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Phytobenthos in the Boka Kotorska Bay: State of Knowledge and Threats

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The Boka Kotorska Bay Environment

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 54))

Abstract

Research of phytobenthos in Boka Kotorska Bay did not start until the second half of the twentieth century and 219 species have been described so far in this area. The highest number of identified taxa in the Bay belongs to the Atlantic phytogeographic element (35.1%), followed by the Mediterranean (18.9%), cosmopolitan (12.2%), and others. Endemic species of the Adriatic Sea are represented with only one species, Fucus virsoides, with the Bay as its southernmost distribution limit. Four species of seagrass are found, and meadows of Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa are numerous, especially in the outer part of the Bay. Zostera noltei builds meadows together with the C. nodosa at several locations, while Zostera marina was found at one location only.

Human influences on marine plant communities are grouped into direct impacts including mechanical damage, pollution, and biological damage and indirect effects such as global/regional warming and changes in sea level. Regression of seagrass meadows is high.

Further research of phytobenthos, better use of these still insufficiently known resources, and effective protection measures are needed.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Marine Biology, University of Montenegro, Dobrota b.b., 85330, Kotor, Montenegro

    Vesna Mačić

  2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Montenegro, Cetinjski put b.b., 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro

    Slađana Krivokapić

Authors
  1. Vesna Mačić
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  2. Slađana Krivokapić
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vesna Mačić .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Marine Biology, University of Montenegro, Kotor, Montenegro

    Aleksandar Joksimović

  2. Institute of Marine Biology, University of Montenegro, Kotor, Montenegro

    Mirko Djurović

  3. S.Yu. Witte Moscow University, Moscow, Russia

    Aleksander V. Semenov

  4. Engineering Research Production Center for Water Management, Land Reclamation and Ecology “Soyuzvodproject”, Moscow, Russia

    Igor S. Zonn

  5. P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    Andrey G. Kostianoy

Annex

Annex

List of phytobenthos species in the Boka Kotorska bay (Phytogeographical regions (PhGR) are: A-Atlantic (which includes Ab-Atlantic boreal, At-Atlantic tropical and Abt-Atlantic boreal-tropical), AP-Atlanto-Pacific (which includes Apo – Atlanto-Pacific-holo, Apt – Atlanto-Pacific tropical and Aptc – Atlanto-Pacific tropical-cold), IA – Indo-Atlantic (which includes IAo – Indo-Atlantic holo, IAt – Indo Atlantic tropical and IATC – Indo-Atlantic tropical-cold) C – cosmopolitan, SC – subcosmopolitan, IP – Indo-Pacific, CB – circumboreal, CT – circumtropical, EAD – Adriatic endemic and Int-Introduced.

 

Chlorophyta

PhGR

1

Acetabularia acetabulum (Linneaus) Silva 1952

IAt

2

Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C. Agardh 1822

CT

3

Bryopsis corymbosa J. Agardh 1842

M

4

Bryopsis duplex De Notaris 1844

Ab

5

Bryopsis hypnoides Lamouroux 1809

C

6

Bolbocoleon piliferum Pringsheim 1862

Aptc

7

Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder 1845

Int

8

Chaetomorha linum (Muller) Kutzing 1845

C

9

Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kutzing 1849

C

10

Cladophora albida Kutzing 1843

CB

11

Cladophora coelothrix Kutzing 1843

Iao

12

Cladophora dalmatica Kutzing 1843

Abt

13

Cladophora echinus (Biasoletto) Kutzing 1849

IP

14

Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kutzing 1843

Aptc

15

Cladophora lehmanniana (Lindenberg) Kutzing 1843

Ab

16

Cladophora pellucida (Hudson) Kutzing 1843

Ab

17

Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kutzing 1843

Abt

18

Cladophora socialis Kutzing 1849

P

19

Cladophora vagabunda (Linnaeus) Van den Hoek 1963

Abt

20

Codium bursa (Olivi) C. Agardh 1822

Abt

21

Codium effusum (Rafinesque) Delle Chiaje 1829

Iao

22

Codium tomentosum Stackhouse 1797

APo

23

Codium vermilara (Olivi) Delle Chiaje 1829

Iatc

24

Dasycladus vermicularis (Scopoli) Krassar 1898

At

25

Derbesia tenuissima (Moris & De Notaris) P.Crouan & H.Crouan 1867

Ab

26

Derbesia tenuissima (Morris et De Notaris) Crouan et Crouan 1867

Ab

27

Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees 1820

C

28

Enteromorpha multiramosa Bliding 1960

M

29

Flabellia petiolata (Turra) Nizamuddin 1987

C

30

Halimeda tuna (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux 1816

At

31

Phaeophila dendroides (Crouan et Crouan) Batters 1902

CT

32

Pseudochlorodesmis furcellata (Zanardini) Borgesen 1925

Abt

33

Rhizoclonium implexum (Dillwyn) Kutzing 1845 

Apo

34

Siphonocladus pusillus (Agardh ex Kutzing) Hauck 1884

Abt

35

Ulva compressa Linnaeus 1753

M

36

Ulva lactuca Linnaeus 1753

C

37

Ulva linza Linnaeus 1753

C

38

Ulva rigida C. Agardh 1823

C

39

Ulvella lens Crouan et Crouan 1859

C

40

Ulvella leptochaete (Huber) R.Nielsen, C.J.O'Kelly & B.Wysor 2013

Abt

41

Ulvella viridis (Reinke) R.Nielsen, C.J.O'Kelly & B.Wysor 2013

Abt

42

Valonia macrophysa Kutzing 1843

C

43

Valonia utricularis (Roth) C. Agardh 1823

CT

 

Ochrophyta

PhGR

44

Arthrocladia villosa (Hudson) Duby 1830

Ab

45

Asperococcus bullosus Lamour 1813

SC

46

Cladosiphon mediterraneus Kutzing 1843

M

47

Cutleria canariensis (Sauvageau) I.A.Abbott & J.M.Huisman 2003

M

48

Cutleria multifida (Smith) Greville 1830

SC

49

Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta Montagne 1846

M

50

Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh 1842

M

51

Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin 1975

M

52

Cystoseira  corniculata ssp. laxior Ercegović 1952

M

53

Cystoseira crinita Duby 1830

M

54

Cystoseira crinitophylla Ercegović 1952

M

55

Cystoseira foeniculacea (Linnaeus) Greville 1830

M

56

Cystoseira spinosa Sauvageau 1912

M

57

Dictyopteris membranacea (Stackhouse) Batters 1902

C

58

Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux 1809

C

59

Dictyota fasciola (Roth) J.V.Lamouroux 1809

IAo

60

Dilophus spiralis (Mont.) Hamel 1939

Abt

61

Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye 1819

SC

62

Elachista fucicola (Velley) Areschoug 1842

APtf

63

Elashista intermedia Crouan et Crouan 1867

Ab

64

Feldmannia irregularis (Kutzing) Hamel 1939

C

65

Fucus virsoides (Donati) J. Agardh 1868

EAD

66

Giraudia sphacelarioides Derbes et Solier 1851

IAtc

67

Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kutzing 1843

APtc

68

Halopteris scoparia (L.) Sauvageau 1904

SC

69

Myriactula rigida (Sauvageau) Hamel 1931-‘39

M

70

Myriactula rivulariae (Suhr in Areschoug) J. Feldmann 1937

Ab

71

Myriactula stellulata (Griffiths) Levring 1937

Ab

72

Myrionema orbiculare J. Agardh 1848

Apo

73

Nereia filiformis (J. Agardh) Zanardini 1846

At

74

Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy 1960

CT

75

Ralfsia verrucosa Areschoug 1847

Aptc

76

Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh 1820

CT

77

Spermatochnus paradoxus (Roth) Kutzing 1845

SC

78

Sphacelaria cirrosa (Roth) C. Agardh 1824

SC

79

Sphacelaria fusca (Hudson) S.F. Gray 1821

SC

80

Sphacelaria plumula Zanardini 1865

Ab

81

Sporochnus pedunculatus (Hudson) C. Agardh 1817

APo

82

Stilophora tenella (Esper) P.C.Silva 1996

SC

83

Striaria attenuata (C. Agardh) Greville 1828

Aptc

84

Taonia atomaria (Woodward) J. Agardh 1848

Abt

85

Zanardinia prototypus Nardo 1841

APo

 

Rhodophyta

PhGR

86

Acrochaetium daviesii (Dillwyn) Nägeli 1862

APo

87

Acrochaetium hauckii Schiffner 1916

Ab

88

Acrochaetium secundatum (Lyngbye) Nägeli 1858

M

89

Acrodiscus vidovichii (Meneghini) Zanardini 1868

M

90

Acrosymphyton purpuriferum (J. Agardh) Sjostedt 1926

M

91

Aglaothamnion tenuissimum (Bonnemaison) Feldmann-Mazoyer 1941

SC

92

Amphiroa rigida Lamouroux 1816

Abt

93

Anotrichium barbatum (C.Agardh) Nägeli 1862

Abt

94

Antithamnion cruciatum (C. Arardh) Nageli 1847

M

95

Apoglossum ruscifolium (Turner) J. Agardh 1898

Abt

96

Arachnophyllum confervaceum (Meneghini) Zanardini 1843

Abt

97

Asparagopsis armata Harvey 1855

M

98

Botryocladia botryoides (Wulfen) Feldmann 1941

Ab

99

Botryocladia chiajeana (Meneghini) Kylin 1931

Abt

100

Botryocladia microphysa (Hauch) Kylin 1931

Ab

101

Brongniartella byssoides (Good. Et Woodwaed) Schmitz 1893

M

102

Callithamnion corymbosum (Smith) Lyngbye 1819

Sc

103

Callithamnion granulatum (Duclouzeau) C. Aragdh 1828

SC

104

Calosiphonia dalmatica (Kutzing) Bornet Flahault 1883

M

105

Catenella caespitose (Withering) L.M.Irvine 1976

Ab

106

Caulacanthus ustulatus (Martens ex Turner) Kutzing 1843

Abt

107

Ceramium bertholdii Funk 1922

IAo

108

Ceramium ciliatum (Ellis) Duclouzeau 1806

SC

109

Ceramium circinatum (Kutzing) J. Agardh 1851

Ab

110

Ceramium codii (Richards) Feldmann-Mazoyer 1938

C

111

Ceramium diaphanum (Lightfoot) Roth 1806

Ab

112

Ceramium echionotum J. Agardh 1844

C

113

Ceramium flaccidum (Harvey ex Kützing) Ardissone 1871

C

114

Ceramium rubrum (Hudson) Agardh 1811

SC

115

Champia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey 1853

At

116

Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericq 1993

IAtc

117

Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward) Agardh 1817

Abt

118

Chrysymenia ventricosa (Lamouroux) J. Agardh 1876

APo

119

Chylocladia verticillata (Lightfood) Bliding 1928

M

120

Compsothamnion thuyoids (Smith) Nageli 1862

SC

121

Corallina officinalis Linnaeus 1758

M

122

Corallophila cinnabarina (Grateloup ex Bory) R.E.Norris 1993

IAo

123

Crouania attenuata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh 1842

Abt

124

Cryptopleura ramosa (Hudson) L.Newton 1931

Ab

125

Dasya baillouviana (S.G.Gmelin) Montagne 1841

Abt

126

Dasya corymbifera J. Agardh 1841

Ab

127

Dasya hutchinsiae Harvey 1833

Ab

128

Dasya ocellata (Grateloup) Harvey 1833

C

129

Dasya punicea (Zanardini) Meneghini Ex Zanardini 1841

Ab

130

Dudresnaya verticillata (Withering) Le Jolis 1863

Ab

131

Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J. Agardh 1883

C

132

Erythrotrichia investiens (Zanardini) Bornet 1892

Ab

133

Erythrotrichia reflexa (Crouan & Crouan) Thuret ex De Toni 1897

Ab

134

Eupogodon planus (C.Agardh) Kützing 1845

Ab

135

Gastroclonium clavatum (Roth) Ardissone 1883

Ab

136

Gelidiella lubrica (Kutzing) Feldmann et Hamel 1934

Abt

137

Gelidiella pannosa (Bornet ex J. Feldm.) Feldmann et Hamel 1934

M

138

Gelidium crinale (Turner) Gaillon 1828

M

139

Gelidium pussillum (Stachouse) Le Jolis 1863

SC

140

Gelidium serra (S.G.Gmelin) E.Taskin & M.J.Wynne 2013

Apo

141

Gelidium spathulatum (Kutzing) Bornet 1892

C

142

Gelidium spinosum (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva 1996

Ab

143

Gracilaria armata (Agarth) Greville 1830

Ab

144

Gracilaria bursa-pastoris (Gmelin) Silva 1952

SC

145

Gracilaria dura (C. Arardh) J. Agardh 1842

At

146

Gracilariopsis longissima (S.G.Gmelin) M.Steentoft, L.M.Irvine & W.F.Farnham 1995

SC

147

Griffithsia opuntioides J. Agardh 1842

IAo

148

Griffithsia phyllamphora J. Agardh 1842

C

149

Griffithsia schousboei Montagne 1853

Abt

150

Gulsonia nodulosa (Ercegovic) J. Feldmann et G. Feldmann 1967

Ab

151

Halymenia elongata C.Agardh 1822

M

152

Halymenia floresii (Clemente) C. Agardh 1807

Abt

153

Halymenia pluriloba Ercegović 1949

M

154

Herposiphonia secunda (C. Agardh) Falkenberg 1901

SC

155

Heterosiphonia crispella (C.Agardh) M.J.Wynne 1985

SC

156

Hildenbrandia rubra (Somerfeld) Meneghini 1841

M

157

Hydrolithon farinosum (J.V.Lamouroux) Penrose & Y.M.Chamberlain 1993

CT

158

Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) Lamouroux 1813

SC

159

Jania rubens (Linnaeus) Lamouroux 1812

APo

160

Jania virgata (Zanardini) Montagne 1846

C

161

Kallymenia microphylla J. Agardh 1851

CT

162

Kallymenia reniformis (Turner) J. Agardh 1842

C

163

Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux 1813

IAtf

164

Lejolisia mediterranea Bornet 1859

Ab

165

Liagora viscida (Forsskaal) C. Agardh 1822

CB

166

Lithophyllum cystosirae (Hauck) Heydrich 1897

C

167

Lithophyllum incrustans Philippi 1837

CT

168

Lithophyllum racemus (Lamarck) Foslie 1901

IAo

169

Lithothamnion corallioides P.L. Crouan & H. M. Crouan 1867

Ab

170

Lomentaria articulata var. linearis Zanardini 1841

M

171

Lomentaria chylocladiella Funk 1955

Ab

172

Melobesia membranacea (Esper) Lamouroux 1812

M

173

Mesophyllum expansum (Philippi) Cabioch & M.L.Mendoza 2003

M

174

Monosporus pedicellatus (Smith) Solier 1845

IAo

175

Nemastoma dichotoma J. Agardh 1842

AT

176

Neogoniolithon brassica-florida (Harvey) Setchell & L.R.Mason 1943

APo

177

Neogoniolithon mamillosum (Hauck) Setchell & Mason 1943

M

178

Osmundaria volubilis (Linnaeus) R.E.Norris 1991

Ab

179

Peyssonelia squamaria (Gmelin) Decaisne 1839

At

180

Peyssonnelia polymorpha (Zanardini) Schmitz 1879

At

181

Peyssonnelia rosa marina Boudourescque et Denizot 1973

M

182

Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J. Aragdh 1851

SC

183

Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S.Dixon 1964

M

184

Phymatolithon calcareum (Pallas) W.H.Adey & D.L.McKibbin 1970

Ab

185

Platoma cyclocolpum (Montagne) Schmitz 1894

Ab

186

Pleonosporium borreri (Smith) Nageli 1862

Ab

187

Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) Dixon 1967

Ab

188

Pneophyllum fragile Kutzing 1843

Abt

189

Pterocladia capillacea (Gmelin) Bornet et Thuret 1876

SC

190

Pterocladiella melanoidea (S. ex Bornet) Santelices & Hommersand 1997 

C

191

Ptilothamnion pluma (Dilwyn) Thuret 1863

SC

192

Rhodophyllis divaricata (Stackhouse) Papenfuss 1950

M

193

Rhodymenia ardissonei J. Feldmann 1937

Ab

194

Rhodymenia pseudopalmata (J.V.Lamouroux) P.C.Silva 1952

M

195

Rodymenia ligulata Zanardini 1843

Ab

196

Rytiphlaea tinctoria (Clemente) C. Agardh 1824

Ab

197

Sebdenia dichotoma Berthold 1884

Abt

198

Sebdenia riodrigueziana ( J. Feldmann) Codomier ex Parkinson 1980

M

199

Seirospora apiculata (Meneghini) G. Feldmann-Mazoyer 1942

At

200

Seirospora interrupta (Smith) F. Schmitz 1893

M

201

Seirospora sphaerospora Feldmann 1942

M

202

Spermothamnion johannis Feldmann-Mazoyer 1941

M

203

Spermothamnion repens (Dillwyn) Rosenvinge 1924

Ab

204

Sphaerococcus coronopifolius Stackhouse 1797

M

205

Sphondylothamnion multifidum (Hudson) Nageli 1862

M

206

Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey 1833

M

207

Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K.M.Drew 1956

Ab

208

Titanoderma pustulatum (J.V.Lamouroux) Nägeli 1858

Ab

209

Womersleyella setacea (Hollenberg) R.E. Norris 1992

C

210

Wrangelia penicillata C. Agardh 1828

C

211

Wurdemannia miniata (Sprengel) Feldmann et Hamel 1934

Int

 

Tracheophyta

PhGR

212

Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson 1870

Ab

213

Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile 1813

M

214

Ruppia maritima Linnaeus 1753

C

215

Zostera marina Linnaeus 1753

C

216

Zostera noltei Hornemann 1832

Ab

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Mačić, V., Krivokapić, S. (2016). Phytobenthos in the Boka Kotorska Bay: State of Knowledge and Threats. In: Joksimović, A., Djurović, M., Semenov, A., Zonn, I., Kostianoy, A. (eds) The Boka Kotorska Bay Environment . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 54. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2016_20

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