Abstract
The term Z mode is space physics notation for the low-frequency branch of the extraordinary (X) mode. It is an internal, or trapped, mode of the plasma confined in frequency between the cutoff frequency f z and the upper-hybrid frequency fuh which is related to the electron plasma frequency fpe and the electron cyclotron frequency fce by the expression f 2 uh = f 2 pe + f 2 ce ; f z is a function of fpe and f ce .
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Benson, R. et al. (2006). Active Wave Experiments in Space Plasmas: The Z Mode. In: LaBelle, J.W., Treumann, R.A. (eds) Geospace Electromagnetic Waves and Radiation. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 687. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33203-0_1
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