Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Chemical Bond I pp 181–197Cite as

Electronic Properties of Endohedral Clusters of Group 14

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Structure and Bonding ((STRUCTURE,volume 169))

Abstract

The concept of stable “superatoms,” molecular species which mimic the shell closures emphasised by Lewis and Kossel, has become an important paradigm of stability in cluster chemistry. In this review we discuss recent work, both experimental and theoretical, on the family of endohedral clusters M@Ex, where M is a transition metal ion and E is a member of group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, Pb). The structural chemistry within this family is very varied, ranging from deltahedral motifs for the heavier tetrels to open 3-connected structures such as the hexagonal prism in Cr@Si12. We explore the arguments that have been presented to rationalise these structural trends and their implications for chemical bonding.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

HOMO:

Highest occupied molecular orbital

LUMO:

Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

References

  1. Lewis G (1916) J Am Chem Soc 38:762

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Knight WD, Clemenger K, de Heer WA, Saunders WA, Chou MY, Cohen ML (1984) Phys Rev Lett 52:2141

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Leuchtner RE, Harms AC, Castleman AW Jr (1989) J Chem Phys 91:2753

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Reveles JU, Clayborne PA, Reber AC, Khanna SN, Pradhan K, Sen P, Pederson MR (2009) Nat Chem 1:310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Castleman AW Jr, Khanna SN (2009) J Phys Chem C 113:2664

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Castleman AW Jr (2011) J Phys Chem Lett 2:1062

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Medel VM, Reveles JU, Reber AC, Khanna SN, Castleman AW Jr (2011) Phys Rev B 84:075435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Luo Z, Castleman AW Jr (2014) Acc Chem Res 47:2931

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Janssens E, Neukermans S, Lievens P (2004) Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 8:185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Khanna SN, Jena P (1995) Phys Rev B 51:13705

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Jena P (2013) J Phys Chem Lett 4:1432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Reber AC, Khanna SN, Castleman AW Jr (2007) J Am Chem Soc 129:10189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bergeron DE, Castleman AW Jr, Morisato T, Khanna SN (2004) Science 304:84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Reveles JU, Khanna SN, Roach PJ, Castleman AW Jr (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:18405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wade K (1971) J Chem Soc D0 Chem Commun 792

    Google Scholar 

  16. Wade K (1976) Adv Inorg Chem Radiochem 18:1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Mingos DMP (1972) Nature Phys Sci 236:99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Cong H, Yu B, Akasaka T, Lu X (2013) Coord Chem Rev 257:2880

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lu X, Bao L, Akasaka T, Nagase S (2014) Chem Commun 50:14701

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Garcia-Borràs M, Osuna S, Luis JM, Swart M, Solà M (2014) Chem Soc Rev 43:5089

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lu X, Feng L, Akasaka T, Nagase S (2012) Chem Soc Rev 41:7723

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Rodriguez-Fortea A, Balch AL, Poblet JM (2011) Chem Soc Rev 40:3551

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhao J, Huang X, Jin P, Chen Z (2015) Coord Chem Rev 289–290:315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhou B, Denning MS, Kays DL, Goicoechea JM (2009) J Am Chem Soc 131:2802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Krämer T, Duckworth JCA, Ingram MD, Zhou B, McGrady JE, Gorcoechea JM (2013) Dalton Trans 42:12120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Goicoechea JM, McGrady JE (2015) Dalton Trans 44:6755

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. McGrady JE (2004) J Chem Educ 81:733

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bernardini F, Picozzi S, Continenza A (2004) Appl Phys Lett 84:2289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dalpian GM, da Silva AJR, Fazzio A (2003) Phys Rev B 68:113310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. da Silva AJR, Fazzio A, Antonelli A (2004) Phys Rev B 70:193205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhang ZZ, Partoens B, Chang K, Peeters FM (2008) Phys Rev B 77:155201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Graff K (2000) Metal impurities in silicon device fabrication. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  33. Beck SM (1987) J Chem Phys 87:4233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Beck SM (1989) J Chem Phys 90:6306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hiura H, Miyazaki T, Kanayama T (2001) Phys Rev Lett 86:1733

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Robles R, Khanna SN (2009) Phys Rev B 80:115414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Uchida N, Bolotov L, Miyazaki T, Kanayama T (2003) J Phys D Appl Phys 36:L43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sun Z, Oyanagi H, Uchida N, Miyazaki T, Kanayama T (2009) J Phys D Appl Phys 42:015412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Uchida N, Kintou H, Matsushita Y, Tada T, Kanayama T (2008) Appl Phys Exp 1:121502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Khanna SN, Rao BK, Jena P (2002) Phys Rev Lett 89:016803

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Zheng W, Nilles JM, Radisic D, Bowen KH Jr (2005) J Chem Phys 122:071101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ohara M, Koyasu K, Nakajima A, Kaya K (2003) Chem Phys Lett 371:490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Koyasu K, Akutsu M, Mitsui M, Nakajima A (2005) J Am Chem Soc 127:4998

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Janssens E, Gruene P, Meijer G, Wöste L, Lievens P, Fielicke A (2007) Phys Rev Lett 99:063401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ngan VT, Janssens E, Claes P, Lyon JT, Fielicke A, Nguyen MT, Lievens P (2012) Chem Eur J 18:15788

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Claes P, Janssens E, Ngan VT, Gruene P, Lyon JT, Harding DJ, Fielicke A, Nguyen MT, Lievens P (2011) Phys Rev Lett 107:173401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Zamudio-Bayer V, Leppert L, Hirsch K, Langenberg A, Rittmann J, Kossick M, Vogel M, Richter R, Terasaki A, Möller T, Issendorf BV, Kűmmel S, Lau JT (2013) Phys Rev B 88:115425

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Xiao C, Hagelberg F, Lester WA Jr (2002) Phys Rev B 66:075425

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hagelberg F, Xiao C, Lester WA Jr (2003) Phys Rev B 67:035426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Han JG, Xiao X, Hagelberg F (2002) Struct Chem 13:173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Han JG, Hagelberg F (2009) J Comput Theor Nanosci 6:257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kumar V (2003) Eur Phys J D 24:227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kawamura H, Kumar V, Kawazoe Y (2005) Phys Rev B 71:075423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Singh AK, Briere TM, Kumar V, Kawazoe Y (2003) Phys Rev Lett 91:146802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kumar V, Kawazoe Y (2003) Appl Phys Lett 83:2677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Reveles JU, Khanna SN (2006) Phys Rev B 74:035435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Reveles JU, Khanna SN (2005) Phys Rev B 72:165413

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Abreu MB, Reber AC, Khanna SN (2014) J Phys Chem Lett 5:3492

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lu J, Nagase S (2003) Phys Rev Lett 90:115506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lu J, Nagase S (2003) Chem Phys Lett 372:394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Chen Z, Neukermans S, Wang X, Janssens W, Zhou Z, Silverans RE, King RB, von Ragué Schleyer P, Lievens P (2006) J Am Chem Soc 128:12829

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Andriotis AN, Mpourmpakis G, Froudakis GE, Menon M (2002) New J Phys 4:78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Mpourmpakis G, Froudakis GE, Andriotis AN, Menon M (2003) J Chem Phys 119:7498

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Pacheco JM, Gueorguiey GK, Martins JL (2002) Phys Rev B 66:033401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Oliveira MIA, Rivelino R, de Brito Mota F, Gueorguiev GK (2014) J Phys Chem C 118:5501

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. He J, Wu K, Liu C, Sa R (2009) Chem Phys Lett 483:30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Guo LJ, Zhao GF, Gu YZ, Liu X, Zeng Z (2008) Phys Rev B 77:195417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Zhang X, Li GL, Gao Z (2001) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15:1573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Furuse S, Koyasu K, Atobe J, Nakajima A (2008) J Chem Phys 129:064311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Atobe J, Koyasu K, Furuse S, Nakajima A (2012) Phys Chem Chem Phys 14:9403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Kumar V, Kawazoe Y (2001) Phys Rev Lett 87:045503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Neukermans S, Wang X, Veldeman N, Janssens E, Silverans RE, Lievens P (2006) Int J Mass Spectrom 252:145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Tang C, Liu M, Zhu W, Deng K (2011) Comput Theor Chem 969:56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Wang J, Ma L, Zhao J, Wang G (2008) J Phys Condens Matter 20:335223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kapila N, Jindhal VK, Sharma H (2011) Physica B 406:4612

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Zhao WJ, Wang YX (2009) J Mol Struct Theochem 901:18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Wang J, Han JG (2006) J Phys Chem A 110:12670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kumar V, Kawazoe Y (2002) Appl Phys Lett 80:859

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Li GL, Zhang X, Tang ZC, Gao Z (2002) Chem Phys Lett 359:203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. King RB (2010) Struct Bond 140:1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Uta MM, Cioloboc D, King RB (2012) Inorg Chem 51:3498

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Deng XJ, Kong XY, Xu XL, Xu HG, Zheng WJ (2014) ChemPhysChem 15:3987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Wang JQ, Stegmaier S, Fässler TF (2009) Angew Chem Int Ed 48:1998

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Scharfe S, Kraus F, Stegmaier S, Schier A, Fässler TF (2011) Angew Chem Int Ed 50:3630

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Espinoza-Quintero G, Duckworth JCA, Myers WK, McGrady JE, Goicoechea JM (2014) J Am Chem Soc 136:1210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Li XJ, Su KH (2009) Theor Chem Acc 124:345

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Li XJ, Ren HJ, Yang LM (2012) J Nanomat. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2012/518593/. Article ID 518593

  88. Uchida N, Miyazaki T, Kanayama T (2006) Phys Rev B 74:205427

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Miyazaki T, Hiura H, Kanayama T (2003) Eur Phys J D 24:241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Li XJ, Su KH, Yang XH, Song LM, Yang LM (2013) Comput Theor Chem 1010:32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Bandyopadhyay D, Sen P (2010) J Phys Chem A 114:1835

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Zdetsis AD, Koukaras EN, Garoufalis CS (2009) J Math Chem 46:971

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Koukouras EN, Garoufalis CS, Zdetsis AD (2006) Phys Rev B 73:235417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Mitzinger S, Broeckaert L, Mass W, Weigend F, Dehnen S (2015) Chem Commun 51:3866

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Zhang X, Li GL, Xing XP, Zhao X, Tang ZC, Gao Z (2001) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15:2399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Zhang X, Tang Z, Gao Z (2003) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 17:621

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Neukermans S, Janssens E, Chen ZF, Silverans RE, von Ragué Schleyer P, Lievens P (2004) Phys Rev Lett 92:163401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Cui LF, Huang X, Wang LM, Li J, Wang LS (2007) Angew Chem Int Ed 46:742

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Grubisic A, Wang HP, Li X, Ko YJ, Kocak FS, Pederson MR, Bowen KH, Eichhorn BW (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:14757

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Esentur EN, Fettinger J, Eichhorn BW (2006) J Am Chem Soc 128:9178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Hlukhyy V, Stegmaier S, van Wullen L, Fässler TF (2014) Chem Eur J 20:12157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Scharfe S, Fässler TF, Stegmaier S, Hoffmann SD, Ruhland K (2008) Chem Eur J 14:4479

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Esenturk EN, Fettinger J, Eichhorn BW (2005) Chem Commun 247

    Google Scholar 

  104. Wang Y, Wang LL, Ruan HP, Luo BL, Sang RL, Xu L (2015) Chin J Struct Chem 34:1253

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Wang JQ, Stegmaier S, Wahl B, Fässler TF (2010) Chem Eur J 16:1793

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Cui LF, Huang X, Wang LM, Li J, Wang LS (2006) J Am Chem Soc 128:8390

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Cui LF, Huang X, Wang LM, Li J, Wang LS (2006) J Phys Chem A 110:10169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Wang LS, Cui LF (2008) Int Rev Phys Chem 27:139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Bai Tai T, Minh Tam N, Nguyen MT (2011) Chem Phys 388:1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Chen ZF, King RB (2005) Chem Rev 105:3613

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Zhou B, Krämer T, Thompson AL, McGrady JE, Goicoechea JM (2011) Inorg Chem 50:8028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Kandalam AK, Chen G, Jena P (2008) Appl Phys Lett 92:143109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Rohrmann U, Schäfer S, Schäfer R (2009) J Phys Chem A 113:12115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the financial support of the EPSRC (EP/K021435/1).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK

    Vaida Arcisauskaite, Xiao Jin, José M. Goicoechea & John E. McGrady

Authors
  1. Vaida Arcisauskaite
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiao Jin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. José M. Goicoechea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. John E. McGrady
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John E. McGrady .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

    D. Michael P. Mingos

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Arcisauskaite, V., Jin, X., Goicoechea, J.M., McGrady, J.E. (2016). Electronic Properties of Endohedral Clusters of Group 14. In: Mingos, D. (eds) The Chemical Bond I. Structure and Bonding, vol 169. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/430_2015_209

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation