Abstract
Water is by far the most abundant liquid on Earth. It comprises between 70% and 90% of the weight of living organisms and covers nearly 71% of the Earth’s surface. It is obvious that without liquid water, life as we know it would not be possible.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References and Further Reading
Alloway, B. J.; Ayres, D. C. Chemical Principles of Environmental Pollution, 2nd ed.; Chapman & Hall: London, 1997.
Atkins, P. W.; Beran, J. A. General Chemistry, 2nd ed.; W. H. Freeman: New York, 1992. Chapter 21.
Barona, A.; Etxebarria, B. “Distribution and Extraction of Pb and Zn with Chelating Agents in Soils with Varying Pollution Level,” American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 5th World Congress. Chem. Eng., Jul. 14–18, 1996. San Diego, CA., Vol. Ill, pp. 576-581.
Berner, E. A.: Berner, R. A. The Global Water Cycle, Geochemistry and Environment; Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, USA. 1987.
Bolin, B.; Degens, E. T.; Kempe, S.; Ketner, P., Eds. The Global Carbon Cycle; Scope Report No. 13, Wiley: London, 1979. e-version by M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation: Chennai, India, http://www.icsuscope.org/
Bolin, B.; Cook, R. B., Eds. The Major Biogeochemical Cycles and their Interactions; Scope Report No. 21, Wiley: London, 1983. e-version by M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation: Chennai, India. http://www.icsu-scope.org/
Butcher, S. S.; Charlson, Robert, J.; Orians, Gordon H.; Wolfe, Gordon V., Eds. Global Biogeochemical Cycles; Academic Press: London, 1992.
Brezonik, P. L.; Fulkerson-Brekken, J. F. “Nitrate-Induced Photolysis in Natural Waters: Controls on Concentrations of Hydroxyl Radical Photo-Intermediates by Natural Scavenging Agents”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32, 3004–3010.
Bunce, N. J. Introduction to Environmental Chemistry; Wuerz Publishing: Winnipeg, 1993.
Darthmouth University, http://www.dartmouthuniv.edu/chemlab/chem3-5/acidl/fulltext/chemistry.html
DGPCC/DRAMA. Annual Report, Acid Precipitations Program of the Metropolitan Zone, Mexico City; Environmental Secretariat, DDF: Mexico, 1996.
Egen, N.; Ford, P. C. “Hard Water, Water Softening, Ion Exchange,” J. Chem. Educ. 1976, 53, 302–303.
Environment Canada, http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/images/nature/grdwtr/a5f3e.htm
Environmental Protection Agency, Response of Surface Water Chemistry to the Clean Air Act Ammendments of 1990 (EPA 620/R-03/001, Jan. 2003, p. 18). http://www.epa.gov/ord/htrn/CAAA-2002-report-2col-rev-4.pdf
Hill, S. J. “Speciation of Trace Metals in the Environment,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 1997, 26, 291–298.
Howard, A. G. Aquatic Environmental Chemistry; Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1998.
Kegley, S. E.; Andrews, J. The Chemistry of Water; University Science Books: Sausalito, CA, 1997.
Kieber, R. J.; Li, A.; Seaton, P. J. “Production of Nitrite from the Photodegradation of Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 37, 993–998.
Krauskopf, K. B. Introduction to Geochemistry, 2nd ed.; McGraw Hill-Kogakusha: Tokyo, 1979.
Lenhart, J. J.; Saiers, J. E. “Colloid Mobilization in Water-Saturated Porous Media under Transient Chemical Conditions,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 2780–2787.
Lien, L.; Raddum, G. G.; Fjellheim, A.; Henriksen, A. “A Critical Limit for Acid Neutralizing Capacity in Norwegian Surface Waters, Based on New Analyses of Fish and Invertebrate Responses,” Sci. Tot. Environ. 1996, 26, 173–193.
Lin, C.-F. “The Effects of Strongly Complexing Ligands on the Adsorptive Partitioning of Metal Ions,” Wat. Res. 1992, 26, 397–407.
Livingston, D. A. Chemical Composition of Rivers and Lakes; U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Pap. 440 G: Washington, 1963.
Martell, A. E.; Hancock, R. D. Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solutions; Plenum Press: New York, 1996.
Martin, S. B.; Allen, H. E. “Recycling EDTA after Heavy Metals Extraction,” Chemtech 1996, 26(4) 23–25.
Meybeck, M.; Chapman, D.; Helmer, R., Eds. Global Freshwater Quality: A First Assessment: Blackwell Reference: Oxford, 1989. Mono Lake Committee, http://www.monolake.org/naturalhistory/stats.htm National Environmental Technology Centre, Acid Deposition Data Report; AEA: London, 2002.
Nowack, B.; Lutzenkirchen, J.; Behra, P.; Sigg, L. “Modeling the Adsorption of Metal-EDTA Complexes onto Oxides,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 2397–2405.
O’Neill, P. Environmental Chemistry; Chapman and Hall: London, 1993. Chapter 8.
Peavy, H. S.; Rowe, D. R.; Tchobanoglous, G. Environmental Engineering; McGraw Hill: New York, 1985.
Rajeshwar, K.; Ibanez, J. G. Environmental Electrochemistry; Academic Press: San Diego, 1997, Chapter 6.
Robertson, A. P.; Ledde, J. O. “Acid/Base, Copper Binding, and Cu2+/H+ Exchange Properties of Goethite, an Experimental and Modeling Study,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32 2519–2530.
Sawyer, C. N.; McCarty, P. L.; Parkin, G. F. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering; McGraw-Hill International Editions, Civil Engineering Series: New York, 1994.
Schnitzer, M.; Khan, S. U., Eds. Humic Substances in the Environment; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1972.
Schnitzer, M.; Hansen, E. H. “Organo-metallic Interactions in Soils: 8. An Evaluation of Methods for the Determination of Stability Constants of Metal-Fulvic Acid Complexes,” Soil. Sci. 1970, 109, 333–340.
Schwarzenbach, R. P.; Gschwend, P. M.; Imboden, D. M. Environmental Organic Chemistry; Wiley: New York, 1993.
Shiklomanov, I. A. A World of Salt: Total Global Saltwater and Freshwater Estimates; UNESCO (UNEP): Paris, 1999.
Sparks, D. L. Environmental Soil Chemistry; Academic Press: San Diego, 1995.
Spiro, T. G.; Stigliani, W. M. Chemistry of the Environment; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996.
Stumm, W.; Morgan, J. J. Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters; Wiley Interscience: New York, 1996.
Thomas, F.; Masion, A.; Bottero, J.; Roullier, J.; Genevrier, F.; Boudot, D. “Aluminum(III) Speciation with Acetate and Oxalate. A Potentiometrie and 27 Al NMR Study,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 1553–1559.
Thomas, R.; Meybeck, M.; Beim, A. Chapter 7: Lakes, in Water Quality Assessment: A Guide to Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring, 2nd ed.; Chapman, D., Ed., UNESCO/WHO/UNER Chapman Hall: London, 1992. http://www.who.int/docstore/water_sanitation_health/wqassess/chl2.htm
UNEP, Vital Water Graphics: An Overview of the State of the World’s Fresh and Marine Waters, 2002. http://www.unep.ort/vitalwater/
U.S. Geological Survey, National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data. Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, TWRI Book 9. 2004. http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/
Vaughan, P.; Blough, N. V. “Photochemical Formation of Hydroxyl Radical by Constituents of Natural Waters,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32, 2947–2953.
Wetzel, R. G. “Natural Photodegradation by U V-B of Dissolved Organic Matter of Different Decomposing Plant Sources to Readily Degradable Fatty Acids,” Verhand. Int. Verein. Limnol. 2001, 27, 2063–2073.
Xue, Y.; Traina, S. J. “Oxidation Kinetics of Co(II)-EDTA in Aqueous and Semi-Aqueous Goethite Suspensions,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 1975–1981.
Yang, Z.; Zhang, J. “Chemical Speciation and Coordination Chemistry in Aquatic Environment”, Preprints of Extended Abstracts, 217th Nat. Meet., Am. Chem. Soc. Anaheim, CA. Vol. 39 (1) March, 1999, p. 58–60.
Zepp, R. G.; Hoigne, J.; Bader, H. “Nitrate-Induced Photooxidation of Trace Organic Chemicals in Water”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1987, 21, 443–450.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2007). The Chemistry of Processes in the Hydrosphere. In: Environmental Chemistry. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-31435-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-31435-8_6
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-26061-7
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-31435-8
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)