Children with visual or neurological disorders can exhibit abnormal head postures (torticollis) or rhythmic movements of the head (oscillations). Torticollis is not a diagnosis, but a sign of an underlying disorder. Although technically defined as a contraction, often spasmodic, of the muscles of the neck, for the purposes of differential diagnosis, most causes of abnormal head position (spasmodic or otherwise) are generally included under the umbrella term torticollis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Adams RD, Lyon G. Neurology of Hereditary Metabolic Diseases of Children. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1982:65

    Google Scholar 

  2. Aiba K, Yokochi K, Ishikawa T. A case of ataxic diplegia, mental retardation, congenital nystagmus, and abnormal auditory brainstem responses showing only waves I and II. Brain Dev. 1986;8:630–632.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Angelini L, Rumi V, Lamperi E, et al. Transient paroxysmal dystonia in infancy. Neuropediatric. 1988;19:171.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Angelini L, Nardocci N, Rumi V, et al. Idiopathic dystonia with onset in childhood. J Neurol. 1989;236:319.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Archer SM. Abnormal head posture in patients with third and sixth nerve palsy. Am Orthop J. 1995;45:34–43.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Arthur BW. Abnormal head posture in the A and V syndromes. Am Orthop J. 1995;45:19–23.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Averbuch-Heller L, Rottach KG, Zivotofsky AZ, et al. Torsional eye movements in patients with skew deviation and spasmodic torticollis: Responses to static and dynamic head roll. Neurology. 1997;48:506–514.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bagolini B, Campos EC, Chiesi C. Plagiocephaly causing superior oblique deficiency and ocular torticollis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:1093–1096.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ballock RT, Song KM. The prevalence of nonmuscular causes of torticollis in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16:500–504.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bayraker B, Aysun S, Firat M. Arteriovenous fistula: A cause of torticollis. Pediatr Neurol. 1999;20:146–147.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Benton JW, Nellhaus G, Huttenlocher PR, et al. The bobble-headed doll syndrome. Neurology. 1966;16:725–729.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Betchel RT, Kushner BJ, Morton GV. The relationship between dissociated vertical divergence (DVD) and head tilts. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabis. 1996;33:303–306.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Boisen E. Torticollis caused by infratentorial tumor: Three cases. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134:306–307.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Boutros GS, Al-Mateen M. Non-ophthalmological causes of torticollis. Am Orthop J. 1995;45:68–73.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bower CM, Martin PF. Diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of pediatric sensorineural hearing loss. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;1:161–166.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Brandt T, Dieterich M. Skew deviation with ocular torsion: a vestibular brainstem sign of topographic diagnostic value. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:528–534.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Brandt T, Dieterich M. The vestibular cortex. Its locations, functions, and disorders. Otolith Function in Spatial Orientation and Movement. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;871:293–312

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Braun V, Richter HP. Selective peripheral denervation for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Neurosurgery. 1994;35:58–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bressman SB, Heiman GA, Nygaard TG, et al. A study of idiopathic torsion dystonia in a non-Jewish family: evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Neurology. 1994;44:283–287.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Brodsky MC. Congenital downbeat nystagmus. J Pediatr Ophthal­mol Strabis. 1996;33:191–192.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Brodsky MC. Dissociated vertical divergence: A righting reflex gone wrong. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:1216–1222.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Brodsky MC. DVD remains a moving target! J AAPOS. 1999;3:325–327.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Brodsky MC. Vision-dependent tonus mechanisms of torticollis: An evolutionary perspective. Am Orthop J. 1999;50:158–162.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Brodsky MC: Vertical visual disparity and the human oblique muscles. Binoc Vis Q. 2001;16:1327–1328

    Google Scholar 

  25. Brodsky MC. Latent heliotropism: Our past is always with us. Brit J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:1327–1328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Brodsky MC, Fray KJ, Glasier CM. Perinatal cortical and subcortical visual loss: mechanisms of injury and associated ophthalmologic signs. Ophthalmology. 2002;109;109:85–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Brodsky MC. Vertical Strabismus: Diagnosis from the ground up. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:992–993.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Brodsky MC, Jenkins R, Nucci P. Unexplained head tilt following surgical treatment of congenital esotropia: a postural manifestation of dissociated vertical divergence. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:268–272.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Brodsky MC. Visuo-vestibular eye movements: Infantile strabismus in three dimensions. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:837–842.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Brodsky MC, Donahue SP, Vaphiades M, et al. Skew deviation revisited. Surv Ophthalmol. 2006;51:105–128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Brodsky MC, Karlsson V. Perinatal head tilt in congenital superior oblique palsy. J Neuro-Ophthalmol. 2009;29:76–77.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Brodsky MC, Wright KW. Infantile esotropia with nystagmus: A treatable cause of oscillatory head movements in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:1079–1081.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bronstein AM, Rudge P. The vestibular system in abnormal head postures and in spasmodic torticollis. Adv Neurol. 1988;50:493–500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Brown JB, McDowell F. Wryneck facial distortion prevented by resection of fibrosed sternomastoid muscle in infancy and childhood. Ann Surg. 1950;131:721.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Busch MT, Westin GW. Muscular torticollis. Orthop Consult. 1988:8–12

    Google Scholar 

  36. Caldeira JA. Abnormal head posture: An ophthalmologic approach. Binoc Vis Q. 2000;15:237–239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Calhoun KH. Perilymph fistula. Arch Otolaryng Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:693–694.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Campos EC. Ocular torticollis. Int Ophthalmol. 1983;6:49–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Canale ST, Griffen DW, Hubbard CN. Congenital muscular torticollis. J Bone Joint Surg. 1982;64:810–816.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Carl JR, Optican LM, Chu FC, et al. Head shaking and vestibulo-ocular reflex in congenital nystagmus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985;26:1043–1050.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ceulemans B, van Rhijn J, Kenis S, et al. Opisthotonus and intrathecal treatment with baclofen (ITB) in children. Eur J Pediatr. 167:641–645. Epub 2007 Aug 24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Cheng JC, Au AW. Infantile torticollis: A review of 624 cases. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994;14:802–808.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Cheng JC, Tang SP, Chen TM, et al. The clinical presentation and outcome of treatment of congenital muscular torticollis in infants: A study of 1,086 cases. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35:1091–1096.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Chuang T, Gou W, Huo DM, et al. Skew ocular deviation: a catastrophic sign of MRI of fetal glioblastoma. Child’s Nerv Syst. 2003;19:371–375.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Clark JT. Approach to the patient with an abnormal head posture. Am Orthop J. 1995;45:2–6.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Cleeves L, Findley LJ, Marsden CD. Odd tremors. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S, eds. Movement Disorders 3. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994:446

    Google Scholar 

  47. Cogan DG, Norton EW. Spasmus nutans: A clinical study of twenty cases followed two years or more since onset. Arch Ophthalmol. 1965:442–446

    Google Scholar 

  48. Cogan DG. Congenital nystagmus. Can J Ophthalmol. 1967;2:4–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Cogan DG, Chu FC, Reingold DB. Ocular signs of cerebellar disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:755–760.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Cohen RL, Moore S. Primary dissociated vertical deviation. Am Orthop J. 1980;30:106–107.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Collins A, Jankovic J. Botulinum toxin injection for congenital muscular torticollis presenting in children and adults. Neurology. 2006;67:1083–1085.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Cotton DG, Newman CG. Dystonic reactions to phenothiazine derivatives. Arch Dis Child. 1966;41:551–553.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Courchesne E, Karns CM, Davis HR, et al. Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: An MRI study. Neurology. 2001;57:245–252.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Courchesne E, Townsend J, Saitoh O. The brain in infantile autism: Posterior fossa structures are abnormal. Neurology. 1994;44:214–223.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Coventry MB, Harris LE. Congenital muscular torticollis in infancy. J Bone Joint Surg. 1959;5:815–822.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Crone RA. Alternating hyperphoria. Br J Ophthalmol. 1954;38:591–604.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Crone RA. Visual acuity and torticollis. Neth Ophthalmol Soc. 1968;156:6–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Cruysberg JR, Willemsen MA, van Moli-Ramirez NG, et al. The “overlooking” phenomenon of children with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Neuro-ophthalmology. 2007:31 [abstract issue]

