Abstract
Widely accepted and deployed commodity consumer products (e.g., laptops, optical disk drives, flatbed scanners, tablets, personal digital assistants, cell phones, wrist watches) as well as high-performance components of consumer products (e.g., micromachined accelerometers, radiofrequency identification tags) present a prominent set of attractive capabilities for advanced sensors. For detection of chemical species in liquids and gases, we take advantage of previously developed, optimized, and mass-produced physical transducers, optoelectronic, radiofrequency identification, and other types of components and rationally combine them with sensing materials to produce new types of chemical sensors. This chapter presents several examples of our recent developments to demonstrate chemical sensors based on mechanical, radiant, and electrical signal-transduction methodologies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- CCD:
-
Charge-coupled device
- CD:
-
Compact disc
- DVD:
-
Digital versatile disc
- HF:
-
High frequency
- IC:
-
Integrated circuit
- LCR:
-
Inductor–capacitor–resistor
- LF:
-
Low frequency
- MEMS:
-
Microelectromechanical system
- MeOH:
-
Methanol
- PCA:
-
Principal component analysis
- PDA:
-
Personal digital assistant
- pHEMA:
-
Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate
- RF:
-
Radiofrequency
- RFID:
-
Radiofrequency identification
- RSD:
-
Relative standard deviation
- S/N:
-
Signal-to-noise
- SACD:
-
Super audio CD
- SAW:
-
Surface acoustic-wave
- TCE:
-
Trichloroethylene
- Tol:
-
Toluene
- TSM:
-
Thickness shear mode
- UHF:
-
Ultrahigh frequency
References
Hulanicki A, Glab S, Ingman F (1991) Chemical sensors: definitions and classification. Commission on general aspects of analytical chemistry. Pure Appl Chem 63(9):1247–1250
Wolfbeis OS (ed) (1991) Fiber optic chemical sensors and biosensors. CRC, Boca Raton
Taylor RF, Schultz JS (eds) (1996) Handbook of chemical and biological sensors. IOP Publishing, Bristol
Webster JG (ed) (1999) The measurement, instrumentation, and sensors handbook. CRC, Boca Raton
Potyrailo RA (2006) Polymeric sensor materials: toward an alliance of combinatorial and rational design tools ? Angew Chem Int Ed 45:702–723
Middelhoek S, Noorlag JW (1981/1982) Three-dimensional representation of input and output transducers. Sens Actuators 2:29–41
Janata J (1989) Principles of chemical sensors. Plenum, New York
Hirschfeld T, Callis JB, Kowalski BR (1984) Chemical sensing in process analysis. Science 226:312–318
Hirschfeld T (1985) Instrumentation in the next decade. Science 230:286–291
Hagleitner C, Hierlemann A, Brand O, Baltes H (2002) Cmos single chip gas detection systems - part i. In: Baltes H, Göpel W, Hesse J (eds) Sensors update, vol 11. Weinheim, VCH, pp 101–155
Wohltjen H (2006) A journey: from sensor ideas to sensor products. In: Plenary talk at the 11th international meeting on chemical sensors. University of Brescia, Brescia, 16–19 July 2006 (Elsevier Science)
Boussaad S, Tao NJ (2003) Polymer wire chemical sensor using a microfabricated tuning fork. Nano Lett 3:1173–1176
Ren M, Forzani ES, Tao N (2005) Chemical sensor based on microfabricated wristwatch tuning forks. Anal Chem 77:2700–2707
Vo-Dinh T, Alarie JP, Isola N, Landis D, Wintenberg AL, Ericson MN (1999) DNA biochip using a phototransistor integrated circuit. Anal Chem 71:358–363
Ivanisevic A, Yeh J-Y, Mawst L, Kuech TF, Ellis AB (2001) Light-emitting diodes as chemical sensors. Nature 409:476
Manzano J, Filippini D, Lundström I (2003) Computer screen illumination for the characterization of colorimetric assays. Sens Actuators B 96:173–179
Cho EJ, Bright FV (2001) Optical sensor array and integrated light source. Anal Chem 73:3289–3293
Cho EJ, Tao Z, Tehan EC, Bright FV (2002) Multianalyte pin-printed biosensor arrays based on protein-doped xerogels. Anal Chem 74:6177–6184
Finkenzeller K (2003) RFID handbook. Fundamentals and applications in contactless smart cards and identification, 2nd edn. Wiley, Hoboken
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG (2007) Multianalyte chemical identification and quantitation using a single radio frequency identification sensor. Anal Chem 79:45–51
Want R (2004) Enabling ubiquitous sensing with RFID. Computer 37(4):84–86. doi:10.1109/MC.2004.1297315
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Leach AM, Hassib L, Krishnan K, Surman C, Wroczynski R, Boyette S, Xiao C, Shrikhande P, Agree A, Cecconie T (2007) Theory and practice of ubiquitous quantitative chemical analysis using conventional computer optical disk drives. Appl Opt 46:7007–7017
Bjorklund R, Filippini D, Lundström I (2008) Automatic optimization of experimental conditions for fast evaluation of diagnostic tests using ubiquitous instrumentation. Sens Actuators B 134:199–205
Gardner JW, Guha PK, Udrea F, Covington JA (2010) Cmos interfacing for integrated gas sensors: a review. IEEE Sens J 10:1833–1848
Potyrailo RA, May RJ, Sivavec TM (2004) Recognition and quantification of perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and three isomers of dichloroethylene using acoustic-wave sensor array. Sens Lett 2:31–36
Potyrailo RA, Sivavec TM (2004) Boosting sensitivity of organic vapor detection with silicone block polyimide polymers. Anal Chem 76:7023–7027
Potyrailo RA, Sivavec TM (2005) Dual-response resonant chemical sensors for multianalyte analysis. Sens Actuators B 106:249–252
Potyrailo RA, Leach AM, Morris WG, Gamage SK (2006) Chemical sensors based on micromachined transducers with integrated piezoresistive readout. Anal Chem 78:5633–5638
Ballantine DS Jr, White RM, Martin SJ, Ricco AJ, Frye GC, Zellers ET, Wohltjen H (1997) Acoustic wave sensors: theory, design, and physico-chemical applications. Academic, San Diego
Campbell CK (1998) Surface acoustic wave devices for mobile and wireless communications. Academic, San Diego
Filippini D, Alimelli A, Di Natale C, Paolesse R, D'Amico A, Lundström I (2006) Chemical sensing with familiar devices. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:3800–3803
Macken S, Di Natale C, Paolesse R, D'Amico A, Lundström I, Filippini D (2009) Towards integrated devices for computer screen photo-assisted multi-parameter sensing. Anal Chim Acta 632:143–147
Di Natale C, Martinelli E, Paolesse R, D'Amico A, Filippini D, Lundström I (2008) An experimental biomimetic platform for artificial olfaction. PLoS One 3(9):e3139. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003139
Benschop J, Rosmalen GV (1991) Confocal compact scanning optical microscope based on compact disc technology. Appl Opt 30:1179–1184
Quercioli F, Tiribilli B, Ascoli C, Baschieri P, Frediani C (1999) Monitoring of an atomic force microscope cantilever with a compact disk pickup. Rev Sci Instrum 70:3620–3624
Chu C-L, Lin C-H (2005) Development of an optical accelerometer with a dvd pick-up head. Meas Sci Technol 16:2498–2502
Lange SA, Roth G, Wittemann S, Lacoste T, Vetter A, Grässle J, Kopta S, Kolleck M, Breitinger B, Wick M, Hörber JKH, Dübel S, Bernard A (2006) Measuring biomolecular binding events with a compact disc player device. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:270–273
Gordon JF (1999) Apparatus and method for carrying out analysis of samples. US Patent 5,892,577
La Clair JJ, Burkart MD (2003) Molecular screening on a compact disc. Org Biomol Chem 1:3244–3249
Jones CL, Thigpen SA (2005) Microbial cell driven website design using genetic algorithms and optical disc computing. In: Australian society for microbiology 2005 national conference, National Convention Centre, Canberra, 25–29 September 2005
Jones CL (2005) Cryptographic hash functions and cd-based optical biosensors. Prob Nonlinear Anal Eng Syst 11(2(23)):17–36
Banuls M-J, González-Pedro V, Puchades R, Maquieira Á (2007) Pmma isocyanate-modified digital discs as a support for oligonucleotide-based assays. Bioconj Chem 18:1408–1414
Morais S, Carrascosa J, Mira D, Puchades R, Maquieira Á (2007) Microimmunoanalysis on standard compact discs to determine low abundant compounds. Anal Chem 79:7628–7635
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Leach AM, Sivavec TM, Wisnudel MB, Boyette S (2006) Analog signal acquisition from computer optical disk drives for quantitative chemical sensing. Anal Chem 78:5893–5899
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Wroczynski R, Hassib L, Miller P, Dworken B, Leach AM, Boyette S, Xiao C (2009) Multi-wavelength operation of optical disk drives for chemical and biological analysis. Sens Actuators B 136:203–208
Hruschka WR, Massie DR, Anderson JD (1983) Computerized analysis of two-dimensional electrophoretograms. Anal Chem 55:2345–2348
Taton TA, Mirkin CA, Letsinger RL (2000) Scanometric DNA array detection with nanoparticle probes. Science 289:1757–1760
Rakow NA, Suslick KS (2000) A colorimetric sensor array for odour visualization. Nature 406:710–713
Zhang C, Suslick KS (2005) Colorimetric sensor array for organics in water. J Am Chem Soc 127:11548–11549
Nath N, Chilkoti A (2002) A colorimetric gold nanoparticle sensor to interrogate biomolecular interactions in real time on a surface. Anal Chem 74:504–509
Hirayama E, Sugiyama T, Hisamoto H, Suzuki K (2000) Visual and colorimetric lithium ion sensing based on digital color analysis. Anal Chem 72:465–474
Suzuki K, Hirayama E, Sugiyama T, Yasuda K, Okabe H, Citterio D (2002) Ionophore-based lithium ion film optode realizing multiple color variations utilizing digital color analysis. Anal Chem 74:5766–5773
García A, Erenas MM, Marinetto ED, Abad CA, De Orbe-Paya I, Palma AJ, Capitán-Vallvey LF (2011) Mobile phone platform as portable chemical analyzer. Sens Actuators B 156:350–359
Lim SH, Feng L, Kemling JW, Musto CJ, Suslick KS (2009) An optoelectronic nose for detection of toxic gases. Nat Chem 1:562–567. doi:10.1038/nchem.360
Forzani E, Tao N (2012) Wearable and wireless sensor for real-time detection of volatile organic compounds, Private communication to R Potyrailo
Li J (2012) Nanosensors-cellphone integration for extended chemical sensing network. Private communication to R Potyrailo
Nambi S, Nyalamadugu S, Wentworth SM, Chin BA (2003) Radio frequency identification sensors. In: 7th World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics & Informatics (SCI 2003), Dubna, Russia, pp 386–390
Mascaro DJ, Baxter JC, Halvorsen A, White K, Scholz B, Schulz DL (2007) Chemiblock transducers. Sens Actuators B 120:353–361
Christensen CM (1997) The innovator’s dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail. Harvard Business School Press, Boston
Christensen CM, Raynor ME (2003) The innovator’s solution: creating and sustaining successful growth. Harvard Business School Press, Boston
Wang N, Zhang N, Wang M (2006) Wireless sensors in agriculture and food industry-recent development and future perspective. Comp Electron Agric 50:1–14
Nicolaou KC, Xiao X-Y, Parandoosh Z, Senyei A, Nova MP (1995) Radiofrequency encoded combinatorial chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed 34:2289–2291
Bachner F (2005) Intertech Corp., Presented at Organic RFID Conf., San-Diego, October 19–21
Lawrence D (2005) TechVention. Presented at Organic RFID Conf., San-Diego, October 19–21
Qi P, Vermesh O, Grecu M, Javey A, Wang Q, Dai H, Peng S, Cho KJ (2003) Toward large arrays of multiplex functionalized carbon nanotube sensors for highly sensitive and selective molecular detection. Nano Lett 3:347–351
Schedin F, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Hill EW, Blake P, Katsnelson MI, Novoselov KS (2007) Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene. Nat Mater 6:652–655
Snow ES, Perkins FK, Robinson JA (2006) Chemical vapor detection using single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Soc Rev 35:790–798
Ratinac KR, Yang W, Ringer SP, Braet F (2010) Toward ubiquitous environmental gas sensors-capitalizing on the promise of graphene. Environ Sci Technol 44:1167–1176
Grate JW (2008) Hydrogen-bond acidic polymers for chemical vapor sensing. Chem Rev 108:726–745
Hatchett DW, Josowicz M (2008) Composites of intrinsically conducting polymers as sensing nanomaterials. Chem Rev 108:746–769
Korotcenkov G (2005) Gas response control through structural and chemical modification of metal oxide films: State of the art and approaches. Sens Actuators B 107:209–232
Franke ME, Koplin TJ, Simon U (2006) Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in chemiresistors: does the nanoscale matter? Small 2:36–50
Barsan N, Koziej D, Weimar U (2007) Metal oxide-based gas sensor research: how to? Sens Actuators B 121:18–35
Grate JW, Abraham H, McGill RA (1997) Sorbent polymer materials for chemical sensors and arrays. In: Kress-Rogers E (ed) Handbook of biosensors and electronic noses. Medicine, food, and the environment. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 593–612
Grate JW (2000) Acoustic wave microsensor arrays for vapor sensing. Chem Rev 100:2627–2648
King WH Jr (1964) Piezoelectric sorption detector. Anal Chem 36:1735–1739
Ward M, Buttry DA (1990) In situ interfacial mass detection with piezoelectric transducers. Science 249:1000–1007
Thompson M, Stone DC (1997) Surface-launched acoustic wave sensors: chemical sensing and thin-film characterization. Wiley, New York
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Wroczynski RJ (2003) Acoustic-wave sensors for high-throughput screening of materials. In: Potyrailo RA, Amis EJ (eds) High throughput analysis: a tool for combinatorial materials science. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York (Chap. 11)
Sepaniak MJ, Datskos PG, Lavrik NV, Tipple C (2002) Microcantilever transducers: a new approach in sensor technology. Anal Chem 74:568A–575A
Lavrik NV, Sepaniak MJ, Datskos PG (2004) Cantilever transducers as a platform for chemical and biological sensors. Rev Sci Instrum 75:2229–2253
Su M, Li S, Dravid VP (2003) Microcantilever resonance-based DNA detection with nanoparticle probes. Appl Phys Lett 82:3562–3564
Hansen KM, Ji H-F, Wu G, Datar R, Cote R, Majumdar A, Thundat T (2001) Cantilever-based optical deflection assay for discrimination of DNA single-nucleotide mismatches. Anal Chem 73:1567–1571
Dutta P, Tipple CA, Lavrik NV, Datskos PG, Hofstetter H, Hofstetter O, Sepaniak MJ (2003) Enantioselective sensors based on antibody-mediated nanomechanics. Anal Chem 75:2342–2348
Savran CA, Knudsen SM, Ellington AD, Manalis SR (2004) Micromechanical detection of proteins using aptamer-based receptor molecules. Anal Chem 76:3194–3198
Ahuja A, James DL, Narayan R (1999) Dynamic behavior of ultra-thin polymer films deposited on surface acoustical wave devices. Sens Actuators B 72:234–241
Gomes MTSR, Rocha TA, Duarte AC, Oliveira JABP (1996) The performance of a tetramethylammonium fluoride tetrahydrate coated piezoelectric crystal for carbon dioxide detection. Anal Chim Acta 335:235–238
Oprea A, Henkel K, Oehmgen R, Appel G, Schmeißer D, Lauer H, Hausmann P (1999) Increased sensor sensitivities obtained by polymer-coated quartz microbalances. Mat Sci Eng C 8–9:509–512
Korsah K, Ma CL, Dress B (1998) Harmonic frequency analysis of saw resonator chemical sensors: application to the detection of carbon dioxide and humidity. Sens Actuators B 50:110–116
Hoyt AE, Ricco AJ, Bartholomew JW, Osbourn GC (1998) Saw sensors for the room-temperature measurement of co2 and relative humidity. Anal Chem 70:2137–2145
Fatibello-Filho O, de Andrade JF, Suleiman AA, Guilbault GG (1989) Piezoelectric crystal monitor for carbon dioxide in fermentation processes. Anal Chem 61:746–748
Morris WG, Potyrailo RA (2006) Wireless sensor array system for combinatorial screening of sensor materials. In: Fasolka M, Wang Q, Potyrailo RA, Chikyow T, Schubert US, Korkin A (eds) Combinatorial methods and informatics in materials science. Mrs symposium proceedings, vol 894. Materials Research Society, Warrendale, pp 219–224
Wang W, Lee K, Kim T, Park I, Yang S (2007) Novel wireless, passive co2 sensor incorporating a surface acoustic wave reflective delay line. Smart Mater Struct 16:1382–1389
Kebabian PL, Freedman A (2006) Fluoropolymer-based capacitive carbon dioxide sensor. Meas Sci Technol 17:703–710
Ong KG, Zeng K, Grimes CA (2002) A wireless, passive carbon nanotube-based gas sensor. IEEE Sensors J 2:82–88
Potyrailo RA, Hobbs SE, Hieftje GM (1998) Optical waveguide sensors in analytical chemistry: today's instrumentation, applications and future development trends. Fresenius J Anal Chem 362:349–373
Potyrailo RA, Mirsky VM (2008) Combinatorial and high-throughput development of sensing materials: the first ten years. Chem Rev 108:770–813
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Leach AM, Sivavec TM, Wisnudel MB, Krishnan K, Surman C, Hassib L, Wroczynski R, Boyette S, Xiao C, Agree A, Cecconie T (2007) A multiplexed, ubiquitous chem/bio detection platform on dvd. Am Lab (May) 32–35
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Boyette SM, Wisnudel MB, Leach AM, Stanley ML (2005) Sensor systems and methods for quantification of physical parameters, chemical and biochemical volatile and nonvolatile compounds in fluids. US Patent Application 20050111000
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Boyette SM (2005) Sensor systems and methods for remote quantification of compounds. US Patent Application 20050111001
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Leach AM (2005) Sensor system and methods for improved quantitation of environmental parameters. US Patent Application 20050111328
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Boyette SM, Wisnudel MB, Leach AM, Stanley ML (2007) Sensor systems and methods for quantification of physical parameters, chemical and biochemical volatile and nonvolatile compounds in fluids. US Patent 7,170,609
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Boyette SM (2007) Sensor systems and methods for remote quantification of compounds. US Patent 7,271,913
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Leach AM (2008) Sensor system and methods for improved quantitation of environmental parameters. US Patent 7,456,968
Potyrailo RA, Wisnudel MB, Boyette SM, Leach AM, Krishnan K (2009) Methods for deposition of sensor regions onto optical storage media substrates and resulting devices. US Patent 7,524,455
Potyrailo RA, Sivavec TM, Xiao C, Cecconie TJ, Hassib L, Leach AM, Engel DB (2010) Material compositions for sensors for determination of chemical species at trace concentrations and method of using sensors. US Patent 7,807,473
Xiao C, Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Boyette SM, Yu LJ, Cecconie TJ, Leach AM, Shrikhande PV (2010) Optical sensor array system and method for parallel processing of chemical and biochemical information. US Patent 7,723,120
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Leach AM (2006) Lab-on-dvd: Concept and feasibility demonstration for water analysis. In: Abstracts of papers, american chemical society 232nd national meeting & exposition, San Francisco, 10–14 September 2006, p ANYL-254
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Leach AM, Wisnudel MB, Boyette S (2006) Lab-on-DVD: concept and feasibility demonstration for water analysis. In: 2006 international symposium on spectral science research, Bar Harbor, Maine, May 29–June 02, 2006. Organized by the U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, pp. 221–222
Potyrailo RA, Wisnudel MB, Boyette SM, Leach AM, Krishnan K (2005) Methods for deposition of sensor regions onto optical storage media substrates and resulting devices. US Patent Application 20050112358
Xiao C, Sivavec TM, Engel DB, Leach AM (2007) Self-contained phosphate sensors and method for using same. US Patent Application 20070092972
Yamada M, Kajiyama S, Kanou Y, Matsumura Y, Tsuchiya Y (1998) Dvd/cd/cd-r compatible pick-up with two-wavelength two-beam laser. IEEE Trans Consum Electr 44:591–600
Uchiyama M, Ebihara T, Omi K, Kitano H, Hoshino I, Mori K (2000) Development of optical pickup for digital versatile disc using two-wavelength-integrated laser diode. Jpn J Appl Phys Part 1 39:1549–1553
Mori E, Komma Y, Yasuda K, Hotta N, Imafuji O, Kikuchi A, Itoh T (2002) Digital versatile disc read-only disc, rewritable disc and compact disc compatible optical pickup with a two-wavelength laser diode unit. Jpn J Appl Phys Part 1 41:4845–4849
Knittel J, Krackhardt U, Dambach S, Richter H (2002) Compact optical pickup with a two-wavelength laser diode. Jpn J Appl Phys Part 1 41:1817–1820
Saito R, Ito F, Yokochi Y, Saito T, Ohira T, Sato H, Itonaga M (2004) Polarization-free blu-ray disc/digital versatile disc compatible optical pick-up. Jpn J Appl Phys 43:4799–4800
Sturm J, Leifhelm M, Schatzmayr H, Groiss S, Zimmermann H (2005) Optical receiver ic for cd/dvd/blue-laser application. IEEE J Solid-State Circ 40:1406–1413
Kang S-M, Lee J-E, Kim W-C, Park N-C, Park Y-P, Cho E-H, Sohn J-S, Suh S-D (2006) Development of integrated small-form-factor optical pickup with blu-ray disc specification. Jpn J Appl Phys 45:6723–6729
Issiki F, Maeda N, Kimura K, Suenaga H, Kurokawa T (2007) Triple-write one-lens optical pickup for blu-ray Disc/DVD/CD supporting 4x blu-ray read/write. Digest of Technical Papers. International Conference on Consumer Electronics, ICCE 2007, pp 1–2. doi:10.1109/ICCE.2007.341425
Göpel W (1996) Ultimate limits in the miniaturization of chemical sensors. Sens Actuators A 56:83–102
Potyrailo RA, Surman C, Nagraj NN, Burns A (2011) Materials and transducers toward selective wireless gas sensing. Chem Rev 111:7315–7354. doi:10.1021/cr2000477
Mackay RS, Jaconson B (1957) Endoradiosonde. Nature 179:1239–1240
Lehpamer H (2008) RFID design principles. Artech House, Norwood
Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Sivavec T, Tomlinson HW, Klensmeden S, Lindh K (2009) Rfid sensors based on ubiquitous passive 13.56-mhz rfid tags and complex impedance detection. Wirel Commun Mob Comput 9:1318–1330
Potyrailo RA, Surman C, Go S, Lee Y, Sivavec T, Morris WG (2009) Development of radio-frequency identification sensors based on organic electronic sensing materials for selective detection of toxic vapors. J Appl Phys 106:124902
Potyrailo RA, Wortley T, Surman C, Monk D, Morris WG, Vincent M, Diana R, Pizzi V, Carter J, Gach G, Klensmeden S, Ehring H (2011) Passive multivariable temperature and conductivity rfid sensors for single-use biopharmaceutical manufacturing components. Biotechnol Prog 27:875–884
Potyrailo RA, Surman C, Monk D, Morris WG, Wortley T, Vincent M, Diana R, Pizzi V, Carter J, Gach G, Klensmeden S, Ehring H (2011) RFID sensors as the common sensing platform for single-use biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Meas Sci Technol 22:082001. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/22/8/082001
Surman C, Potyrailo RA, Morris WG, Wortley T, Vincent M, Diana R, Pizzi V, Carter J, Gach G (2011) Temperature-independent passive rfid pressure sensors for single-use bioprocess components. In: IEEE international conference on RFID (IEEE RFID), pp 78–84
Madrid RE, Felice CJ, Valentinuzzi ME (1999) Automatic on-line analyser of microbial growth using simultaneous measurements of impedance and turbidity. Med Biol Eng Comput 37:789–793
Biswas K, Sen S, Dutta PK (2006) A constant phase element sensor for monitoring microbial growth. Sens Actuators B 119:186–191
Martens H, Martens M (2001) Multivariate analysis of quality. An introduction. Wiley, Chichester
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to my colleagues at GE who coauthored numerous original publications cited in this review: A. Agree, S. Boyette, A. Burns, J. Carter, T. Cecconie, R. Diana, B. Dworken, H. Ehring, D. B. Engel, G. Gach, S. K. Gamage, S. Go, L. Hassib, S. Klensmeden, K. Krishnan, A. M. Leach, Y. Lee, K. Lindh, R. J. May, P. Miller, D. Monk, W. G. Morris, N. N. Nagraj, V. Pizzi, P. Shrikhande, T. M. Sivavec, C. Surman, H. W. Tomlinson, L. J. Yu, M. Vincent, M. B. Wisnudel, T. Wortley, R. Wroczynski, and C. Xiao. The author acknowledges E. Forzani and N. Tao (Arizona State University) for providing Figure 1i and J. Li (NASA Ames Research Center) for providing Figure 1j. This work has been supported from General Electric’s fundamental research and business funds.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Potyrailo, R.A. (2012). Ubiquitous Devices for Chemical Sensing. In: Filippini, D. (eds) Autonomous Sensor Networks. Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, vol 13. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/5346_2012_35
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/5346_2012_35
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-34647-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-34648-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)