Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Linac-Based Image Guided Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Technical Basis of Radiation Therapy

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Radiat Oncol))

  • 4407 Accesses

Abstract

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has become the mainstay of modern radiation therapy and it is now possible to produce highly conformal radiation dose distribution. The ubiquitous organ motion either between fractions or within a fraction has been one of the major uncertainties in radiation therapy. This fact coupled with the improved dose conformity and steep dose gradients in IMRT has made accurate target localization and beam targeting all the more important for radiotherapy treatments. Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) utilizes advanced imaging technology to better define and localize the tumor target and is the key to reducing and ultimately eliminating the uncertainties in radiation therapy. This chapter reviews the basics and some of the recent advancements in LINAC-based IGRT. Various image guidance techniques will be discussed, covering the full range of the radiation therapy process, including patient simulation, treatment planning, patient setup, and treatment delivery. In addition to the techniques currently used in clinical practice, some important research topics will also be discussed. We hope to provide the reader with a comprehensive understanding of the concepts and components of the new developments in IGRT, and offer useful hints on how to apply the new modalities in clinical practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alber M, Paulsen F, Eschmann SM, Machulla HJ (2003) On biologically conformal boost dose optimization. Phys Med Biol 48:N31–N35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balter JM, Wright JN, Newell LJ, Friemel B, Dimmer S, Cheng Y, Wong J, Vertatschitsch E, Mate TP (2005) Accuracy of a wireless localization system for radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61(3):933–937

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barker JL Jr, Garden AS, Ang KK, O’Daniel JC, Wang H, Court LE, Morrison WH, Rosenthal DI, Chao KS, Tucker SL, Mohan R, Dong L (2004) Quantification of volumetric and geometric changes occurring during fractionated radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer using an integrated CT/linear accelerator system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 59(4):960–970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bedford JL (2009) Treatment planning for volumetric modulated arc therapy. Med Phys 36(11):5128–5138

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benedict SH, Yenice KM, Followill D, Galvin JM, Hinson W, Kavanagh B, Keall P, Lovelock M, Meeks S, Papiez L, Purdie T, Sadagopan R, Schell MC, Salter B, Schlesinger DJ, Shiu AS, Solberg T, Song DY, Stieber V, Timmerman R, Tome WA, Verellen D, Wang L, Yin FF (2010) Stereotactic body radiation therapy: the report of AAPM Task Group 101. Med Phys 37(8):4078–4101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berbeco RI, Jiang SB, Sharp GC, Chen GT, Mostafavi H, Shirato H (2004) Integrated radiotherapy imaging system (IRIS): design considerations of tumour tracking with linac gantry-mounted diagnostic X-ray systems with flat-panel detectors. Phys Med Biol 49(2):243–255

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berbeco RI, Hacker F, Ionascu D, Mamon HJ (2007) Clinical feasibility of using an EPID in CINE mode for image-guided verification of stereotactic body radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 69(1):258–266

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bert C, Metheany KG, Doppke K, Chen GT (2005) A phantom evaluation of a stereo-vision surface imaging system for radiotherapy patient setup. Med Phys 32(9):2753–2762

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bharatha A, Hirose M, Hata N, Warfield SK, Ferrant M, Zou KH, Suarez-Santana E, Ruiz-Alzola J, D’Amico A, Cormack RA, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Tempany CM (2001) Evaluation of three-dimensional finite element-based deformable registration of pre- and intraoperative prostate imaging. Med Phys 28(12):2551–2560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley JD, Dehdashti F, Mintun MA, Govindan R, Trinkaus K, Siegel BA (2004) Positron emission tomography in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 22(16):3248–3254

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brahme A (2001) Individualizing cancer treatment: biological optimization models in treatment planning and delivery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49:327–337

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brock KK, McShan DL, Balter JM (2002) A comparison of computer-controlled versus manual on-line patient setup adjustment. J Appl Clin Med Phys 3:241–247

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buck AK, Halter G, Schirrmeister H, Kotzerke J, Wurziger I, Glatting G, Mattfeldt T, Neumaier B, Reske SN, Hetzel M (2003) Imaging proliferation in lung tumors with PET: 18F-FLT versus 18F-FDG. J Nucl Med 44(9):1426–1431

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bzdusek K, Friberger H, Eriksson K, Hardemark B, Robinson D, Kaus M (2009) Development and evaluation of an efficient approach to volumetric arc therapy planning. Med Phys 36(6):2328–2339

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang Z, Wang Z, Wu QJ, Yan H, Bowsher J, Zhang J, Yin F-F (2008) Dosimetric characteristics of novalis Tx system with high definition multileaf collimator. Med Phys 35:4460–4463

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chao KS, Bosch WR, Mutic S, Lewis JS, Dehdashti F, Mintun MA, Dempsey JF, Perez CA, Purdy JA, Welch MJ (2001) A novel approach to overcome hypoxic tumor resistance: Cu-ATSM-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49(4):1171–1182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao M, Li T, Schreibmann E, Koong A, Xing L (2008a) Automated contour mapping with a regional deformable model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70:599–608

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chao M, Xie Y, Xing L (2008b) Auto-propagation of contours for adaptive prostate radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol 53:4533–4542

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen L, Price RA Jr, Nguyen TB, Wang L, Li JS, Qin L, Ding M, Palacio E, Ma CM, Pollack A (2004) Dosimetric evaluation of MRI-based treatment planning for prostate cancer. Phys Med Biol 49(22):5157–5170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Morin O, Aubin M, Bucci MK, Chuang CF, Pouliot J (2006) Dose-guided radiation therapy with megavoltage cone-beam CT. