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MR Imaging in White Matter Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord pp 63–81Cite as

Quantitative Diffusion Imaging

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Part of the book series: Medical Radiology Diagnostic Imaging ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

Conclusions

In the mid 1990s, DWI developed from a technically difficult and novel approach to a routine acquisition technique on clinical scanners. It now takes under 1 min to be acquired and can bring valuable information and pathophysiologic insight in many diseases. The same transition is currently happening in DTI, which is expected to contribute much novel clinical and neuroscientific information presently not accessible by other technologies. For instance, DTI is the only approach for tracking brain white matter fibers non-invasively in the human brain. In combination with functional MRI, which can outline activated cortical networks, DTI may thus provide clues on functional connectivity. DTI is also increasingly been used to demonstrate subtle connectivity anomalies in a variety of dysfunctions, such as cerebral palsy, cancer, stroke, dyslexia, or diseases including multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia. Before DTI can become true clinical routine, some progress is still needed. This relates to factors such as scan time and therefore, patient tolerance, and the complexity of post-processing (now mostly off-line) required for the method. These issues are already being addressed. For instance, clinical equipment with whole-body gradients of up to 8 G/cm is becoming available, which, together with the clinical availability of 3-Tesla magnets will allow the use of multi-directional DTI at high spatial resolution (around 2×2×2 mm3) in a few minutes. Another issue that is often discussed is which quantitative parameter to choose, FA, RA, etc. Actually, these anisotropies are all related and the only advantage of using one versus the other will be based on contrast to noise, which depends on anisotropy of the particular structure being studied. It would be most helpful if all researchers would report the eigenvalues so that others can calculate any parameter they want. A further essential consideration for data analysis and reporting is the influence of partial volume effects between different structures. This is especially problematic for group studies or development studies.

However, it is safe to say that DTI and tractography provide us with a new opportunity for quantitative diagnosis of white matter structures in living humans and to assess changes due to brain disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, 217 Traylor Bldg., 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Peter C.M. van Zijl, Lidia Nagae-Poetscher MD & Susumu Mori MD

  2. F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Lidia Nagae-Poetscher MD & Susumu Mori MD

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  1. Peter C.M. van Zijl
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  2. Lidia Nagae-Poetscher MD
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  3. Susumu Mori MD
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Neuroimaging Research Unit Department of Neurology Scientific Institute, University Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy

    Massimo Filippi MD (Director) (Director)

  2. Department of Neurology & Behavioral Sciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy

    Nicola De Stefano MD PhD (Associate Professor) (Associate Professor)

  3. Service de Neuroradiologie Diagnostique et Thérapeutique CHU Bordeaux Pellegrin and Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Affections de la Myéline, Université Victor Segalen, Bourdeaux 2, 33076, Bordeaux, France

    Vincent Dousset MD, PhD (Professor) (Professor)

  4. Department of Electrical Engineering, United States Naval Academy, Maury Hall 227, Annapolis, MD, 21402-5025, USA

    Joseph C. McGowan PhD (Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering) (Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering)

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van Zijl, P.C., Nagae-Poetscher, L., Mori, S. (2005). Quantitative Diffusion Imaging. In: Filippi, M., De Stefano, N., Dousset, V., McGowan, J.C. (eds) MR Imaging in White Matter Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord. Medical Radiology Diagnostic Imaging. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27644-0_6

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