This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Suggested Reading
Madi S, Flanders AE, Vinitsky S, Herbison GJ, Nissanov J (2001) Functional MR imaging of the human cervical spinal cord. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:1768–1774
Mascalchi M, Bianchi MC, Quilizi N, et al (1995) MR angiography of spinal vascular malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16:289–297
Robertson RL, Maier SE, Mulkern RV, Bajapayam S, Robson CD, Barnes PD (2000) MR line-scan diffusion imaging of the spinal cord in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21:1344–1358
Sherman JL, Citrin CM (1986) Magnetic resonance demonstration of normal CSF flow. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 7:4–6
Suggested Reading
Aboulezz AO, Sartor K, Gayer CA, et al (1985) Position of cerebellar tonsils in the normal population and in patients with Chiari malformation: a quantitative approach with MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:1033–1036
Elster AD, Chen MV (1992) Chiari I malformation: clinical and radiologic reappraisal. Radiology 183:347–353
Houghton VM, Korosec FR, Medow JE, Dolar MT, Iskaner BJ (2003) Peak systolic and diastolic CSF velocity in the foramen magnum in adult patients with chiari I malformations and in normal control participants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24:169–176
Suggested Reading
Khanna AJ, Wasserman BA, Sponseller PD (2003) Magnetic resonance imaging of the pediatric spine. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 11:248–259
Schijiman E (2003) Split spinal cord malformations: report of 22 cases and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 19:96–103
Selcuki M, Vatansever S, Inan S, Erdemli E, Bagdatoglu C, Polai A (2003) Is the filum terminale with a normal appearance really normal? Childs Nerv Syst 19:3–10
Witkamp TD, Vandertop WP, Beek FJ, et al (2001) Medullary cone movement in subjects with a normal spinal cord and in patients with a tethered spinal cord. Radiology 220:208–212
Suggested Reading
Coleman LT, Zimmerman RA, Rorke LB (1995) Ventriculus terminus of the conus medullaris: MR findings in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16:1421–1426
Kernohan JW (1924) The ventricose terminalis: its growth and development. J Comp Neurol 38:10–125
Poser CM (1956) The relationship between syringomyelia and neoplasms. Thomas, Springfield
Sijal R, Denys A, Halimi P, Shapeero L, Doyon D, Voudghene F (1991) Ventriculus terminalis of the conus medullaris:MR imaging in four patients with congenital dilatation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 12:733–737
Suggested Reading
Han JS, Benson JE, Kaufman B, et al (1985) Demonstration of diastematomyelia and associated abnormalities with MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 6:215–219
Pang D, Dias MS, Ahab-Barmada M (1992) Split cord malformation, part 1. A unified theory of embryogenesis for double spinal cord malformations. Neurosurgery 31:451–480
Suggested Reading
Ceddia A, Di Rocco C, Pastorelli G (1990) The congenital cervical dermal sinus. A clinical case report and review of literature. Minerva Pediatr 42:553–558
Lee J-K, Kim J-H, Kim J-S, et al (2001) Cervical dermal sinus associated with dermoid cyst. Childs Nerv Syst 17:491–493
Suggested Reading
Phillips WE II, Figueroa RE, Viloria J, Ransohoff J (1995) Lumbosacral spinal intradural extramedullary paciniomyolipoma: magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and pathology findings. J Neuroimaging 5:130–132
Xenos C, Sgouros S, Walsh R, Hockley A (2000) Spinal lipomas in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 32:295–307
Suggested Reading
Adra A, Cordero D, Mejides A, Yasin S, Salman F, O'sullivan MJ (1994) Caudal regression syndrome: etiopathogenesis, prenatal diagnosis, and perinatal management. Obstet Gynecol Surv 49:508–516
Gonzalez-Quintero VH, Tolaymat L, Martin D, Romaguera RL, Rodriguez MM, Izquierdo LA (2002) Sonographic diagnosis of caudal regression in the first trimester of pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med 21:1175–1178
Tortori-Donati P, Fondelli MP, Rossi A, Raybaud CA, Cama A, Capra V (1999) Segmental spinal dysgenesis: neuroradiologic findings with clinical and embryologic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20:445–456
Unal O, Sakarya ME, Arslan H (1999) The club-shaped cord terminus in siblings with caudal agenesis: MRI. Neuroradiology 41:735–737
Suggested Reading
McMaster MJ, David CV (1986) Hemivertebra as a cause of scoliosis. A study of 104 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 68:588–595
McMaster MJ, Singh H (1999) Natural history of congenital kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis. A study of one hundred and twelve patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 81:1367–1383
Winter RB, Lonstein JE, Heithoff KB, Kirkham JA (1997) Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of the adolescent patient with idiopathic scoliosis before spinal instrumentation and fusion. A prospective, double-blinded study of 140 patients. Spine 15:855–858
Suggested Reading
Banks JT, Wellons JC III, Tubbs RS, Blount JP, Oakes WJ, Grabb PA (2003) Cervical spine involvement in Larsen's syndrome: a case illustration. Pediatrics 111:199–201
Larsen LJ, Schottstaedt ER, Bost FD (1950) Multiple congenital dislocations associated with characteristic facial abnormality. J Pediatr 37:574–581
Wong V (1997) The spectrum of arthrogryphosis in 33 Chinese children. Brain Dev 19:187–196
Suggested Reading
Hughes DG, Chadderton RD, Cowie RA, Wraith JE, Jenkins JP (1997) MRI of the brain and craniocervical junction in Morquio's disease. Neuroradiology 39:381–385
Kachur E, del Maestro R (2000) Mucopolysaccharidoses and spinal cord compression: case report and review of the literature with implications of bone marrow transplantation. Neurosurgery 47:223–228
Parsons VJ, Hughes DG, Wraith JE (1996) Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, neck and cervical spine in mild Hunter's syndrome (mucopolysaccharidoses type II). Clin Radiol 5:719–723
Rigante D, Antuzzi D, Ricci R, Segni G (1999) Cervical myelopathy in mucopolysaccharidosis type IV. Clin Neuropathol 18:84–86
Schmidt H, Ullrich K, von Lengerke HJ, Kleine M, Bramswig J (1987) Radiological findings in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis I H/S (Hurler-Scheie syndrome). Pediatr Radiol 17:409–414
Tandon V, Williamson JB, Cowie RA, Wraith JE (1996) Spinal problems in mucopolysaccharidosis I (Hurler syndrome). J Bone Joint Surg Br 78:938–944
Suggested Reading
Koeller KY, Rosenblum RS, Morrison AL (2000) Neoplasms of the spinal cord and filum terminale: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 20:1721–1749
Lowe GM (2000) Magnetic resonance imaging of intramedullary spinal cord tumors. J Neurooncol 47:195–210
Suggested Reading
Do-Dai DD, Rovira MJ, Ho VB, Gomez RR (1995) Childhood onset of myxopapillary ependymomatosis: MR features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16:835–839
Miyazawa N, Hida K, Iwasaki Y, Koyanagi I, Abe H (2000) MRI at 1.5T of intramedullary ependymoma and classification of pattern of contrast enhancement. Neuroradiology 42:828–832
Sun B, Wang C, Wang J, Liu A (2003) MRI features of intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. J Neuroimaging 13:346–351
Sze G (1992) MR imaging of the spinal cord: current status and future advances. Review. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159:149–159
Sze G, Stimac GK, Bartlett C, Dillon WP, Haughton VM, Orrison W, Kashanian F, Goldstein H (1990) Multicenter study of gadopentetate dimeglumine as an MR contrast agent: evaluation in patients with spinal tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 11:967–974
Suggested Reading
Conti P, Pansini G, Mouchaty H, Capuano C, Conti R (2004) Spinal neurinomas: retrospective analysis and long-term outcome of 179 consecutively operated cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 61:34–43
Faro SH, Higginson SN, Koenigsberg R, Poon CM, Swidryk JP, Mohammed FB, Zimmerman RA, Chen CY (2000) Phakomatoses, part I. Neurofibromatosis type 1: common and uncommon neuroimaging findings. Review. J Neuroimaging 10:138–146
Khong PL, Goh WH, Wong VC, Fung CW, Ooi GC (2003) MR imaging of spinal tumors in children with neurofibromatosis 1. AJR Am J Roentgenol 180:413–417
Suggested Reading
Evans DG, Birch JM, Ramsden RT (1999) Paediatric presentation of type 2 neurofibromatosis. Arch Dis Child 81:496–499
Lee M, Rezai AR, Freed D, Epstein FJ (1996) Intramedullary spinal cord tumors in neurofibromatosis. Neurosurgery 38:32–37
Nunes F, MacCollin M (2003) Neurofibromatosis 2 in the pediatric population. J Child Neurol 18:718–724
Patronas NJ, Courcoutsakis N, Bromley CM, Katzman GL, MacCollin M, Parry DM (2001) Intramedullary and spinal canal tumors in patients with neurofibromatosis 2: MR imaging findings and correlation with genotype. Radiology 218:434–442
Suggested Reading
Faro SH, Higginson SN, Koenigsberg R, Poon CM, Swidryk JP, Mohammed FB, Zimmerman RA, Chen CY (2000) Phakomatoses, part I. Neurofibromatosis type 1: common and uncommon neuroimaging findings. J Neuroimaging 10:138–146
Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung SE, Chun HJ, Lee HG, Lee JM (2003) Neurogenic tumors in the abdomen: tumor types and imaging characteristics. Radiographics 23:29–43
Suggested Reading
Bradley WG (1999) Use of contrast in MR imaging of the lumbar spine. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 7:439–457
Schick U, Marquardt G, Lorenz R (2001) Intradural and extradural spinal metastases. Neurosurg Rev 24:1–5
Schuknecht B, Huber P, Buller B, Nadjmi M (1992) spinal leptomeningeal neoplastic disease. Eur Neurol 32:11–16
Zumpano BJ (1978) Spinal intramedullary metastatic medulloblastoma. Case report. J Neurosurg 48:632–635
Suggested Reading
Bousvaros A, Kirks DR, Grossman H (1886) Imaging of neuroblastoma: an overview. Pediatr Radiol 16:89–106
Meyer JS, Harty MP, Khademian Z (2002) Imaging of neuroblastoma and Wilms’ tumor. Review. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North Am 10:275–302
Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung SE, Chun HJ, Lee HG, Lee JM (2003) Neurogenic tumors in the abdomen: tumor types and imaging characteristics. Review. Radiographics 23:29–43
Suggested Reading
Holgersen LO, Santulli TV, Schullinger JN, Berdon WE (1983) Neuroblastoma with intraspinal (dumbbell) extension. J Pediatr Surg 18:406–411
Lonergan GJ, Schwab CM, Suarez ES, Carlson CL (2002) Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 22:911–934
Sofka CM, Semelka RC, Kelekis NL, et al (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging of neuroblastoma using current techniques. Magn Reson Imaging 17:193–198
Suggested Reading
Dorsay TA, Rovira MJ, Ho VB, Kelley J (1995) Ependymoblastoma: MR presentation. A case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Radiol 22:433–435
Ng SH, Ko SF, Chen YL, Wong HF, Wai YY (2002) Ependymoblastoma: CT and MRI demonstration. Chin J Radiol 27:21–25
Suggested Reading
Cohen-Gadol AA, Zikel OM, Koch CA, Scheithauer BW, Krauss WE (2003) Spinal meningiomas in patients younger than 50 years of age: a 21-year experience. J Neurosurg 98:258–263
Solero CL, Fornari M, Giombini S, et al (1989) Spinal meningiomas: review of 174 operated cases. Neurosugery 25:153–160
Zwerdling T, Dothage J (2002) Meningiomas in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 24:199–204
Suggested Reading
Buttner A, Pfluger T, Weis S (2001) Primary meningeal sarcomas in two children. Review. J Neurooncol 52:181–188
Sugita Y, Shigemori M, Harada H, Wada Y, Hayashi I, Morimastu M, Okamoto Y, Kajiwara K (2000) Primary meningeal sarcomas with leiomyoblastic differentiation: a proposal for a new subtype of primary meningeal sarcomas. Am J Surg Pathol 24:1273–1278
Suggested Reading
Curless RG, Toledano SR, Ragheb J, Cleveland WW, Falcone S (2002) Hematogenous brain metastasis in children. Pediatr Neurol 26:219–221
Spunt SL, Anderson JR, Teot LA, Breneman JC, Meyer WH, Pappo AS (2001) Routine brain imaging is unwarranted in asymptomatic patients with rhabdomyosarcoma arising outside of the head and neck region that is metastatic at diagnosis: a report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. Cancer 92:121–125
Suggested Reading
Cohen MD, Edwards MK (eds) (1990) Magnetic resonance imaging of children (Teratoma of the spine). Decker, Philadelphia
Suggested Reading
Avni FE, Nicaise N, Hall M, et al (2002) MR imaging of fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma: diagnosis and assessment. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:179–183
Monteiro M, Cunha TM, Catarino A, Tome V (2002) Case report: sacrococcygeal teratoma with malignant transformation in an adult female: CT and MRI findings. Br J Radiol 75:620–623
Okamura M, Kurauchi O, Itakura A, Naganawa S, Watanabe Y, Mizutani S (1999) Fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma visualized by ultra-fast T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Gynecol Obstet 65:191–193
Suggested Reading
Murphey MD, Choi JJ, Kransdorf MJ, Flemming DJ, Gannon FH (2000) Imaging of osteochondroma: variants and complications with radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 20:1407–1434
Suggested Reading
Donnelly LF, Adams DM, Bisset GS III (2000) Vascular malformations and hemangioma a practical approach in a multidisciplinary clinic. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174:597–608
Wild AT, Raab P, Krauspe R (2000) Hemangioma of skeletal muscle. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 120:139–143
Suggested Reading
Beers GJ, Raque GH, Wagner CG, et al (1988) MR imaging in acute cervical spine trauma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12:755–761
Katzberg RW, Benedetti PF, Drake CM, et al (1999) Acute cervical spine injuries: prospective MR imaging assessment at a level 1 trauma center. Radiology 213:203–212
Sagiuchi T, Tachibana S, Endo M, Hayakawa K (2002) Diffusion-weighted MRI of the cervical cord in acute spinal cord injury with type II odontoid fracture. J Comput Assist Tomogr 26:654–656
Tator CH, Koyanagi H (1997) I Vascular mechanisms in the pathophysiology of human spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg 86:483–492
Suggested Reading
Francel PC, Koby M, Park TS, Lee BC, Noetzel MJ, Mackinnon SE, Henegar MM, Kaufman BA (1995) Fast spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging for radiological assessment of neonatal brachial plexus injury. J Neurosurg 83:461–466
Lindell-Iwan HL, Partanen VS, Makkonen ML (1996) Obstetric brachial plexus palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B 5:210–215
Miller SF, Glasier CM, Griebel ML, Boop FA. Miller SF, Glasier CM, Griebel ML, Boop FA (1993) Brachial plexopathy in infants after traumatic delivery: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 189:481–484
Valanne L, Ketonen L, Barsotti J, Peterson P, Pilcher W (1995) Interesting images: posttraumatic nonfunctioning arm. Case report. J Child Neurol 1:30–31
Suggested Reading
Dorsay TA, Helms CA (2002) MR imaging of epidural hematoma in the lumbar spine. Skeletal Radiol 31:677–685
Ng WH, Lim CC, Ng PY, Tan KK (2002) Spinal epidural hematoma: MRI-aided diagnosis. J Clin Neurosci 9:92–94
Suggested Reading
Atlas SW, Regenbogen V, Rogers LF, et al (1986) The radiographic characterization of burst fractures of the spine. AJNR Am J Neurol 7:675–682
Suggested Reading
Harvey CJ, Richenberg JL, Saifuddin A, Wolman RL (1998) The radiological investigation of lumbar spondylolysis. Clin Radiol 53:723–728
Logroscino G, Mazza O, Aulisa G, Pitta L, Pola E, Aulisa L (2001) Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in the pediatric and adolescent population. Childs Nerv Syst 17:644–655
Rosenblum BR, Rothman AS (1991) Low back pain in children. Mt Sinai J Med 58:115–120
Ulmer JL, Elster AD, Mathews VP, King JC (1994) Distinction between degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis on sagittal MR images: importance of increased anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal (“wide canal sign”). AJR Am J Roentgenol 163:411–416
Yamane T, Yoshida T, Mimatsu K (1993) Early diagnosis of lumbar spondylolysis by MRI. J Bone Joint Surg Br 75:764–768
Suggested Reading
Bizzi A, Ulug AM, Crawford TO, Passe T, Bugiani M, Bryan RN, Barker PB (2001) Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:1125–1130
Khong PL, Ho HK, Cheng PW, Wong VC, Goh W, Chan FL (2002) Childhood acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: the role of brain and spinal cord MRI. Pediatr Radiol 32:59–66
Singh S, Alexander M, Korah IP (1999) acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: MR imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173:1101–1107
Suggested Reading
Auletta JJ, John CC (2001) Spinal epidural abscesses in children: a 15-year experience and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 32:9–16
Parkinson JF, Sekhon LH (2004) Surgical management of spinal epidural abscess: selection of approach based on MRI appearance. J Clin Neurosci 11:130–133
Quach C, Tapiero B, Noya F (2002) Group a streptococcus spinal epidural abscess during varicella. Pediatrics 109:E14
Suggested Reading
Karantanas AH, Markonis A, Bisbiyiannis G (2000) Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord with involvement of the anterior columns: new MRI findings. Neuroradiology 42:115–117
Scherer K (2003) Images in clinical medicine. Neurologic manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med 348:2208
Timms SR, Cure JK, Kurent JE (1993) Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 14:1224–1227
Yamada K, Shrier DA, Tanaka H, Numaguchi Y (1998) A case of subacute combined degeneration: MRI findings. Neuroradiology 40:398–400
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2005). Spine. In: Pediatric Brain and Spine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26436-1_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26436-1_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-21340-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-26436-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)