    Google Scholar 

  59. De Chalain TM, Park S. Torticollis associated with positional plagiocephaly: A growing epidemic. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:411–418.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. de Decker W. Rotatischer Kestenbaum an geraden Augenmuskeln. Z Prakt Augenheilkd. 1990;1:111–114.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Dell S. Further observations on the “bobble-headed doll syndrome”. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1981;44:1046–1052.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Dell’Osso LF, Daroff RB. Abnormal head position and head motion associated with congenital nystagmus. In: Keller EL, Zee DS, eds. Adaptive processes in visual and oculomotor systems. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1986:473–478.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Dell’Osso LF, van der Steen J, Steinman RM, et al. Foveation dynamics in congenital nystagmus. II: Smooth pursuit. Doc Ophthalmol. 1992;9:25–49.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Demer JL. Abnormal head posture in restrictive strabismus. Am Orthop J. 1995;45:50–59.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Deonna T, Dubey B. Bobble-headed doll syndrome. Helv Paediatr Acta. 1976;31:221.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Dhir SP, Shisku MW, Krewi A. Ocular involvement in histidinemia. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet. 1987;8:175–176.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Diamond GR, Katowita JA, et al. Ocular and adnexal complications of unilateral orbital advancement for plagiocephaly. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:381–385.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Dieterich M, Brandt T. Ocular torsion and tilt of subjective visual vertical are sensitive brainstem signs. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:292–299.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Dieterich M, Bucher SF, Seelos KC, et al. Horizontal or vertical optokinetic stimulation activates visual motion-sensitive ocular motor and vestibular cortex areas with right hemispheric dominance. Brain. 1998;121:1479–1495.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Do TT. Congenital muscular torticollis: Current concepts and review of treatment. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2006;18:26–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Donahue SP, Haun AK. Exotropia and face turn in children with homonymous hemianopia. J Neuro-Ophthalmol. 2007;27:304–307.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Donahue SP, Lavin PJ, Hamed LM. Tonic ocular tilt reaction simulating a superior oblique palsy: Diagnostic confusion with the 3-step test. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:347–352.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Donnai D. A further patient with the Pitt-Rogers-Danks syndrome of mental retardation, unusual face, and intrauterine growth retardation. Am Med Genet. 1986;24:29–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Dorland’s Medical Dictionary. 27th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1988:1734

    Google Scholar 

  75. DuBois LG. Abnormal head posture in infantile esotropia. Am Orthop J. 1995;45:14–18.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Duke-Elder S. System of Ophthalmology. Vol 6. Ocular Motility and Strabismus. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1973

    Google Scholar 

  77. Duke-Elder ST. System of Ophthalmology, VI. London: Henry Klimpton; 1990:680

    Google Scholar 

  78. Feng YK, Liu XQ, Sha Y, et al. Infantile spasms. A retrospective study of 105 cases. Chin Med J. 1991;104:416–421

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Fenichel GM. Clinical Pediatric Neurology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1993:1–43, 285–301

    Google Scholar 

  80. Fishman RA. Neurological aspects of magnesium metabolism. Arch Neurol. 1965;12:562–569.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Forssman B. A study of congenital nystagmus. Acta Otolaryng. 1964;57:429–449.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Fredrick DR, Mulliken JB, Robb RM. Ocular manifestations of deformational frontal plagiocephaly. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1990;30:92–95.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Gamio S. Bielschowsky head tilt test. Arch Chil Oftal. 2006;63:63–68.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Giffin NJ, Benton P, Goadsby PJ. Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy: Four new cases and linkage to CACNA1A mutation. Develop Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:490–493.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Gilbert GJ. Familial spasmodic torticollis. Neurology. 1977;27:11–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Gloor P, Quesney F, Ives J, et al. Significance of direction of head turning during seizures. Neurology. 1987;37:1092.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Goerke W, Pendl G, Pandle CH. Spinal muscular trophy in a boy with head-nodding resulting from a large septum pellucidum cyst. Neuropadiat. 1975;6:190–201.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Good WV. Behaviors of visually impaired children. Semin Ophthalmol. 1991;6:158–160.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Good WV. Childhood hemianopia: The bigger picture. JAAPOS. 1997;1:189.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Goodman CR, Chabner E, Guyton DL. Should early strabismus surgery be performed for ocular torticollis to prevent facial asymmetry? J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1995;32:162–166.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Gote H, Gregersen E, Rindziunski E. Exotropia and panoramic vision compensating for an occult congenital homonymous hemianopia: A case report. Binoc Vis Eye Muscle Surg Q. 1993;8:129–132.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Gottlob I, Zubcov AA, Wizov SS, et al. Signs distinguishing spasmus nutans (with and without central nervous system lesions) from congenital nystagmus. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:1166–1175.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Gottlob I, Zubcov AA, Wizov SS, et al. Head nodding is compensatory in spasmus nutans. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:1024–1031.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Gottlob I, Reinecke RD. Eye and head movements in patients with achromatopsia. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1994;232:392–401.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Graf W, Meyer DL. Central mechanisms counteract visually induced tonus asymmetries: A study of ocular responses to unilateral illumination in goldfish. J Comp Physiol. 1983;150:473–481.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Greenberg MF, Pollard ZF. Ocular plagiocephaly: Ocular torticollis with skull and facial asymmetry. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:173–179.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Gresty M, Leech J, Sanders M, et al. A study of head and eye movement in spasmus nutans. Br J Ophthalmol. 1976;60:652–654.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Gresty MA, Ell JJ. Spasmus nutans or congenital nystagmus? Classification according to objective criteria. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981;65:510–511 [Letter]

    Google Scholar 

  99. Gresty M, Halmagyi GM. Head nodding associated with idiopathic childhood nystagmus. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1981;374:614–618.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Gresty MA, Barratt NG, Page NG, et al. Assessment of the vestibulo-ocular reflexes in congenital nystagmus. Ann Neurol. 1985;17:129–136.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Guyton DL. Clinical assessment of ocular torsion. Am Orthop J. 1983;33:7–15.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Guyton DL, Cheeseman EW, Ellis FJ, et al. Dissociated vertical deviation: An exaggerated normal movement used to damp cyclovertical latent nystagmus. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1998;96:389–429.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Halmagyi GM, Brandt TH, Dieterich M, et al. Tonic contraversive ocular tilt reaction due to unilateral meso-diencephalic lesion. Neurology. 1990;40:1503–1509.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Havertape SA, Cruz OA. Abnormal head posture associated with high hyperopia. J AAPOS. 1998;2:12–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Hazlett HC, Poe M, Gerig G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and head circumference study of brain size in autism: Birth through two years of age. Arch Gen Psychiatr. 2005;62:1366–1376.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Hedges TR III, Hoyt WF. Ocular tilt reaction due to an upper brainstem lesion: Paroxysmal skew deviation, torsion, and oscillation of the eyes with head tilt. Ann Neurol. 1982;11:537–540.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hiatt RL, Cope-Troupe C. Abnormal head positions due to ocular problems. Ann Ophthalmol. 1978;10:881–892.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Ho BC, Lee EH, Singh K. Epidemiology, presentation, and management of congenital muscular torticollis. Singapore Med J. 1999;40:675–679.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Hoefnagel D, Biery B. Spasmus nutans. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1968;10:32–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Horton CE, Crawford HH, et al. Torticollis. South Med J. 1967;60:953–958.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Hott SR, Pensak ML. Perilymphatic fistula. ENT J. 1992;71:568–572.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Hough G, de N Jr. Congenital torticollis. Surg Gynecol Ostet. 1934;58:972–981.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Hoyt CS, Good WV. Ocular motor adaptations to congenital hemianopia. Binoc Vis Eye Muscle Surg Q. 1993;8:125–126.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Hughes AJ, Lees AJ, Marsden CD. Paroxysmal dystonic head tremor. Mov Disord. 1991;6:85–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Hulbert KF. Torticollis. Postgrad Med. 1965;41:699–701.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Hummer CD, MacEwen GD. The coexistence of torticollis and congenital dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg. 1972;54A:1255–1256.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Jampolsky A. Management of vertical strabismus. In: Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. New York: Raven Press; 1986:157–164

    Google Scholar 

  118. Jampolsky A. A new look at the head tilt test. In: Fuchs AF, Brandt TH, Büttner U, et al., eds. Contemporary ocular motor and vestibular research: A tribute to David A Robinson. Stuttgart: Springer; 1994:432–439.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Jan JE, Groenveld M, Connolly MB. Head shaking by visually impaired children: A voluntary neurovisual adaptation which can be confused with spasmus nutans. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1990;32:1061–1066.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Jan JE. Head movements of visually impaired children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991;3:645–647.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Javal E. Des anomalies de l’accomodation et practique des maladies de yeux. Paris, France: Delahaye; 1866:815

    Google Scholar 

  122. Jensen HP, Pendle G, Goerke W. Head bobbing in a patient with a cyst of the third ventricle. Child Brain. 1978;4:235–243.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Jiang Y, Matsuo T, Fujiwara H, et al. ARIX gene polymorphisms in patients with congenital superior oblique muscle palsy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:263–267.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Jones PG. Torticollis in Infancy - Sternomastoid Fibrosis and the Sternomastoid Tumor. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1968:3

    Google Scholar 

  125. Kalyanaraman K, Jagannathan K, Ramanujam RA, et al. Congenital head nodding and nystagmus with cerebrocerebellar degeneration. J Pediatr. 1973;83:1023–1026.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Kennedy R. Abnormal head posture in patients with Duane syndrome. Am Orthop J. 1995;45:44–49.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Khan AO. Control of intermittent esotropia by head shaking. J AAPOS. 2007;11:206.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Kinsbourne M. Myoclonic encephalopathy of infants. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1962;25:271–276.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Kiwak KJ, Deray MJ, Shields WD. Torticollis in three children with syringomyelia and spinal cord tumor. Neurology. 1983;33:946–948.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Kiwak KJ. Establishing an etiology for torticollis. Postgrad Med. 1984;75:126–132.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Knight ME, Roberts RJ. Phenothiazine and butyrophenone intoxication in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1986;33:299.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Kohut RI. Perilymph fistula: clinical criteria. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:687–692.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Kraft SP, O’Donaghue EP, Roarty JD. Improvement of compensatory head postures after strabismus surgery. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:1301–1308.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Kral H, Michaelis U, Pieper HG, et al. Stimulation of bone growth through sports: A radiologic investigation of the upper extremities in professional tennis players. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:751–757.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Krefman RA, Goldberg MF. Ocular torticollis caused by refractive error. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:1278–1279.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Kushner BJ. Ocular causes of abnormal head postures. Ophthalmology. 1979;86:2115–2125.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Kushner BJ. Ocular torsion: Rotations around the “why” axis. J AAPOS. 2004;8:1–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Kwaham E, el Baba F, Kaba F. Abnormal head positions due to ocular problems. Ann Ophthalmol. 1987;19:466–472

    Google Scholar 

  139. Kyllerman M, Steen G. Intermittently progressive dyskinetic syndrome in glutaric adicuria. Neuropediatric. 1977;8:397–404.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Lambert SR, Newman NJ. Retinal disease masquerading as spasmus nutans. Neurology. 1993;43:1607–1609.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Lang J. Squint dating from birth or with early onset. Transactions of the First International Congress of Orthoptists. London: Henry Klimpton; 1968:231–237

    Google Scholar 

  142. Leigh JR, Zee DS, eds. The Neurology of Eye Movements. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 1991:246–249, 277

    Google Scholar 

  143. Lidge RT, Bechtol RC, Lambert CN. Congenital muscular torti­collis. Etiology and pathology. J Bone Joint Surg. 1957;39A:1165–1182

    Google Scholar 

  144. Ling CM. The influence of age on the results of open sternomastoid tenotomy in muscular torticollis. Clin Ortho Rel Res. 1976;116:142–148.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Lueder GT, Arther B, Garibaldi D, et al. Head-tilt dependent esotropia associated with trisomy 21. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:596–599.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. MacDonald D. Sternocleidomastoid tumor and muscular torticollis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1969;51B:442–443.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Marmor MA, Beauchamp GR, Maddox SF. Photophobia, epiphora, and torticollis: A masquerade syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1990;27:202–204.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. McIntosh D, Brown J, Hanson R, et al. Torticollis and bacterial meningitis. Ped Infect Dis J. 1993;12:160–161.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. McKnight P, Friedman J. Torticollis due to cervical epidural abscess and osteomyelitis. Neurology. 1992;42:696–697.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. McLaghlan RS. The significance of head and eye turning in seizures. Neurology. 1987;37:1617–1619.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Mein J, Harcourt B. Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Metz HS, Jampolsky A, O’Meara DM. Congenital ocular nystagmus and nystagmoid head movements. Am J Ophthalmol. 1974;74:1131–1133.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Miller NR, ed. Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-ophthalmology, II. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1985:893–897

    Google Scholar 

  154. Minshaw NJ, Williams DL. The new neurobiology of autism. Cortex, connectivity, and neuronal organization. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:945–950

    Google Scholar 

  155. Mocan MC, Wright KW, Salvador MG. Evidence of binocular fusion in a 3-week-old infant with transient abducens nerve paresis. J AAPOS. 2007;11:199–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Morimoto K, Abekura M, Nil Y, et al. Nodding attacks (infantile spasms) associated with temporal lobe astrocytoma - case report. Neurol Med Chir. 1989;29:610–613.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Morris HH, et al. The lateralizing significance of versive head and eye movements during epileptic seizures. Neurology. 1986;36:606–611.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Mount LA, Reback S. Familial paroxysmal choreoathetosis. Arch Neurol Psychiatry (Chicago). 1940;44:841–847.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Murayama K, Greenwood RS, Rao KW, et al. Neurological aspects of del (1q) syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 1991;40:488–492.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Nelhaus G. Abnormal head movements of young children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1983;25:384–398.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Newman SA. Spasmus nutans. Or is it? Surv Ophthalmol. 1990;34:453–456

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Norn MS. Congenital idiopathic nystagmus. Incidence and occupational prognosis. Ophthalmology. 1964;42:889.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Nucci P, de Pellegrin M, Brancato R. Atlantoaxial dislocation related to instilling eyedrops in a patient with Down’s syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;122:908–910.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Nucci P, Kushner BJ, Serafina M, et al. A multi-disciplinary study of the ocular, orthopedic, and neurologic causes of abnormal head postures in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:65–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Nutt AB. Abnormal head posture. Br Orthop J. 1963;20:18–28.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Ochs R, Gloor P, Quesney F, et al. Does head-turning during a seizure have lateralizing or localizing significance? Neurology. 1984;34:884–890.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. O’Donnell JJ, Howard RO. Torticollis associated with hiatus hernia (Sandifer’s syndrome). Am J Ophthalmol. 1971;71:1134–1137.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Osterberg G. On spasmus nutans. Acta Ophthalmol. 1937;15:457–467.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Parker W. Migraine and the vestibular system in childhood and adolescence. Am J Otol. 1989;10:364–371.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Parks MM. Isolated cyclovertical muscle palsy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1958;60:1027–1035.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Parulekar MV, Dai S, Buncic JR, et al. Head position-dependent changes in ocular torsion and vertical misalignment in skew deviation. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:899–905.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Paysse EA, Coats DK, Plager DA. Facial asymmetry and tendon laxity in superior oblique palsy. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1995;32:158–161.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Paysse EA, Coats DK. Anomalous head posture with early-onset homonymous hemianopia. J AAPOS. 1997;1:209–213.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Plager DA. Tendon laxity in superior oblique palsy. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:1032–1038.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Plagiocephaly and torticollis in young infants. Lancet. 1986;2:789–790 [Editorial]

    Google Scholar 

  176. Prensky AL. An approach to the child with paroxysmal phenomenon with emphasis on nonepileptic disorders. In: Dodson WE, Pellock JM, eds. Pediatric Epilepsy: Diagnosis and Therapy. New York: Demos Publications; 1993:63–80.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Ragge NK, Harris CM, Dillon MJ, et al. Ocular tilt reaction due to a mesencephalic lesion in juvenile polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135:249–251.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Rajput AH, Rozdilsky B, Ang L, et al. Clinicopathologic observations in essential tremor: Report of six cases. Neurology. 1991;41:1422–1424.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Richards RN, Barnett HJ. Paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis. Neurology. 1968;18:461–469.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Rivest J, Marsden CD. Trunk and head tremor as isolated manifestations of dystonia. Mov Disord. 1990;5:60–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Romano P. Editorial. Binoc Vis Q. 1997;12:85.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Rose KM, Havertape SA, Cruz OA. Development of spasmus nutans after initial diagnosis of infantile esotropia. Am Orthop J. 1999;49:193–195.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Rubin SE, Wagner RS. Ocular torticollis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1986;30:366–376.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Rubin SE, Slavin ML. Head nodding associated with intermittent esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1990;27:250–251.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Safran AB, Rossilion B. Why should Bielschowsky Head Tilt Test be negative in patients with skew deviation? Mechanism and significance. Trans 25th Eur Strabis Assoc Mtg. Lisse, Netherlands: Aeolus Press; 1999

    Google Scholar 

  186. Salem OH, Preston CB. Head posture and deprivation of visual stimuli. Am Orthop J. 2002;52:95–103.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Santiago AP, Rosenbaum AL. Dissociated vertical deviation and head tilts. J AAPOS. 1998;2:5–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Sarnet HB, Morrissy RT. Idiopathic torticollis: sternocleidomastoid myopathy and accessory neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 1981;4:374.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Saunders RA, Roberts EL. Abnormal head posture in patients with fourth cranial nerve palsy. Am Orthop J. 1995;45:24–33.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Scheffer RN, Zlotogora J, Elpeleg ON, et al. Behr’s syndrome and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;114:494–497.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Sedwick LA, Burde RM, Hodges FJ. Leigh’s subacute necrotizing encephalomyelitis manifesting as spasmus nutans. Ophthalmology. 1990;102:1046–1048.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Siatkowski RM, Fortney AC, Nazir SA. Visual field defects in deformational posterior plagiocephaly. JAAPOS. 2005;9:274–278.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Simonsz HJ, Florijn R, Bergen AAB, Kamermans M. Night blindness associated with transient tonic downgaze. Strabismus. 2009, In press.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Snyder CH. Paroxysmal torticollis of infancy: A possible form of labyrinthitis. AJDC. 1969;117:458–460.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Spielmann A. Pediatric nystagmus and strabismus. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1990;1:621–626.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Stevens DJ, Hertel RW. Relationships between visual acuity and anomalous head posture in patients with congenital nystagmus. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2003;40:259–264.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Still GF. Head nodding with nystagmus in infants. Lancet. 1906;2:207–209.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Stone J. Syphilis and the cardiovascular system. In: Schlant RC, Alexander RW, eds. The Heart. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994:1949–1952.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Stuart JA, Burian HM. Changes in horizontal heterophoria with elevation and depression of gaze. Am J Ophthalmol. 1962;53:274–279.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Suchowersky O, Calne DB. Non-dystonic causes of torticollis. Adv Neurol. 1988;50:501–508.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Taboas-Perez RA, Rivera-Reyes L. Head tilt: A revisit to an old sign of posterior fossa tumors. Bol Asoc Med PR. 1984;76(2):62–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Taylor D. Disorders of head and eye movements in children. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1980;100:489–494.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Thurston SE, Leigh RJ, Osorio I. Epileptic gaze deviation and nystagmus. Neurology. 1985;35:1518–1521.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Tomasovic JA, Nellhaus G, Moe PG. The bobble-headed doll syndrome: an early sign of hydrocephalus. Two new cases and a review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1975;17:777–792

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Twee TD. Congenital muscular torticollis: current concepts and review of treatment. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2006;18:26–29.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Urist MJ. Head tilt in vertical muscle paresis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1970;69:440–442.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Vanasse M, Bedard P, Andermann F. Shuddering attacks in children: An early clinical manifestation of essential tremor. Neurology. 1976;26:1027–1030.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. von Holst E. Die Gleichgewichtssinne der Fische. Verh Dtsch Zool Ges. 1935;15:143–148.

    Google Scholar 

  209. von Noorden GK. Clinical observations in cyclodeviations. Ophthalmology. 1979;86:1451–1461.

    Google Scholar 

  210. von Noorden GK, Ruttam M. Torticollis in paralysis of the trochlear nerve. Am Orthop J. 1983;33:16–20.

    Google Scholar 

  211. von Noorden GK. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: C.V. Mosby; 1990:372–378

    Google Scholar 

  212. von Noorden GK, Jenkins RH, Rosenbaum AL. Horizontal transposition of the vertical rectus muscles for treatment of ocular torticollis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1993;30:8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Walsh FB, Hoyt WF. Clinical Neuro-ophthalmology. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1969:151

    Google Scholar 

  214. Werlin SL, D’Souza BJ, et al. Sandifer syndrome: An unappreciated clinical entity. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1980;22:374–378.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Wesson ME. The ocular significance of abnormal head postures. Br Orthop J. 1964;21:14–28.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Wilson ME, Hoxie J. Facial asymmetry in superior oblique muscle palsy. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1993;30:315–318.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Wong A, Sharpe JA. Adaptations and deficits in the vestibulo-ocular reflex after third nerve palsy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:360–368.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Wyllie E, Luders H, Morris HH, et al. The lateralizing significance of versive head and eye movements during epileptic seizures. Neurology. 1986;36:606–611.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Wyllie E, Luders H, Morris HH, et al. Ipsilateral forced head and eye turning at the end of the generalized tonic-clonic phase of versive seizures. Neurology. 1986;36:1212–1217.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Professor of Ophthalmology and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

    Michael C. Brodsky M.D.

Authors
  1. Michael C. Brodsky M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brodsky, M.C. (2010). Torticollis and Head Oscillations. In: Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69069-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69069-8_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-69066-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-69069-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation