Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Environmental Biomedicine pp 11–21Cite as

Epidemiological and Clinical Reasons for Vaccination Against Pertussis and Influenza in Pregnant Women

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((NR,volume 849))

Abstract

Vaccinations in pregnancy are an important aspect of prenatal care for improving both maternal health and neonatal outcomes. Despite the fact that protection against some infectious diseases for pregnant women can be easily provided through immunizations, current coverage rates are low. Two vaccines are notably recommended during pregnancy: influenza and the combined tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine. In this review the authors discuss current recommendations for vaccination against pertussis and influenza in pregnant women in terms of epidemiological, clinical, and immunological reasons, taking into account safety and effectiveness. Promoting patients’ awareness about pertussis and influenza and encouraging general practitioners, nurses and obstetricians to recommend the pertussis booster and influenza vaccine will hopefully increase the number of pregnant women who choose to become vaccinated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

ACOG:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

ACIP:

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CDC:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

DTaP:

tetanus diphtheria and acellular pertussis vaccine with not reduced doses of antigens, used in infants and children

ECDC:

European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

ICU:

Intensive Care Unit

Tdap:

tetanus diphtheria and acellular pertussis vaccine with reduced doses of antigens, used in adolescents and adults

VAERS:

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System

VSD:

Vaccine Safety Datalink

WHO:

World Health Organization

References

  • ACIP – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008) Murphy TV, Slade BA, Broder KR. Prevention of pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria among pregnant and postpartum women and their infants: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57:1–51

    Google Scholar 

  • ACIP – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (2011) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women and persons who have or anticipate having close contact with an infant aged <12 months. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60:1424–1426

    Google Scholar 

  • ACIP – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (2012) Summary report, October 24–25, 2012, Atlanta. Available for: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/min-archive/min-oct12.pdf. Accessed 11 June 2014

  • ACIP – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (2013) Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women- Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62:131–135

    Google Scholar 

  • ACOG – American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2004) Influenza vaccination and treatment during pregnancy. ACOG committee opinion no. 305. Obstet Gynecol 104:1125–1126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ACOG – American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (2013) ACOG Committee Opinion No. 566: update on immunization and pregnancy: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination. Obstet Gynecol 121:1411–1414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acs N, Banhidy F, Puho E, Czeizel AE (2005) Maternal influenza during pregnancy and risk of congenital abnormalities in offspring. Birth Defects Res 73:989–996

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alphonso C (2012) Whooping cough makes deadly return across Canada. The Globe and Mail. Available for: www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/whooping-cough-makes-deadly-return-across-canada/article4436946. Accessed 12 June 2014

  • Aro T, Haapakoski J, Heinonen OP (1984) A multivariate analysis of the risk indicators of reduction limb defects. Int J Epidemiol 13:459–464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black SB, Shinefield HR, France EK (2004) Effectiveness of influenza vaccine during pregnancy in preventing hospitalizations and outpatient visits for respiratory illness in pregnant women and their infants. Am J Perinatol 21:333–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bogers H, Boer K, Duvekot J (2011) Complications of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in pregnant women in The Netherlands: a national cohort study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 6:309–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefoy O, Maugey-Laulom B, Diris B, Dalley D, Diard F (2005) Fetal extradural hematoma: prenatal diagnosis and postmortem examination. Fetal Diagn Ther 20:262–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005) Recommended adult immunization schedule – United States, October 2005–September 2006. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) Influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women – 29 States and New York City, 2009–10 season. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61:113–118

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013a) Seasonal flu vaccine safety and pregnant women. Available for: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/qa_vacpregnant.htm. Accessed 22 June 2014

  • CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013b) Pertussis (whooping cough) outbreaks. Atlanta. www.cdc.gov/pertussis/outbreaks.html. Accessed 5 June 2014

  • Coffey VP, Jessop WJE (1959) Maternal influenza and congenital deformities. Lancet 2:935–938

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creanga AA, Johnson TF, Graitzer SB, Hartman LK, Al-Samarrai T, Schwarz AG (2010) Severity of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 11:717–726

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ECDC – European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) Reframing the issue: workshop on seasonal influenza vaccination. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/press/events/Documents/VENICE-monitoring-flu-vaccination-Flanagan.pdf. Accessed 14 June 2014

  • Eick AA, Uyeki TM, Klimov A (2011) Maternal influenza vaccination and effect on influenza virus infection in young infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 165:104–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Englund JA (2007) The influence of maternal immunization on infant immune responses. J Comp Pathol 137(Suppl 1):S16–S19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Englund JA, Mbawuike IN, Hammill H (1993) Maternal immunization with influenza or tetanus toxoid vaccine for passive antibody protection in young infants. J Infect Dis 168:647–656

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gall SA, Myers J, Pichichero M (2011) Maternal immunization with tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccine: effect on maternal and neonatal serum antibody levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 204:334.e1–334.e5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glass HC, Pham TN, Danielsen B, Towner D, Glidden D, Wu Y (2009) Antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for seizures in term newborns: a population-based study, California 1998–2002. J Pediatr 154:24–28e1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg M, Jacobziner H, Pakter J (1958) Maternal mortality in the epidemic of Asian influenza, New York City, 1957. Am J Obstet Gynecol 76:897–902

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halperin BA, Morris A, Mackinnon-Cameron D (2011) Kinetics of the antibody response to tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine in women of childbearing age and postpartum women. Clin Infect Dis 53:885–892

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris JW (1919) Influenza occurring in pregnant women. J Am Med Assoc 72:978–983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haugen G, Jenum PA, Scheie D, Sund S, Stray-Pedersen B (2000) Prenatal diagnosis of tracheal obstruction: possible association with maternal pertussis infection. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 15:69–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Healy CM, Munoz FM, Rench MA, Halasa NB, Edwards KM, Baker CJ (2004) Prevalence of pertussis antibodies in maternal delivery, cord and infant serum. J Infect Dis 190:335–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Healy CM, Rench MA, Baker CJ (2011) Implementation of cocooning against pertussis in a high-risk population. Clin Infect Dis 52:157–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Healy CM, Rench MA, Baker CJ (2013) Importance of timing of maternal Tdap immunization and protection of young infants. Clin Infect Dis 56:539–544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hewlett E, Edwards K (2005) Pertussis – not just for kids. N Engl J Med 352:1215–1222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irving WL, James DK, Stephenson T (2000) Influenza virus infection in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy: a clinical and seroepidemiological study. Br J Obstet Gynecol 107:1282–1289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iscander J, Pool V, Zhou W, English-Bullard R (2006) The VAERS Team. Data mining in the US using the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Drug Saf 29:375–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkland KB, Talbot EA, Decker MD, Edwards KM (2009) Kinetics of pertussis immune responses to tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine in health care personnel: implications for outbreak control. Clin Infect Dis 49:584–587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence R (2010) Whooping cough on the rise in Saskatchewan. The Moose Jaw Times Herald, 30 Sep 2010. Available for: www.mjtimes.sk.ca/News/Local/2010–09–30/article-1809662/Whooping-Cough-on-the-rise-in-Saskatchewan/. Accessed 29 June 2010

  • Leck I (1963) Incidence of malformations following influenza epidemics. Br J Prev Social Med 17:70–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leck I (1969) Further tests of the hypothesis that influenza in pregnancy causes malformations. HSMHA Health Rep 86:265–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynberg MC, Khoury MJ, Lu X (1994) Maternal flu, fever, and the risk of neural tube defects: a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 140:244–255

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mak TK, Mangtani P, Leese J (2008) Influenza vaccination in pregnancy: current evidence and selected national policies. Lancet Infect Dis 8:44–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matlow J, Pupco A, Bozzo P, Koren G (2013) Tdap vaccination during pregnancy to reduce pertussis infection in young infants. Can Fam Physician 59:497–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Mednick SA, Machon RA, Huttunen MO (1988) Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:189–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullooly JP, Barker WH, Nolan TF (1986) Risk of acute respiratory disease among pregnant women during influenza A epidemics. Public Health Rep 101:205–210

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz FM, Greisinger AJ, Wehmanen OA (2005) Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:1098–1106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neuzil KM, Reed GW, Mitchel EF, Simonses L, Griffin MR (1998) Impact of influenza on acute cardiopulmonary hospitalizations in pregnant women. Am J Epidemiol 148:1094–1102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nooitgedagt JE, de Greeff S, Elvers B, de Melker H, Daan W, Notermans D, van Huisseling H, Florens GA, Versteegh F (2009) Seroprevalence of Bordetella pertussis infection during pregnancy measured by IgG antibodies against pertussis toxin. Clin Infect Dis 49:1086–1089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panda B, Stiller R, Panda A (2011) Influenza vaccination during pregnancy and factors for lacking compliance with recurrent CDC guidelines. J Matern Fetal Neonatol Med 7:23–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce M, Kurinczuk JJ, Spartk P, Brockehurst P, Knight M (2011) Perinatal outcomes after maternal 2009/H1 infection: national cohort study. Br Med J 342:d3214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poehling KA, Szilagyi PG, Staat MA (2011) Impact of maternal immunization on influenza hospitalizations in infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 204(6 Suppl 1):S141–S148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puck JM, Glezen WP, Frank AL, Six HR (1980) Protection of infants from infection with influenza A virus by transplacentally acquired antibody. J Infect Dis 142:844–849

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roehr B (2010) Whooping cough outbreak hits several US states. Br Med J 24:341–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein E, Edwards K (2005) Health burden of pertussis in adolescents and adults. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24:44–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saxen L, Holmberg PC, Kurppa K (1990) Influenza epidemics and anencephaly. Am J Public Health 80:473–475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seon K, Yu Bin S, Kyung-Wook H, Ji Yun N, Won Suk C, Joon Young S, Geum Joon C, Min Jeong O, Hai Joong K, Soon Choul H, Jang Wook S, Woo Joo K, Hee Jin C (2013) Perceptions of Tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) Vaccination among Korean Women of Childbearing Age. J Infect Chemother 45:217–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sham PC, O’Callaghan E, Takei N (1992) Schizophrenia following pre-natal exposure to influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960. Br J Psychol 160:461–466

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhoff MC, Omer SR, Roy E, Ariffen SE, Raqib R, Alatye M (2010) Influenza immunization in pregnancy – antibody responses in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med 362:1644–1646

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storsaeter J, Hallander HO, Gustafsson L, Olin P (2003) Low levels of antipertussis antibodies plus lack of history of pertussis correlate with susceptibility after household exposure to Bordetella pertussis. Vaccine 21:3542–3549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sumaya CV, Gibbs RS (1979) Immunization of pregnant women with influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine: reactogenicity and immunogenicity in mother and infant. J Infect Dis 140:141–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson MG, Li DK, Shifflett P, Sokolow LZ, Ferber JR, Kurosky S, Bozeman S, Reynolds SB, Odouli R, Henninger ML, Kauffman TL, Avalos LA, Ball S, Williams JL, Irving SA, Shay DK, Naleway AL, Pregnancy and Influenza Project Workgroup (2014) Effectiveness of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine for preventing influenza virus illness among pregnant women: a population-based case-control study during the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 influenza seasons. Clin Infect Dis 58:449–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tong A, Bringer A, Ofner-Agostini M, Upshur R, Mc Geer A (2011) A cross sectional study of maternity care providers and women knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards influenza vaccination during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol 204:S107–S111

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Avila-Aguero ML (2008) Pertussis in Latin America: current situation and future vaccination challenges. Expert Rev Vaccines 7:1569–1580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varan AK, Esteves-Jaramillo A, Richardson V, Esparza-Aquilar M, Cervantes-Powell P, Omer SB (2014) Intention to accept Bordetella pertussis booster vaccine during pregnancy in Mexico City. Vaccine 32:785–792

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wendelboe AM, Njamkepo E, Bourillon A (2007) Transmission of Bordetella pertussis to young infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 26:293–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO – World Health Organization (2005) WHO position paper on influenza vaccines – WER, 19 August 2005 (pdf 214kb). http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/committee/topics/influenza/pregnancy/en/. Accessed 11 June 2014

  • WHO – World Health Organization (2009) Influenza (seasonal) fact sheets no. 211: 2009. Available for: http://www.who.int.mediacentre/factshhets/fs211/en/index.html. Accessed 22 July 2014

  • Widelock D, Csizmas L, Klein S (1963) Influenza, pregnancy, and fetal outcome. Public Health Rep 78:1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yudin MH, Salaripour M, Sgro MD (2009) Pregnant women’s knowledge of influenza and the use and safety of the influenza vaccine during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Can 31:120–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaman K, Roy E, Arifeen SE (2008) Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med 359:1555–1564

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheteyeva YA, Moro PL, Tepper NK, Rasmussen SA, Barash FE, Revzina NV, Kissin D, Lewis PW, Yue X, Haber P, Tokars JI, Vellozzi C, Broder KR (2012) Adverse event reports after tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines in pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 207:e1–e7

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflicts of Interest

Authors declare no conflict of interests in relation to this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Banacha St. 1A, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland

    Aneta Nitsch-Osuch, Katarzyna Życińska & Kazimierz Wardyn

  2. Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland

    Krzysztof Korzeniewski

  3. Department of Family Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland

    Maciej Gawlak

  4. Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland

    Ernest Kuchar

Authors
  1. Aneta Nitsch-Osuch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Krzysztof Korzeniewski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Maciej Gawlak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Katarzyna Życińska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kazimierz Wardyn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ernest Kuchar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aneta Nitsch-Osuch .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Psychology, University of Opole, Poland

    Mieczyslaw Pokorski

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nitsch-Osuch, A., Korzeniewski, K., Gawlak, M., Życińska, K., Wardyn, K., Kuchar, E. (2014). Epidemiological and Clinical Reasons for Vaccination Against Pertussis and Influenza in Pregnant Women. In: Pokorski, M. (eds) Environmental Biomedicine. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 849. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2014_95

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation