Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

KSHV Epidemiology and Subtype Evolution

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
DNA Tumor Viruses

  • 1241 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ablashi, D., Chatlynne, L., Cooper, H., Thomas, D., Yadav, M., Norhanom, A. W., Chandana, A. K., Churdboonchart, V., Kulpradist, S. A., Patnaik, M., Liegmann, K., Masood, R., Reitz, M., Cleghorn, F., Manns, A., Levine, P. H., Rabkin, C., Biggar, R., Jensen, F., Gill, P., Jack, N., Edwards, J., Whitman, J. and Boshoff, C. (1999) Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) in countries of Southeast Asia compared to the USA, the Caribbean and Africa. Br J Cancer. 81, 893–897.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alagiozoglou, L., Sitas, F. and Morris, L. (2000) Phylogenetic analysis of human herpesvirus-8 in South Africa and identification of a novel subgroup. J Gen Virol. 81, 2029–2038.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alkharsah, K. R., Dedicoat, M., Blasczyk, R., Newton, R. and Schulz, T. F. (2007) Influence of HLA alleles on shedding of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in saliva in an African population. J Infect Dis. 195, 809–816.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almuneef, M., Nimjee, S., Khoshnood, K., Miller, G. and Rigsby, M. O. (2001) Prevalence of antibodies to human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) in Saudi Arabian patients with and without renal failure. Transplantation. 71, 1120–1124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arav-Boger, R., Willoughby, R. E., Pass, R. F., Zong, J. C., Jang, W. J., Alcendor, D. and Hayward, G. S. (2002) Polymorphisms of the cytomegalovirus (CMV)-encoded tumor necrosis factor-alpha and beta-chemokine receptors in congenital CMV disease. J Infect Dis. 186, 1057–1064.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ariyoshi, K., Schim van der Loeff, M., Cook, P., Whitby, D., Corrah, T., Jaffar, S., Cham, F., Sabally, S., O'Donovan, D., Weiss, R. A., Schulz, T. F. and Whittle, H. (1998) Kaposi's sarcoma in the Gambia, West Africa is less frequent in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 than in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection despite a high prevalence of human herpesvirus 8. J Hum Virol. 1, 193–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ascoli, V., Belli, S., Benedetti, M., Trinca, S., Ricci, P. and Comba, P. (2001) High incidence of classic Kaposi's sarcoma in Mantua, Po Valley, Northern Italy (1989–1998). Br J Cancer. 85, 379–382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J., Edlin, B. R., Engels, E. A., Kral, A. H., Seal, K., Gamache, C. J., Whitby, D. and O'Brien, T. R. (2003) Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 among injection drug users in San Francisco. J Infect Dis. 187, 974–981.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baeten, J. M., Chohan, B. H., Lavreys, L., Rakwar, J. P., Ashley, R., Richardson, B. A., Mandaliya, K., Bwayo, J. J. and Kreiss, J. K. (2002) Correlates of human herpesvirus 8 seropositivity among heterosexual men in Kenya. Aids. 16, 2073–2078.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bassett, M. T., Chokunonga, E., Mauchaza, B., Levy, L., Ferlay, J. and Parkin, D. M. (1995) Cancer in the African population of Harare, Zimbabwe, 1990–1992. Int J Cancer. 63, 29–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beral, V., Peterman, T. A., Berkelman, R. L. and Jaffe, H. W. (1990) Kaposi's sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection? Lancet.335, 123–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biggar, R. J., Engels, E. A., Whitby, D., Kedes, D. H. and Goedert, J. J. (2003) Antibody reactivity to latent and lytic antigens to human herpesvirus-8 in longitudinally followed homosexual men. J Infect Dis. 187, 12–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biggar, R. J., Whitby, D., Marshall, V., Linhares, A. C. and Black, F. (2000) Human herpesvirus 8 in Brazilian Amerindians: a hyperendemic population with a new subtype. J Infect Dis. 181, 1562–1568.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boshoff, C., Whitby, D., Hatziioannou, T., Fisher, C., van der Walt, J., Hatzakis, A., Weiss, R. and Schulz, T. (1995) Kaposi's-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in HIV-negative Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet. 345, 1043–1044.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourboulia, D., Whitby, D., Boshoff, C., Newton, R., Beral, V., Carrara, H., Lane, A. and Sitas, F. (1998) Serologic evidence for mother-to-child transmission of Kaposi sarcoma- associated herpesvirus infection. JAMA. 280, 31–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, M. M., Glenn, M., Rainbow, L., Kieser, A., Henke-Gendo, C. and Schulz, T. F. (2003) Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-kappaB pathways by a Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K15 membrane protein. J Virol. 77, 9346–9358.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, M. M. and Schulz, T. F. (2006) Regulation of intracellular signalling by the terminal membrane proteins of members of the Gammaherpesvirinae. J Gen Virol. 87, 1047–1074.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, E. E., Fallin, D., Ruczinski, I., Hutchinson, A., Staats, B., Vitale, F., Lauria, C., Serraino, D., Rezza, G., Mbisa, G., Whitby, D., Messina, A., Goedert, J. J. and Chanock, S. J. (2006a) Associations of classic Kaposi sarcoma with common variants in genes that modulate host immunity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 15, 926–934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, E. E., Fallin, M. D., Goedert, J. J., Hutchinson, A., Vitale, F., Lauria, C., Giuliani, M., Marshall, V., Mbisa, G., Serraino, D., Messina, A., Durum, S., Whitby, D. and Chanock, S. J. (2006b) Host Immunogenetics and Control of Human Herpesvirus-8 Infection. J Infect Dis. 193, 1054–1062.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calabro, M. L., Fiore, J. R., Favero, A., Lepera, A., Saracino, A., Angarano, G., Schulz, T. F. and Chieco-Bianchi, L. (1999) Detection of human herpesvirus 8 in cervicovaginal secretions and seroprevalence in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive and – seronegative women. J Infect Dis. 179, 1534–1537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calabro, M. L., Sheldon, J., Favero, A., Simpson, G. R., Fiore, J. R., Gomes, E., Angarano, G., Chieco-Bianchi, L. and Schulz, T. F. (1998) Seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 in several regions of Italy. J Hum Virol. 