Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Affective Biases in Humans and Animals

  • Chapter
Translational Neuropsychopharmacology

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 28))

Abstract

Depression is one of the most common but poorly understood psychiatric conditions. Although drug treatments and psychological therapies are effective in some patients, many do not achieve full remission and some patients receive no apparent benefit. Developing new improved treatments requires a better understanding of the aetiology of symptoms and evaluation of novel therapeutic targets in pre-clinical studies. Recent developments in our understanding of the basic cognitive processes that may contribute to the development of depression and its treatment offer new opportunities for both clinical and pre-clinical research. This chapter discusses the clinical evidence supporting a cognitive neuropsychological model of depression and antidepressant efficacy, and how this information may be usefully translated to pre-clinical investigation. Studies using neuropsychological tests in depressed patients and at risk populations have revealed basic negative emotional biases and disrupted reward and punishment processing, which may also impact on non-affective cognition. These affective biases are sensitive to antidepressant treatments with early onset effects observed, suggesting an important role in recovery. This clinical work into affective biases has also facilitated back-translation to animals and the development of assays to study affective biases in rodents. These animal studies suggest that, similar to humans, rodents in putative negative affective states exhibit negative affective biases on decision-making and memory tasks. Antidepressant treatments also induce positive biases in these rodent tasks, supporting the translational validity of this approach. Although still in the early stages of development and validation, affective biases in depression have the potential to offer new insights into the clinical condition, as well as facilitating the development of more translational approaches for pre-clinical studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abramson LY, Seligman ME, Teasdale JD (1978) Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation. J Abnorm Psychol 87:49–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agid Y, Buzsaki G, Diamond DM, Frackowiak R, Giedd J, Girault JA, Grace A, Lambert JJ, Manji H, Mayberg H, Popoli M, Prochiantz A, Richter-Levin G, Somogyi P, Spedding M, Svenningsson P, Weinberger D (2007) How can drug discovery for psychiatric disorders be improved? Nat Rev Drug Discov 6:189–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Amitai N, Young J, Higa K, Sharp R, Geyer M, Powell S (2013). Isolation rearing effects on probabilistic learning and cognitive flexibility in rats. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson MH, Munafò M, Robinson EJ (2013) Investigating the psychopharmacology of cognitive affective bias in rats using an affective tone discrimination task. Psychopharmacology 226:601–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Austin MP, Mitchell P, Goodwin GM (2001) Cognitive deficits in depression: possible implications for functional neuropathology. Br J Psychiatry 178:200–206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bari A, Theobald DE, Caprioli D, Mar AC, Aidoo-Micah A, Dalley JW et al (2010) Serotonin modulates sensitivity to reward and negative feedback in a probabilistic reversal learning task in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1290–1301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson M, Desire S, Gartside SE, Wright GA (2011) Agitated honeybees exhibit pessimistic cognitive biases. Curr Biol 21:1070–1073

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Beats BC, Sahakian BJ, Levy R (1996) Cognitive performance in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in the elderly depressed. Psychol Med 26:591–603

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck AT (1967) Depression: clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. Harper & Row, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlin I, Givry-Steiner L, Lecrubier Y, Puech AJ (1998) Measures of anhedonia and hedonic responses to sucrose in depressive and schizophrenic patients in comparison with healthy subjects. Eur J Psychaitry 13:303–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berton O, Hahn CG, Thase ME (2012) Are we getting closer to valid translational models for major depression? Science 338:75–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwagar Z, Cowen PJ, Goodwin GM, Harmer CJ (2004) Normalization of enhanced fear recognition by acute SSRI treatment in subjects with a previous history of depression. Am J Psychiatry 161:166–168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Booij L, Van der Does AJ, Haffmans PM, Riedel WJ, Fekkes D, Blom MJ (2005) The effects of high-dose and low-dose tryptophan depletion on mood and cognitive functions of remitted depressed patients. J Psychopharmacol 19:267–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burman OHP, Parker R, Paul ES, Mendl M (2008) A spatial judgement task to determine background emotional state in laboratory rats, Rattus norvegicus. Anim Behav 76:801–809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bussey TJ, Holmes A, Lyon L, Mar AC, McAllister KA, Nithianantharajah J, Oomen CA, Saksida LM (2012) New translational assays for pre-clinical modelling of cognition in schizophrenia: the touchscreen testing method for mice and rats. Neuropharmacology 62(3):1191–1203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark L, Chamberlain SR, Sahakian BJ (2009) Neurocognitive mechanisms in depression: implications for treatment. Annu Rev Neurosci 32:57–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chase HW, Frank MJ, Michael A, Bullmore ET, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW (2010) Approach and avoidance learning in patients with major depression and healthy controls: relation to anhedonia. Psychol Med 40:433–440

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cools R, Blackwell A, Clark L, Menzies L, Cox S, Robbins TW (2005) Tryptophan depletion disrupts the motivational guidance of goal-directed behavior as a function of trait impulsivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:1362–1373

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cryan JF, Slattery DA (2007) Animal models of mood disorders: recent developments. Curr Opin Psychiatry 20:1–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cryan JF, Mombereau C, Vassout A (2005) The tail suspension test as a model for assessing antidepressant activity: review of pharmacological and genetic studies in mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29:571–625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado PL, Charney DS, Price LH, Aghajanian GK, Landis H, Heninger GR (1990) Serotonin function and the mechanism of antidepressant action. Reversal of antidepressant-induced remission by rapid depletion of plasma tryptophan. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:411–418

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Detke MJ, Rickels M, Lucki I (1995) Active behaviors in the rat forced swimming test differentially produced by serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants. Psychopharmacology 121:66–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dichter GS, Smoski MJ, Kampov-Polevoy AB, Gallop R, Garbutt JC (2012) Unipolar depression does not moderate responses to the Sweet Taste Test. Depress Anxiety 27:859–863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickstein DP, Finger EC, Brotman MA, Rich BA, Pine DS, Blair JR, Leibenluft E (2009) Impaired probabilistic reversal learning in youths with mood and anxiety disorders. Psychol Med 40(7):1089–1100

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dinan TG (1994) Glucocorticoids and the genesis of depressive illness. A psychobiological model. Br J Psychiatry 164:365–371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott R, Sahakian BJ, Herrod JJ, Robbins TW, Paykel ES (1997) Abnormal response to negative feedback in unipolar depression: evidence for a diagnosis specific impairment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 63:74–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott R, Sahakian BJ, McKay AP, Herrod JJ, Robbins TW, Paykel ES (1996) Neuropsychological impairments in unipolar depression: the influence of perceived failure on subsequent performance. Psychol Med 26:975–989

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott R, Zahn R, Deakin JF, Anderson IM (2011) Affective cognition and its disruption in mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:153–182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enkel T, Gholizadeh D, von Bohlen Und Halbach O, Sanchis-Segura C, Hurlemann R, Spanagel R et al. (2010). Ambiguous-cue interpretation is biased under stress- and depression-like states in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1008–1015

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson K, Drevets WC, Clark L, Cannon DM, Bain EE, Zarate CA Jr, Charney DS, Sahakian BJ (2005) Mood-congruent bias in affective go/no-go performance of unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 162:2171–2173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eshel N, Roiser JP (2010) Reward and punishment processing in depression. Biol Psychiatry 68(2):118–124

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Firk C, Markus CR (2008) Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on affective processing in first-degree relatives of depressive patients and controls after exposure to uncontrollable stress. Psychopharmacology 199:151–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Dimidjian S, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, Fawcett J (2010) Antidepressant drug effects and depression severity: a patient-level meta-analysis. JAMA 303:47–53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Geyer M, Markou A (1995) Animal models of psychiatric disorders. In: Bloom F, Kupfer D (eds) Psychopharmacology: the fourth generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 787–798

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorwood P (2008) Neurobiological mechanisms of anhedonia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 10(3):291–299

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gotlib IH, Joormann J (2010) Cognition and depression: current status and future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 6:285–312

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gourley SL, Kiraly DD, Howell JL, Olausson P, Taylor JR (2008) Acute hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor restores motivational and forced swim performance after corticosterone. Biol Psychiatry 64(10):884–890

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hales CA, Stuart SA, Anderson MH, Robinson ES (2014) Modelling cognitive affective biases in major depressive disorder using rodents. Br J Pharmacol 171(20):4524–4538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harding EJ, Paul ES, Mendl M (2004) Animal behaviour: cognitive bias and affective state. Nature 427:312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmer CJ (2008) Serotonin and emotional processing: does it help explain antidepressant drug action? Neuropharmacology 55:1023–1028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmer CJ, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ (2009a) Why do antidepressants take so long to work? A cognitive neuropsychological model of antidepressant drug action. Br J Psychiatry 195:102–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmer CJ, Hill SA, Taylor MJ, Cowen PJ, Goodwin GM (2003) Toward a neuropsychological theory of antidepressant drug action: increase in positive emotional bias after potentiation of norepinephrine activity. Am J Psychiatry 160:990–992

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmer CJ, O’Sullivan U, Favaron E, Massey-Chase R, Ayres R, Reinecke A, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ (2009b) Effect of acute antidepressant administration on negative affective bias in depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 166:1178–1184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmer CJ, Shelley NC, Cowen PJ, Goodwin GM (2004) Increased positive versus negative affective perception and memory in healthy volunteers following selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. Am J Psychiatry 161:1256–1263

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasler G, Luckenbaugh DA, Snow J, Meyers N, Waldeck T, Geraci M, Roiser J, Knutson B, Charney DS, Drevets WC (2009a) Reward processing after catecholamine depletion in unmedicated, remitted subjects with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 66:201–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hasler G, Mondillo K, Drevets WC, Blair JR (2009b) Impairments of probabilistic response reversal and passive avoidance following catecholamine depletion. Neuropsychopharmacology 34(13):2691–2698

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward G, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ (2005) Low-dose tryptophan depletion in recovered depressed patients induces changes in cognitive processing without depressive symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 57:517–524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henn FA, Vollmayr B (2005) Stress models of depression: forming genetically vulnerable strains. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29(4–5):799–804

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henriques JB, Davidson RJ (2000) Decreased responsiveness to reward in depression. Cogn Emot 14:711–724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henriques JB, Glowacki JM, Davidson RJ (1994) Reward fails to alter response bias in depression. J Abnorm Psychol 103:460–466

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollon SD, DeRubeis RJ, Fawcett J, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, Zajecka J, Young PR, Gallop R (2014) Effect of cognitive therapy with antidepressant medications vs antidepressants alone on the rate of recovery in major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 71:1157–1164

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Huys QJ, Daw ND, Dayan P (2015) Depression: a decision-theoretic analysis. Annu Rev Neurosci

    Google Scholar 

  • Ineichen C, Sigrist H, Spinelli S, Lesch KP, Sautter E, Seifritz E, Pryce CR (2012) Establishing a probabilistic reversal learning test in mice: evidence for the processes mediating reward-stay and punishment-shift behaviour and for their modulation by serotonin. Neuropharmacology 63(6):1012–1021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joormann J, Gotlib IH (2006) Is this happiness I see? Biases in the identification of emotional facial expressions in depression and social phobia. J Abnorm Psychol 115:705–714

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joormann J, Gotlib IH (2008) Updating the contents of working memory in depression: interference from irrelevant negative material. J Abnorm Psychol 117:182–192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler S, Unger T, Hoffmann S, Mackert A, Ross B, Fydrich T (2015) Dysfunctional cognitions of depressive inpatients and their relationship with treatment outcome. Compr Psychiatry 58:50–56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leventopoulos M, Russig H, Feldon J, Pryce CR, Opacka-Juffry J (2009) Early deprivation leads to long-term reductions in motivation for reward and 5-HT1A binding and both effects are reversed by fluoxetine. Neuropharmacology 56(3):692–701

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maier SF (1984) Learned helplessness and animal models of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 8(3):435–446

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathews A, MacLeod C (2005) Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 1:167–195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matt GE, Vazquez C, Campbell WK (1992) Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli—a meta- analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 12:227–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McArthur R, Borsini F (2006) Animal models of depression in drug discovery: a historical perspective. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 84:436–452

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe C, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ (2009) Neural representation of reward in recovered depressed patients. Psychopharmacology 205:667–677

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McLean A, Rubinsztein JS, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2004) The effects of tyrosine depletion in normal healthy volunteers: implications for unipolar depression. Psychopharmacology 171:286–297

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire PS, Seiden LS (1980) Differential effects of imipramine in rats as a function of DRL schedule value. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 13(5):691–694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendl M, Burman OHP, Paul ES (2010) An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood. Proc Roy Soc B Biol Sci 277:2895–2904

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendl M, Paul ES, Chittka L (2011) Animal behaviour: emotion in invertebrates? Curr Biol 21:R463–R465

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munafo MR, Hayward G, Harmer C (2006) Selective processing of social threat cues following acute tryptophan depletion. J Psychopharmacol 20:33–39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy FC, Michael A, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2003) Neuropsychological impairment in patients with major depressive disorder: the effects of feedback on task performance. Psychol Med 33:455–467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy FC, Rubinsztein JS, Michael A, Rogers RD, Robbins TW, Paykel ES, Sahakian BJ (2001) Decision-making cognition in mania and depression. Psychol Med 31:679–693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy FC, Sahakian BJ, Rubinsztein JS, Michael A, Rogers RD, Robbins TW, Paykel ES (1999) Emotional bias and inhibitory control processes in mania and depression. Psychol Med 29:1307–1321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy FC, Smith KA, Cowen PJ, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2002) The effects of tryptophan depletion on cognitive and affective processing in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 163:42–53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy SE, Longhitano C, Ayres RE, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ (2006) Tryptophan supplementation induces a positive bias in the processing of emotional material in healthy female volunteers. Psychopharmacology 187:121–130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2010) Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nat Neurosci 13:1161–1169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary OF, Cryan JF (2013) Towards translational rodent models of depression. Cell Tissue Res 354:141–153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olausson P, Kiraly DD, Gourley SL, Taylor JR (2013) Persistent effects of prior chronic exposure to corticosterone on reward-related learning and motivation in rodents. Psychopharmacology 225(3):569–577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Overmier JB, Seligman ME (1967) Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 63:28–33

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papciak J, Popik P, Fuchs E, Rygula R (2013) Chronic psychosocial stress makes rats more ‘pessimistic’ in the ambiguous-cue interpretation paradigm. Behav Brain Res 256:305–310

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paul ES, Harding EJ, Mendl M (2005) Measuring emotional processes in animals: the utility of a cognitive approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29:469–491

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzagalli DA, Goetz E, Ostacher M, Iosifescu DV, Perlis RH (2008a) Euthymic patients with bipolar disorder show decreased reward learning in a probabilistic reward task. Biol Psychiatry 64:162–168

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzagalli DA, Iosifescu D, Hallett LA, Ratner KG, Fava M (2008b) Reduced hedonic capacity in major depressive disorder: evidence from a probabilistic reward task. J Psychiatr Res 43:76–87

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pollak DD, Rey CE, Monje FJ (2010) Rodent models in depression research: classical strategies and new directions. Ann Med 42:252–264

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porsolt RD, Le Pichon M, Jalfre M (1977) Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature 266:730–732

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pringle A, Browning M, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ (2011) A cognitive neuropsychological model of antidepressant drug action. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35:1586–1592

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pryce CR, Azzinnari D, Spinelli S, Seifritz E, Tegethoff M, Meinlschmidt G (2011) Helplessness: a systematic translational review of theory and evidence for its relevance to understanding and treating depression. Pharmacol Ther 132(3):242–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rawal A, Collishaw S, Thapar A, Rice F (2013) ‘The risks of playing it safe’: a prospective longitudinal study of response to reward in the adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Psychol Med 43:27–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richter SH, Schick A, Hoyer C, Lankisch K, Gass P, Vollmayr B (2012) A glass full of optimism: enrichment effects on cognitive bias in a rat model of depression. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 12:527–542

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riedel M, Moller HJ, Obermeier M, Adli M, Bauer M, Kronmuller K, Brieger P, Laux G, Bender W, Heuser I, Zeiler J, Gaebel W, Schennach-Wolff R, Henkel V, Seemuller F (2011) Clinical predictors of response and remission in inpatients with depressive syndromes. J Affect Disord 133:137–149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson OJ, Cools R, Sahakian BJ (2011) Tryptophan depletion disinhibits punishment but not reward prediction: implications for resilience. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2:599–605

    Google Scholar 

  • Rock PL, Roiser JP, Riedel WJ, Blackwell AD (2013) Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers RD, Tunbridge EM, Bhagwagar Z, Drevets WC, Sahakian BJ, Carter CS (2003) Tryptophan depletion alters the decision-making of healthy volunteers through altered processing of reward cues. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:153–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roiser JP, Blackwell AD, Cools R, Clark L, Rubinsztein DC, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2006) Serotonin transporter polymorphism mediates vulnerability to loss of incentive motivation following acute tryptophan depletion. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:2264–2272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roiser JP, Cannon DM, Gandhi SK, Tavares JT, Erickson K, Wood S, Klaver JM, Clark L, Zarate CA Jr, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC (2009) Hot and cold cognition in unmedicated depressed subjects with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 11:178–189

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roiser JP, Elliott R, Sahakian BJ (2012) Cognitive mechanisms of treatment in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:117–136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Wang H, Hasler G, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC (2008) The effect of acute tryptophan depletion on the neural correlates of emotional processing in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:1992–2006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roiser JP, McLean A, Ogilvie AD, Blackwell AD, Bamber DJ, Goodyer I, Jones PB, Sahakian BJ (2005) The subjective and cognitive effects of acute phenylalanine and tyrosine depletion in patients recovered from depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:775–785

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roiser JP, Sahakian BJ (2013) Hot and cold cognition in depression. CNS Spectr 18:139–149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rüedi-Bettschen D, Pedersen EM, Feldon J, Pryce CR (2005) Early deprivation under specific conditions leads to reduced interest in reward in adulthood in Wistar rats. Behav Brain Res 156(2):297–310

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhe HG, Mason NS, Schene AH (2007) Mood is indirectly related to serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in humans: a meta-analysis of monoamine depletion studies. Molecular Psychiatry 12:331–359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rygula R, Papciak J, Popik P (2013) Trait pessimism predicts vulnerability to stress-induced anhedonia in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 38:2188–2196

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rygula R, Papciak J, Popik P (2014) The effects of acute pharmacological stimulation of the 5-HT, NA and DA systems on the cognitive judgement bias of rats in the ambiguous-cue interpretation paradigm. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 24(7):1103–1111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savitz J, Lucki I, Drevets WC (2009) 5-HT(1A) receptor function in major depressive disorder. Prog Neurobiol 88:17–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Seiden LS, Dahms JL, Shaughnessy RA (1985) Behavioral screen for antidepressants: the effects of drugs and electroconvulsive shock on performance under a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule. Psychopharmacology 86(1–2):55–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman ME, Beagley G (1975) Learned helplessness in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 88(2):534–541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith KA, Fairburn CG, Cowen PJ (1997) Relapse of depression after rapid depletion of tryptophan. Lancet 349:915–919

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder HR (2012) Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: a meta-analysis and review. Psychol Bull 139:81

    Google Scholar 

  • Steru L, Chermat R, Thierry B, Simo P (1985) The tail suspension test: a new method for screening antidepressants in mice. Psychopharmacology 85:367–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart SA, Butler P, Munafò MR, Nutt DJ, Robinson ESJ (2013) A translational rodent assay of affective biases in depression and antidepressant therapy. Neuropsychopharmacology 38:1625–1635

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart SA, Butler P, Munafò MR, Nutt DJ, Robinson ESJ (2015) Distinct neuropsychological mechanisms may explain delayed-versus rapid-onset antidepressant efficacy. Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.59

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor Tavares JV, Clark L, Furey ML, Williams GB, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC (2008) Neural basis of abnormal response to negative feedback in unmedicated mood disorders. Neuroimage 42:1118–1126

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Teachman BA, Joormann J, Steinman SA, Gotlib IH (2012) Automaticity in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder. Clin Psychol Rev 32:575–603

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tranter R, Bell D, Gutting P, Harmer C, Healy D, Anderson IM (2009) The effect of serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants on face emotion processing in depressed patients. J Affect Disord 118:87–93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treadway MT, Bossaller NA, Shelton RC, Zald DH (2012) Effort-based decision-making in major depressive disorder: a translational model of motivational anhedonia. J Abnorm Psychol 121:553–558

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Treadway MT, Zald DH (2011) Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: lessons from translational neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:537–555

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Warden D, Ritz L, Norquist G, Howland RH, Lebowitz B, McGrath PJ, Shores-Wilson K, Biggs MM, Balasubramani GK, Fava M (2006) Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry 163:28–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel GW, Minter K, Woolwine B (1986) Effects of chronically administered antidepressant drugs on animal behavior. Physiol Behav 36:659–666

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vollmayr B, Bachteler D, Vengeliene V, Gass P, Spanagel R, Henn F (2004) Rats with congenital learned helplessness respond less to sucrose but show no deficits in activity or learning. Behav Brain Res 150(1–2):217–221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vrieze E, Pizzagalli DA, Demyttenaere K, Hompes T, Sienaert P, de Boer P, Schmidt M, Claes S (2013) Reduced reward learning predicts outcome in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 73:639–645

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willner P, Towell A, Sampson D, Sophokleous S, Muscat R (1987) Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable mild stress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant. Psychopharmacology 93:358–364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jonsson B, Olesen J, Allgulander C, Alonso J, Faravelli C, Fratiglioni L, Jennum P, Lieb R, Maercker A, van Os J, Preisig M, Salvador-Carulla L, Simon R, Steinhausen HC (2011) The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 21:655–679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright WF, Bower GH (1992) Mood effects on subjective probability assessment. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 52:276–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zacharko RM, Anisman H (1991) Stressor-induced anhedonia in the mesocorticolimbic system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 15:391–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments and Disclosures

ESJR currently holds research funding from the MRC, BBSRC, Wellcome Trust, and Eli Lilly. Previous support which has contributed to the development of this work includes funding from RCUK and the British Pharmacological Society Integrative Pharmacology Fund. JPR is funded by the Wellcome Trust and previously received support from the Medical Research Council.

JPR is a consultant for Cambridge Cognition.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 4PX, UK

    E.S.J. Robinson

  2. Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK

    J.P. Roiser

Authors
  1. E.S.J. Robinson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J.P. Roiser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E.S.J. Robinson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Trevor W. Robbins

  2. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Barbara J. Sahakian

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Robinson, E., Roiser, J. (2015). Affective Biases in Humans and Animals. In: Robbins, T.W., Sahakian, B.J. (eds) Translational Neuropsychopharmacology. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 28. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2015_5011

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation