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The Various Sources and the Fate of Nucleic Acids in Soil

  • Chapter
Nucleic Acids and Proteins in Soil

Part of the book series: Soil Biology ((SOILBIOL,volume 8))

6.7 Conclusions

Soil is a habitat for millions of prokaryotes per g and is also inhabited by fungi, animals and plants. DNA is present in soil within the living and dead organisms and also in extracellular form after release during life and death phases of cells. Extracellular DNA distributes to soil liquid and to the surface of particulate material by adsorption in soil-specific kinetics and proportions. Depending on the soil, DNA in the liquid phase is degraded within hours or days by ubiquitous DNases which are mostly of prokaryotic origin. Mineral-adsorbed DNA is partially protected against enzymatic degradation. Despite continual degradation DNA can persist in soil for extended periods like months or even years. DNA of transgenic plants can be traced specifically by PCR amplification and other molecular and biological assays due to its unique recombinant constructs. Recombinant DNA has been detected in soil samples up to 5 years after growth of the transgenic plants. The DNA probably persisted within plant tissue material and pollen and perhaps even as free DNA. Typically, DNA introduced into soils either within cells or tissue material or as naked DNA was degraded by biphasic kinetics with rather rapid degradation at early times and much slower during later stages. DNA recovered even after 5 years had maintained its functionality in the sense that it could experimentally transform naturally competent bacteria including expression of its genetic information. It has been proposed that in soil the continual production and degradation of DNA provides a dynamic extracellular gene pool of DNA from all soil organisms. The pool is mainly present on the mineral surfaces from which naturally transformable bacteria can take up genetic information.

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  1. Genetics Section, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany

    Wilfried Wackernagel

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  1. Dipartimento della Scienza del Suolo e Nutrizione della Pianta, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144, Firenze, Italy

    Paolo Nannipieri

  2. Institut für Pflanzenvirologie, Mikrobiologie und biologische Sicherheit, Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BBA), Messeweg 11/12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany

    Kornelia Smalla

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Wackernagel, W. (2006). The Various Sources and the Fate of Nucleic Acids in Soil. In: Nannipieri, P., Smalla, K. (eds) Nucleic Acids and Proteins in Soil. Soil Biology, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29449-X_6

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