1, 207–213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, M. J., Dollard, S. C., Smith, D. K., Klein, R. S., Schuman, P., Rich, J. D., Vlahov, D. and Pellett, P. E. (2001) Blood-borne and sexual transmission of human herpesvirus 8 in women with or at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 344, 637–643.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cattani, P., Cerimele, F., Porta, D., Graffeo, R., Ranno, S., Marchetti, S., Ricci, R., Capodicasa, N., Fuga, L., Amico, R., Cherchi, G., Gazzilli, M., Zanetti, S. and Fadda, G. (2003) Age-specific seroprevalence of Human Herpesvirus 8 in Mediterranean regions. Clin Microbiol Infect. 9, 274–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cesarman, E., Chang, Y., Moore, P. S., Said, J. W. and Knowles, D. M. (1995) Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS- related body-cavity-based lymphomas. N Engl J Med. 332, 1186–1191.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandran, B., Smith, M. S., Koelle, D. M., Corey, L., Horvat, R. and Goldstein, E. (1998) Reactivities of human sera with human herpesvirus-8-infected BCBL-1 cells and identification of HHV-8-specific proteins and glycoproteins and the encoding cDNAs. Virology. 243, 208–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, Y., Cesarman, E., Pessin, M. S., Lee, F., Culpepper, J., Knowles, D. M. and Moore, P. S. (1994) Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science. 266, 1865–1869.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, Y., Ziegler, J., Wabinga, H., Katangole-Mbidde, E., Boshoff, C., Schulz, T., Whitby, D., Maddalena, D., Jaffe, H. W., Weiss, R. A. and Moore, P. S. (1996) Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa. Uganda Kaposi's Sarcoma Study Group. Arch Intern Med. 156, 202–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, N., Nelson, K. E., Jenkins, F. J., Suriyanon, V., Duerr, A., Costello, C., Robison, V. and Jacobson, L. P. (2004) Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 infection in Northern Thailand. Clin Infect Dis. 39, 1052–1058.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chironna, M., Tosatti, M. A., Di Gangi, I. M., Sallustio, A., Germinario, C., Coluzzi, M., Quarto, M., Chieco-Bianchi, L. and Calabro, M. L. (2006) High human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence in populations from Western Balkan countries. J Med Virol. 78, 933–937.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, J. K., Lee, B. S., Shim, S. N., Li, M. and Jung, J. U. (2000) Identification of the novel K15 gene at the rightmost end of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome. J Virol. 74, 436–446.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collenberg, E., Ouedraogo, T., Ganame, J., Fickenscher, H., Kynast-Wolf, G., Becher, H., Kouyate, B., Krausslich, H. G., Sangare, L. and Tebit, D. M. (2006) Seroprevalence of six different viruses among pregnant women and blood donors in rural and urban Burkina Faso: A comparative analysis. J Med Virol. 78, 683–692.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coluzzi, M., Calabro, M. L., Manno, D., Chieco-Bianchi, L., Schulz, T. F. and Ascoli, V. (2003) Reduced seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), related to suppression of Anopheles density in Italy. Med Vet Entomol. 17, 461–464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coluzzi, M., Manno, D., Guzzinati, S., Tognazzo, S., Zambon, P., Arca, B., Costantini, C. and Ascoli, V. (2002) The bloodsucking arthropod bite as possible cofactor in the transmission of human herpesvirus-8 infection and in the expression of Kaposi's sarcoma disease. Parassitologia. 44, 123–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook-Mozaffari, P., Newton, R., Beral, V. and Burkitt, D. P. (1998) The geographical distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma and of lymphomas in Africa before the AIDS epidemic. Br J Cancer. 78, 1521–1528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, P. M., Whitby, D., Calabro, M. L., Luppi, M., Kakoola, D. N., Hjalgrim, H., Ariyoshi, K., Ensoli, B., Davison, A. J. and Schulz, T. F. (1999) Variability and evolution of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in Europe and Africa. International Collaborative Group. Aids. 13, 1165–1176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cool, C. D., Rai, P. R., Yeager, M. E., Hernandez-Saavedra, D., Serls, A. E., Bull, T. M., Geraci, M. W., Brown, K. K., Routes, J. M., Tuder, R. M. and Voelkel, N. F. (2003) Expression of human herpesvirus 8 in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Eng J Med. 349, 1113–1122.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cunha, A. M., Caterino-de-Araujo, A., Costa, S. C., Santos-Fortuna, E., Boa-Sorte, N. C., Goncalves, M. S., Costa, F. F. and Galvao-Castro, B. (2005) Increasing seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) with age confirms HHV-8 endemicity in Amazon Amerindians from Brazil. J Gen Virol. 86, 2433–2437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Damania, B. and Jung, J. U. (2001) Comparative analysis of the transforming mechanisms of Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and Herpesvirus saimiri. Adv Cancer Res. 80, 51–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dambaugh, T., Hennessy, K., Chamnankit, L. and Kieff, E. (1984) U2 region of Epstein-Barr virus DNA may encode Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 81, 7632–7636.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Sanjose, S., Marshall, V., Sola, J., Palacio, V., Almirall, R., Goedert, J. J., Bosch, F. X. and Whitby, D. (2002) Prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in sex workers and women from the general population in Spain. Int J Cancer. 98, 155–158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dedicoat, M., Newton, R., Alkharsah, K. R., Sheldon, J., Szabados, I., Ndlovu, B., Page, T., Casabonne, D., Gilks, C. F., Cassol, S. A., Whitby, D. and Schulz, T. F. (2004) Mother-to-child transmission of human herpesvirus-8 in South Africa. J Infect Dis. 190, 1068–1075.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delorme, S., Houde, I. and Deschenes, L. (2003) Seroprevalence of antibodies against human herpesvirus 8 in a population of renal transplant recipients at Hotel-Dieu de Quebec Hospital. J Clin Microbiol. 41, 5207–5208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeSantis, S. M., Pau, C. P., Archibald, L. K., Nwanyanwu, O. C., Kazembe, P. N., Dobbie, H., Jarvis, W. R. and Jason, J. (2002) Demographic and immune correlates of human herpesvirus 8 seropositivity in Malawi, Africa. Int J Infect Dis. 6, 266–271.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Alberti, L., Piattelli, A., Artese, L., Favia, G., Patel, S., Saunders, N., Porter, S. R., Scully, C. M., Ngui, S. L. and Teo, C. G. (1997) Human herpesvirus 8 variants in sarcoid tissues. Lancet. 350, 1655–1661.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, C., Huang, M. L., Kedes, D. H., Speck, C., Rankin, G. W., Jr., Ganem, D., Coombs, R. W., Rose, T. M., Krieger, J. N. and Corey, L. (1997) Absence of detectable human herpesvirus 8 in the semen of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men without Kaposi's sarcoma. J Infect Dis. 176, 775–777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dilnur, P., Katano, H., Wang, Z. H., Osakabe, Y., Kudo, M., Sata, T. and Ebihara, Y. (2001) Classic type of Kaposi's sarcoma and human herpesvirus 8 infection in Xinjiang, China. Pathol Int. 51, 845–852.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, A., Jamieson, F. E., Cunningham, C., Barnett, B. C. and McGeoch, D. J. (1998) The genome sequence of herpes simplex virus type 2. J Virol. 72, 2010–2021.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dollard, S. C., Nelson, K. E., Ness, P. M., Stambolis, V., Kuehnert, M. J., Pellett, P. E. and Cannon, M. J. (2005) Possible transmission of human herpesvirus-8 by blood transfusion in a historical United States cohort. Transfusion. 45, 500–503.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dupin, N., Grandadam, M., Calvez, V., Gorin, I., Aubin, J. T., Havard, S., Lamy, F., Leibowitch, M., Huraux, J. M., Escande, J. P. and et al. (1995) Herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in patients with Mediterranean Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet. 345, 761–762.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duprez, R., Hbid, O., Afonso, P., Quach, H., Belloul, L., Fajali, N., Ismaili, N., Benomar, H., Hassane Tahri, E., Huerre, M., Quintana-Murci, L. and Gessain, A. (2006) Molecular epidemiology of the HHV-8 K1 gene from Moroccan patients with Kaposi's sarcoma. Virology. 353, 121–132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enbom, M., Sheldon, J., Lennette, E., Schulz, T., Ablashi, D. V., Neipel, F., Biberfeld, P., Carlberg, H., Ljungman, P., Nilsson, A., Soderstrom, T., Wadstrom, J. and Linde, A. (2000) Antibodies to human herpesvirus 8 latent and lytic antigens in blood donors and potential high-risk groups in Sweden: variable frequencies found in a multicenter serological study. J Med Virol. 62, 498–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engels, E. A., Atkinson, J. O., Graubard, B. I., McQuillan, G. M., Gamache, C., Mbisa, G., Cohn, S., Whitby, D. and Goedert, J. J. (2007) Risk factors for human herpesvirus 8 infection amaong adults in the United States and evidence for sexual transmission. J Infect Dis. 196, 199–207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engels, E. A., Clark, E., Aledort, L. M., Goedert, J. J. and Whitby, D. (2002) Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in elderly Jews and non-Jews from New York City. Int J Epidemiol. 31, 946–950.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engels, E. A., Sinclair, M. D., Biggar, R. J., Whitby, D., Ebbesen, P., Goedert, J. J. and Gastwirth, J. L. (2000) Latent class analysis of human herpesvirus 8 assay performance and infection prevalence in sub-saharan Africa and Malta. Int J Cancer. 88, 1003–1008.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engels, E. A., Whitby, D., Goebel, P. B., Stossel, A., Waters, D., Pintus, A., Contu, L., Biggar, R. J. and Goedert, J. J. (2000) Identifying human herpesvirus 8 infection: performance characteristics of serologic assays. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 23, 346–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farge, D., Lebbe, C., Marjanovic, Z., Tuppin, P., Mouquet, C., Peraldi, M. N., Lang, P., Hiesse, C., Antoine, C., Legendre, C., Bedrossian, J., Gagnadoux, M. F., Loirat, C., Pellet, C., Sheldon, J., Golmard, J. L., Agbalika, F. and Schulz, T. F. (1999) Human herpes virus-8 and other risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma in kidney transplant recipients. Groupe Cooperatif de Transplantation d' Ile de France (GCIF). Transplantation. 67, 1236–1242.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fouchard, N., Lacoste, V., Couppie, P., Develoux, M., Mauclere, P., Michel, P., Herve, V., Pradinaud, R., Bestetti, G., Huerre, M., Tekaia, F., de The, G. and Gessain, A. (2000) Detection and genetic polymorphism of human herpes virus type 8 in endemic or epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma from West and Central Africa, and South America. Int J Cancer. 85, 166–170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franceschi, S. and Geddes, M. (1995) Epidemiology of classic Kaposi's sarcoma, with special reference to mediterranean population. Tumori. 81, 308–314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gambus, G., Bourboulia, D., Esteve, A., Lahoz, R., Rodriguez, C., Bolao, F., Sirera, G., Muga, R., del Romero, J., Boshoff, C., Whitby, D. and Casabona, J. (2001) Prevalence and distribution of HHV-8 in different subpopulations, with and without HIV infection, in Spain. Aids. 15, 1167–1174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, S. J., Kingsley, L., Li, M., Zheng, W., Parravicini, C., Ziegler, J., Newton, R., Rinaldo, C. R., Saah, A., Phair, J., Detels, R., Chang, Y. and Moore, P. S. (1996) KSHV antibodies among Americans, Italians and Ugandans with and without Kaposi's sarcoma. Nat Med. 2, 925–928.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, M., Franceschi, S., Balzi, D., Arniani, S., Gafa, L. and Zanetti, R. (1995) Birthplace and classic Kaposi's sarcoma in Italy. Associazione Italiana Registri Tumori. J Natl Cancer Inst. 87, 1015–1017.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, M., Franceschi, S., Barchielli, A., Falcini, F., Carli, S., Cocconi, G., Conti, E., Crosignani, P., Gafa, L., Giarelli, L. and et al. (1994) Kaposi's sarcoma in Italy before and after the AIDS epidemic. Br J Cancer. 69, 333–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gessain, A., Mauclere, P., van Beveren, M., Plancoulaine, S., Ayouba, A., Essame-Oyono, J. L., Martin, P. M. and de The, G. (1999) Human herpesvirus 8 primary infection occurs during childhood in Cameroon, Central Africa. Int J Cancer. 81, 189–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, M., Rainbow, L., Aurad, F., Davison, A. and Schulz, T. F. (1999) Identification of a spliced gene from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encoding a protein with similarities to latent membrane proteins 1 and 2A of Epstein-Barr virus. J Virol. 73, 6953–6963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenblatt, R. M., Jacobson, L. P., Levine, A. M., Melnick, S., Anastos, K., Cohen, M., DeHovitz, J., Young, M. A., Burns, D., Miotti, P. and Koelle, D. M. (2001) Human herpesvirus 8 infection and Kaposi's sarcoma among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -uninfected women. J Infect Dis. 183, 1130–1134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grulich, A. E., Cunningham, P., Munier, M. L., Prestage, G., Amin, J., Ringland, C., Whitby, D., Kippax, S., Kaldor, J. M. and Rawlinson, W. (2005) Sexual behaviour and human herpesvirus 8 infection in homosexual men in Australia. Sex Health. 2, 13–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, G. S. (1999) KSHV strains: the origins and global spread of the virus. Semin Cancer Biol. 9, 187–199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, G. S., Frenkel, N. and Roizman, B. (1975) Anatomy of herpes simplex virus DNA: strain differences and heterogeneity in the locations of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 72, 1768–1772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, G. S. and Zong, J. (2006) Modern Evolutionary History of The Human KSHV Genome. Current Topics in Medical Immunology. 312, 1–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henke-Gendo, C., Schulz, T. F. and Hoeper, M. M. (2004) HHV-8 in pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 350, 194–195; author reply 194–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hjalgrim, H., Lind, I., Rostgaard, K., Melbye, M., Frisch, M., Stossel, A., Reimann, K., Biggar, R. J. and Whitby, D. (2001) Prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 antibodies in young adults in Denmark (1976–1977). J Natl Cancer Inst. 93, 1569–1571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hladik, W., Dollard, S. C., Downing, R. G., Kataaha, P., Pellett, P. E., Karon, J. M., Mermin, J. and Lackritz, E. M. (2003) Kaposi's sarcoma in Uganda: risk factors for human herpesvirus 8 infection among blood donors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 33, 206–210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hladik, W., Dollard, S. C., Mermin, J., Fowlkes, A. L., Downing, R., Amin, M. M., Banage, F., Nzaro, E., Kataaha, P., Dondero, T. J., Pellett, P. E. and Lackritz, E. M. (2006) Transmission of human herpesvirus 8 by blood transfusion. N Engl J Med. 355, 1331–1338.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, M. R., Whitby, D., Bahadur, G., Suggett, F., Boshoff, C., Tenant-Flowers, M., Schulz, T. F., Kirk, S., Matthews, S., Weller, I. V., Tedder, R. S. and Weiss, R. A. (1997) Detection of human herpesvirus 8 DNA in semen from HIV-infected individuals but not healthy semen donors. Aids. 11, F15–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, L. M., Huang, S. Y., Chen, M. Y., Chao, M. F., Lu, C. Y., Tien, H. F., Lee, C. Y. and Jeang, K. T. (2000) Geographical differences in human herpesvirus 8 seroepidemiology: a survey of 1,201 individuals in Asia. J Med Virol. 60, 290–293.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudnall, S. D., Chen, T., Rady, P., Tyring, S. and Allison, P. (2003) Human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence and viral load in healthy adult blood donors. Transfusion. 43, 85–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juhasz, A., Remenyik, E., Konya, J., Veress, G., Begany, A., Andirko, I., Medgyessy, I., Hunyadi, J. and Gergely, L. (2001) Prevalence and age distribution of human herpesvirus-8 specific antibodies in Hungarian blood donors. J Med Virol. 64, 526–530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kajumbula, H., Wallace, R. G., Zong, J. C., Hokello, J., Sussman, N., Simms, S., Rockwell, R. F., Pozos, R., Hayward, G. S. and Boto, W. (2006) Ugandan Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus phylogeny: evidence for cross-ethnic transmission of viral subtypes. Intervirology. 49, 133–143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kakoola, D. N., Sheldon, J., Byabazaire, N., Bowden, R. J., Katongole-Mbidde, E., Schulz, T. F. and Davison, A. J. (2001) Recombination in human herpesvirus-8 strains from Uganda and evolution of the K15 gene. J Gen Virol. 82, 2393–2404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaposi, M. (1872) Idiopathisches multiples pigmentsarcom der haut. Arch. Dermatol und Syphillis. 4, 265–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasolo, F. C., Mpabalwani, E. and Gompels, U. A. (1997) Infection with AIDS-related herpesviruses in human immunodeficiency virus-negative infants and endemic childhood Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa. J Gen Virol. 78, 847–855.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazanji, M., Dussart, P., Duprez, R., Tortevoye, P., Pouliquen, J. F., Vandekerkhove, J., Couppie, P., Morvan, J., Talarmin, A. and Gessain, A. (2005) Serological and Molecular Evidence That Human Herpesvirus 8 Is Endemic among Amerindians in French Guiana. J Infect Dis. 192, 1525–1529.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kedes, D. H., Operskalski, E., Busch, M., Kohn, R., Flood, J. and Ganem, D. (1996) The seroepidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus): distribution of infection in KS risk groups and evidence for sexual transmission. Nat Med. 2, 918–924.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaskala, W., Brayfield, B. P., Kankasa, C., Bhat, G., West, J. T., Mitchell, C. D. and Wood, C. (2005) Epidemiological characteristics of human herpesvirus-8 infection in a large population of antenatal women in Zambia. J Med Virol. 75, 93–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacoste, V., Judde, J. G., Briere, J., Tulliez, M., Garin, B., Kassa-Kelembho, E., Morvan, J., Couppie, P., Clyti, E., Forteza Vila, J., Rio, B., Delmer, A., Mauclere, P. and Gessain, A. (2000) Molecular epidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 in africa: both B and A5 K1 genotypes, as well as the M and P genotypes of K14.1/K15 loci, are frequent and widespread. Virology. 278, 60–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laney, A. S., De Marco, T., Peters, J. S., Malloy, M., Teehankee, C., Moore, P. S. and Chang, Y. (2005) Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 127, 762–767.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laney, A. S., Dollard, S. C., Jaffe, H. W., Offermann, M. K., Spira, T. J., Gunthel, C. J., Pellett, P. E. and Cannon, M. J. (2004) Repeated measures study of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) DNA and antibodies in men seropositive for both HHV-8 and HIV. Aids. 18, 1819–1826.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavreys, L., Chohan, B., Ashley, R., Richardson, B. A., Corey, L., Mandaliya, K., Ndinya-Achola, J. O. and Kreiss, J. K. (2003) Human herpesvirus 8: seroprevalence and correlates in prostitutes in Mombasa, Kenya. J Infect Dis. 187, 359–363.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lebbe, C., Agbalika, F., Flageul, B., Pellet, C., Rybojad, M., Cordoliani, F., Farge, D., Vignon-Pennamen, M. D., Sheldon, J., Morel, P., Calvo, F. and Schulz, T. F. (1999) No evidence for a role of human herpesvirus type 8 in sarcoidosis: molecular and serological analysis. Br J Dermatol. 141, 492–496.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lennette, E. T., Blackbourn, D. J. and Levy, J. A. (1996) Antibodies to human herpesvirus type 8 in the general population and in Kaposi's sarcoma patients. Lancet. 348, 858–861.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ling, P. D., Ryon, J. J. and Hayward, S. D. (1993) EBNA-2 of herpesvirus papio diverges significantly from the type A and type B EBNA-2 proteins of Epstein-Barr virus but retains an efficient transactivation domain with a conserved hydrophobic motif. J Virol. 67, 2990–3003.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luebcke, E., Dubovi, E., Black, D., Ohsawa, K. and Eberle, R. (2006) Isolation and characterization of a chimpanzee alphaherpesvirus. J Gen Virol. 87, 11–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyall, E. G., Patton, G. S., Sheldon, J., Stainsby, C., Mullen, J., O'Shea, S., Smith, N. A., De Ruiter, A., McClure, M. O. and Schulz, T. F. (1999) Evidence for horizontal and not vertical transmission of human herpesvirus 8 in children born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 18, 795–799.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, J., Sheldon, J., Morgan, G., Cook, G., Schulz, T. F. and Jarrett, R. F. (1997) HHV-8 and multiple myeloma in the UK. Lancet. 350, 1144–1145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malope, B. I., Pfeiffer, R. M., Mbisa, G., Stein, L., Ratshikhopha, E. M., O'Connell D, L., Sitas, F., Macphail, P. and Whitby, D. (2006) Transmission of Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Between Mothers and Children in a South African Population. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 44, 351–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mantina, H., Kankasa, C., Klaskala, W., Brayfield, B., Campbell, J., Du, Q., Bhat, G., Kasolo, F., Mitchell, C. and Wood, C. (2001) Vertical transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Int J Cancer. 94, 749–752.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcelin, A. G., Dupin, N., Bossi, P. and Calvez, V. (1998) Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus-8 in healthy subjects and patients with AIDS-associated and classical Kaposi's sarcoma in France. Aids. 12, 539–540.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, V., Parks, T., Bagni, R., Wang, C. D., Samols, M. A., Hu, J., Wyvil, K. M., Aleman, K., Little, R. F., Yarchoan, R., Renne, R. and Whitby, D. (2007) Conservation of Virally Encoded MicroRNAs in Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus in Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cell Lines and in Patients with Kaposi Sarcoma or Multicentric Castleman Disease. J Infect Dis. 195, 645–659.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, E. T., Koelle, D. M., Byrd, B., Huang, M. L., Vieira, J., Corey, L. and Wald, A. (2006) Sequence-based methods for identifying epidemiologically linked herpes simplex virus type 2 strains. J Clin Microbiol. 44, 2541–2546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. N. (2003) Diagnosis and epidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 infection. Semin Hematol. 40, 133–142.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. N., Ganem, D. E., Osmond, D. H., Page-Shafer, K. A., Macrae, D. and Kedes, D. H. (1998) Sexual transmission and the natural history of human herpesvirus 8 infection. N Engl J Med. 338, 948–954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. N. and Osmond, D. H. (2000) Invited commentary: determining specific sexual practices associated with human herpesvirus 8 transmission. Am J Epidemiol. 151, 225–229; discussion 230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martro, E., Esteve, A., Schulz, T. F., Sheldon, J., Gambus, G., Munoz, R., Whitby, D. and Casabona, J. (2007) Risk factors for human Herpesvirus 8 infection and AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma among men who have sex with men in a European multicentre study. Int J Cancer. 120, 1129–1135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayama, S., Cuevas, L. E., Sheldon, J., Omar, O. H., Smith, D. H., Okong, P., Silvel, B., Hart, C. A. and Schulz, T. F. (1998) Prevalence and transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in Ugandan children and adolescents. Int J Cancer. 77, 817–820.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mbulaiteye, S. M., Biggar, R. J., Bakaki, P. M., Pfeiffer, R. M., Whitby, D., Owor, A. M., Katongole-Mbidde, E., Goedert, J. J., Ndugwa, C. M. and Engels, E. A. (2003) Human herpesvirus 8 infection and transfusion history in children with sickle-cell disease in Uganda. J Natl Cancer Inst. 95, 1330–1335.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mbulaiteye, S. M., Biggar, R. J., Pfeiffer, R. M., Bakaki, P. M., Gamache, C., Owor, A. M., Katongole-Mbidde, E., Ndugwa, C. M., Goedert, J. J., Whitby, D. and Engels, E. A. (2005) Water, socioeconomic factors, and human herpesvirus 8 infection in Ugandan children and their mothers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 38, 474–479.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mbulaiteye, S. M., Pfeiffer, R. M., Engels, E. A., Marshall, V., Bakaki, P. M., Owor, A. M., Ndugwa, C. M., Katongole-Mbidde, E., Goedert, J. J., Biggar, R. J. and Whitby, D. (2004) Detection of kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus DNA in saliva and buffy-coat samples from children with sickle cell disease in Uganda. J Infect Dis. 190, 1382–1386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mbulaiteye, S. M., Pfeiffer, R. M., Whitby, D., Brubaker, G. R., Shao, J. and Biggar, R. J. (2003) Human herpesvirus 8 infection within families in rural Tanzania. J Infect Dis. 187, 1780–1785.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGeoch, D. J. and Cook, S. (1994) Molecular phylogeny of the alphaherpesvirinae subfamily and a proposed evolutionary timescale. J Mol Biol. 238, 9–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGeoch, D. J., Cook, S., Dolan, A., Jamieson, F. E. and Telford, E. A. (1995) Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary timescale for the family of mammalian herpesviruses. J Mol Biol. 247, 443–458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng, Y. X., Sata, T., Stamey, F. R., Voevodin, A., Katano, H., Koizumi, H., Deleon, M., De Cristofano, M. A., Galimberti, R. and Pellett, P. E. (2001) Molecular characterization of strains of Human herpesvirus 8 from Japan, Argentina and Kuwait. J Gen Virol. 82, 499–506.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng, Y. X., Spira, T. J., Bhat, G. J., Birch, C. J., Druce, J. D., Edlin, B. R., Edwards, R., Gunthel, C., Newton, R., Stamey, F. R., Wood, C. and Pellett, P. E. (1999) Individuals from North America, Australasia, and Africa are infected with four different genotypes of human herpesvirus 8. Virology. 261, 106–119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyagi, J., Masuda, M., Uezato, H., Sawada, T., Miyakuni, T., Miyoshi, I. and Takasu, N. (2002) Increased risk of human herpesvirus-8 infection in patients with adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma in Okinawa. Leukemia. 16, 1881–1882.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanna, S., Maco, V., Gown, A., Morales, D., Bravo, F. and Gotuzzo, E. (2006) Is classic Kaposi's sarcoma endemic in Peru?: report of a case in an indigenous patient. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 75, 324–326.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanna, S., Portillo, J. A., Carriquiry, G., Vidal, J., Ferrufino, J. C., Sanchez, J., Bravo, F. and Gotuzzo, E. (2007) Human herpesvirus-8 in Peruvian blood donors: a population with hyperendemic disease? Clin Infect Dis. 44, 558–561.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, P. S., Kingsley, L. A., Holmberg, S. D., Spira, T., Gupta, P., Hoover, D. R., Parry, J. P., Conley, L. J., Jaffe, H. W. and Chang, Y. (1996) Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection prior to onset of Kaposi's sarcoma. Aids. 10, 175–180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, A., Bendick, C., Salzberger, B., Him, S. and Franzen, C. (2001) Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus-8 in different patient groups in Cambodia and Germany. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 20, 291–293.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, R., Ziegler, J., Bourboulia, D., Casabonne, D., Beral, V., Mbidde, E., Carpenter, L., Reeves, G., Parkin, D. M., Wabinga, H., Mbulaiteye, S., Jaffe, H., Weiss, R. and Boshoff, C. (2003) The sero-epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) in adults with cancer in Uganda. Int J Cancer. 103, 226–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norberg, P., Bergstrom, T., Rekabdar, E., Lindh, M. and Liljeqvist, J. A. (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 isolates identified three genetic groups and recombinant viruses. J Virol. 78, 10755–10764.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oettle, A. G. (1962) Geographical and racial differences in the frequency of Kaposi s sarcoma as evidence of environmental or genetic causes. In: Ackerman, L. V. and Murray, J. F. (eds) Symposium on Kaposi s sarcoma. Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, D. M. (2006) The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer. 118, 3030–3044.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pauk, J., Huang, M. L., Brodie, S. J., Wald, A., Koelle, D. M., Schacker, T., Celum, C., Selke, S. and Corey, L. (2000) Mucosal shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in men. N Engl J Med. 343, 1369–1377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pellett, P. E., Wright, D. J., Engels, E. A., Ablashi, D. V., Dollard, S. C., Forghani, B., Glynn, S. A., Goedert, J. J., Jenkins, F. J., Lee, T. H., Neipel, F., Todd, D. S., Whitby, D., Nemo, G. J. and Busch, M. P. (2003) Multicenter comparison of serologic assays and estimation of human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence among US blood donors. Transfusion. 43, 1260–1268.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez, C., Tous, M., Gallego, S., Zala, N., Rabinovich, O., Garbiero, S., Martinez, M. J., Cunha, A. M., Camino, S., Camara, A., Costa, S. C., Larrondo, M., Francalancia, V., Landreau, F. and Bartomioli, M. A. (2004) Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus-8 in blood donors from different geographical regions of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. J Med Virol. 72, 661–667.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plancoulaine, S., Abel, L., Tregouet, D., Duprez, R., van Beveren, M., Tortevoye, P., Froment, A. and Gessain, A. (2004) Respective roles of serological status and blood specific antihuman herpesvirus 8 antibody levels in human herpesvirus 8 intrafamilial transmission in a highly endemic area. Cancer Res. 64, 8782–8787.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plancoulaine, S., Abel, L., van Beveren, M., Tregouet, D. A., Joubert, M., Tortevoye, P., de The, G. and Gessain, A. (2000) Human herpesvirus 8 transmission from mother to child and between siblings in an endemic population. Lancet. 356, 1062–1065.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poole, L. J., Zong, J. C., Ciufo, D. M., Alcendor, D. J., Cannon, J. S., Ambinder, R., Orenstein, J. M., Reitz, M. S. and Hayward, G. S. (1999) Comparison of genetic variability at multiple loci across the genomes of the major subtypes of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus reveals evidence for recombination and for two distinct types of open reading frame K15 alleles at the right-hand end. J Virol. 73, 6646–6660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preiser, W., Szep, N. I., Lang, D., Doerr, H. W. and Rabenau, H. F. (2001) Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus seroprevalence in selected german patients: evaluation by different test systems. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl). 190, 121–127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin, C. S., Schulz, T. F., Whitby, D., Lennette, E. T., Magpantay, L. I., Chatlynne, L. and Biggar, R. J. (1998) Interassay correlation of human herpesvirus 8 serologic tests. HHV-8 Interlaboratory Collaborative Group. J Infect Dis. 178, 304–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renwick, N., Dukers, N. H., Weverling, G. J., Sheldon, J. A., Schulz, T. F., Prins, M., Coutinho, R. A. and Goudsmit, J. (2002) Risk factors for human herpesvirus 8 infection in a cohort of drug users in the Netherlands, 1985–1996. J Infect Dis. 185, 1808–1812.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renwick, N., Halaby, T., Weverling, G. J., Dukers, N. H., Simpson, G. R., Coutinho, R. A., Lange, J. M., Schulz, T. F. and Goudsmit, J. (1998) Seroconversion for human herpesvirus 8 during HIV infection is highly predictive of Kaposi's sarcoma. Aids. 12, 2481–2488.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rettig, M. B., Ma, H. J., Vescio, R. A., Pold, M., Schiller, G., Belson, D., Savage, A., Nishikubo, C., Wu, C., Fraser, J., Said, J. W. and Berenson, J. R. (1997) Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection of bone marrow dendritic cells from multiple myeloma patients. Science. 276, 1851–1854.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rode, O. D., Lepej, S. Z. and Begovac, J. (2005) Low seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 infection in Croatia. Clin Infect Dis. 40, 1208.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, N., Watters, A. K. and Brassard, A. (2005) Classic Kaposi's sarcoma in the Inuit of northern Quebec. J Am Acad Dermatol. 52, 31–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, R. K., Casagrande, J. T., Dworsky, R. L., Levine, A. and Mack, T. (1985) Kaposi's sarcoma in Los Angeles, California. J Natl Cancer Inst. 75, 1011–1015.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russo, J. J., Bohenzky, R. A., Chien, M. C., Chen, J., Yan, M., Maddalena, D., Parry, J. P., Peruzzi, D., Edelman, I. S., Chang, Y. and Moore, P. S. (1996) Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93, 14862–14867.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sergerie, Y., Abed, Y., Roy, J. and Boivin, G. (2004) Comparative evaluation of three serological methods for detection of human herpesvirus 8-specific antibodies in Canadian allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. J Clin Microbiol. 42, 2663–2667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serraino, D., Cerimele, D., Piselli, P., Aztori, L., Farchi, F., Carletti, F., Navarra, A., Masala, M. V. and Rezza, G. (2006) Infection with human herpesvirus type 8 and Kaposi's sarcoma in Sardinia. Infection. 34, 39–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, G. R., Schulz, T. F., Whitby, D., Cook, P. M., Boshoff, C., Rainbow, L., Howard, M. R., Gao, S. J., Bohenzky, R. A., Simmonds, P., Lee, C., de Ruiter, A., Hatzakis, A., Tedder, R. S., Weller, I. V., Weiss, R. A. and Moore, P. S. (1996) Prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus infection measured by antibodies to recombinant capsid protein and latent immunofluorescence antigen. Lancet. 348, 1133–1138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sitas, F., Carrara, H., Beral, V., Newton, R., Reeves, G., Bull, D., Jentsch, U., Pacella-Norman, R., Bourboulia, D., Whitby, D., Boshoff, C. and Weiss, R. (1999) Antibodies against human herpesvirus 8 in black South African patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 340, 1863–1871.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, N. A., Sabin, C. A., Gopal, R., Bourboulia, D., Labbet, W., Boshoff, C., Barlow, D., Band, B., Peters, B. S., de Ruiter, A., Brown, D. W., Weiss, R. A., Best, J. M. and Whitby, D. (1999) Serologic evidence of human herpesvirus 8 transmission by homosexual but not heterosexual sex. J Infect Dis. 180, 600–606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soulier, J., Grollet, L., Oksenhendler, E., Cacoub, P., Cazals-Hatem, D., Babinet, P., d'Agay, M. F., Clauvel, J. P., Raphael, M., Degos, L. and et al. (1995) Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in multicentric Castleman's disease. Blood. 86, 1276–1280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sriplung, H. and Parkin, D. M. (2004) Trends in the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related malignancies in Thailand. Cancer. 101, 2660–2666.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stratigos, J. D., Potouridou, I., Katoulis, A. C., Hatziolou, E., Christofidou, E., Stratigos, A., Hatzakis, A. and Stavrianeas, N. G. (1997) Classic Kaposi's sarcoma in Greece: a clinico-epidemiological profile. Int J Dermatol. 36, 735–740.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanzi, E., Zappa, A., Caramaschi, F., Amendola, A., Lasagna, D., Gatti, L., Ascoli, V., Rezza, G. and Zanetti, A. R. (2005) Human herpesvirus type 8 infection in an area of Northern Italy with high incidence of classical Kaposi's sarcoma. J Med Virol. 76, 571–575.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. F., Templeton, A. C., Vogel, C. L., Ziegler, J. L. and Kyalwazi, S. K. (1971) Kaposi's sarcoma in Uganda: a clinico-pathological study. Int J Cancer. 8, 122–135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi, R., Caggiari, L., Silins, I., Kallings, I., Andersson-Ellstrom, A., De Paoli, P. and Dillner, J. (2000) Seropositivity to human herpesvirus 8 in relation to sexual history and risk of sexually transmitted infections among women. Int J Cancer. 87, 232–235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treurnicht, F. K., Engelbrecht, S., Taylor, M. B., Schneider, J. W. and van Rensburg, E. J. (2002) HHV-8 subtypes in South Africa: identification of a case suggesting a novel B variant. J Med Virol. 66, 235–240.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitale, F., Briffa, D. V., Whitby, D., Maida, I., Grochowska, A., Levin, A., Romano, N. and Goedert, J. J. (2001) Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus and Kaposi's sarcoma in the elderly populations of 3 Mediterranean islands. Int J Cancer. 91, 588–591.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volpi, A., Sarmati, L., Suligoi, B., Montano, M., Rezza, G. and Andreoni, M. (2004) Correlates of human herpes virus-8 and herpes simplex virus type 2 infections in Northern Cameroon. J Med Virol. 74, 467–472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wabinga, H. R., Parkin, D. M., Wabwire-Mangen, F. and Mugerwa, J. W. (1993) Cancer in Kampala, Uganda, in 1989–91: changes in incidence in the era of AIDS. Int J Cancer. 54, 26–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wabinga, H. R., Parkin, D. M., Wabwire-Mangen, F. and Nambooze, S. (2000) Trends in cancer incidence in Kyadondo County, Uganda, 1960–1997. Br J Cancer. 82, 1585–1592.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wawer, M. J., Eng, S. M., Serwadda, D., Sewankambo, N. K., Kiwanuka, N., Li, C. and Gray, R. H. (2001) Prevalence of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus compared with selected sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents and young adults in rural Rakai District, Uganda. Sex Transm Dis. 28, 77–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitby, D., Boshoff, C., Luppi, M. and Torelli, G. (1997) Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and multiple myeloma. Science. 278, 1971–1972; discussion 1972–1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitby, D., Howard, M. R., Tenant-Flowers, M., Brink, N. S., Copas, A., Boshoff, C., Hatzioannou, T., Suggett, F. E., Aldam, D. M., Denton, A. S. and et al. (1995) Detection of Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus in peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals and progression to Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet. 346, 799–802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitby, D., Luppi, M., Barozzi, P., Boshoff, C., Weiss, R. A. and Torelli, G. (1998) Human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence in blood donors and lymphoma patients from different regions of Italy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 90, 395–397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitby, D., Luppi, M., Sabin, C., Barozzi, P., Di Biase, A. R., Balli, F., Cucci, F., Weiss, R. A., Boshoff, C. and Torelli, G. (2000) Detection of antibodies to human herpesvirus 8 in Italian children: evidence for horizontal transmission. Br J Cancer. 82, 702–704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitby, D., Marshall, V. A., Bagni, R. K., Miley, W. J., McCloud, T. G., Hines-Boykin, R., Goedert, J. J., Conde, B. A., Nagashima, K., Mikovits, J., Dittmer, D. P. and Newman, D. J. (2007) Reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by natural products from Kaposi's sarcoma endemic regions. Int J Cancer. 120, 321–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitby, D., Marshall, V. A., Bagni, R. K., Wang, C. D., Gamache, C. J., Guzman, J. R., Kron, M., Ebbesen, P. and Biggar, R. J. (2004) Genotypic characterization of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in asymptomatic infected subjects from isolated populations. J Gen Virol. 85, 155–163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitby, D., Smith, N. A., Matthews, S., O'Shea, S., Sabin, C. A., Kulasegaram, R., Boshoff, C., Weiss, R. A., de Ruiter, A. and Best, J. M. (1999) Human herpesvirus 8: seroepidemiology among women and detection in the genital tract of seropositive women. J Infect Dis. 179, 234–236.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zavitsanou, A., Sypsa, V., Petrodaskalaki, M., Kalapothaki, V., Whitby, D. and Hatzakis, A. (2007) Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection in healthy urban employees from Greece: seroprevalence and associated factors. J Med Virol. 79, 591–596.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y. J., Deng, J. H., Rabkin, C. and Gao, S. J. (2000) Hot-spot variations of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent nuclear antigen and application in genotyping by PCR-RFLP. J Gen Virol. 81, 2049–2058.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, J. L. and Katongole-Mbidde, E. (1996) Kaposi's sarcoma in childhood: an analysis of 100 cases from Uganda and relationship to HIV infection. Int J Cancer. 65, 200–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zong, J., Ciufo, D. M., Viscidi, R., Alagiozoglou, L., Tyring, S., Rady, P., Orenstein, J., Boto, W., Kalumbuja, H., Romano, N., Melbye, M., Kang, G. H., Boshoff, C. and Hayward, G. S. (2002) Genotypic analysis at multiple loci across Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) DNA molecules: clustering patterns, novel variants and chimerism. J Clin Virol. 23, 119–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zong, J. C., Ciufo, D. M., Alcendor, D. J., Wan, X., Nicholas, J., Browning, P. J., Rady, P. L., Tyring, S. K., Orenstein, J. M., Rabkin, C. S., Su, I. J., Powell, K. F., Croxson, M., Foreman, K. E., Nickoloff, B. J., Alkan, S. and Hayward, G. S. (1999) High-level variability in the ORF-K1 membrane protein gene at the left end of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome defines four major virus subtypes and multiple variants or clades in different human populations. J Virol. 73, 4156–4170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The studies on strain variability at Johns Hopkins were funded at various times by NIH Research Grants to GSH from the National Cancer Institute and the Institute of Allergy and Infection Diseases, namely R01 CA81422, P01 CA81400, R01 CA73585 and R01 AI24576. Studies at NCI-Frederick were funded through contract N01-CO-12400 from the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. The authors would like to thank Rachel Bagni for phylogenetic analysis and assistance in the preparation of the figures. We would also like to thank Allen Kane for assistance with figures.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular Virology Laboratories, Sidney-Kimmel Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Gary S. Hayward

  2. Viral Oncology Section, AIDS-Vaccine Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD, USA

    Denise Whitby

Authors
  1. Gary S. Hayward
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Denise Whitby
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Gary S. Hayward or Denise Whitby .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Blossom Damania

  2. University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    James M. Pipas

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hayward, G.S., Whitby, D. (2009). KSHV Epidemiology and Subtype Evolution. In: Damania, B., Pipas, J.M. (eds) DNA Tumor Viruses. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68945-6_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation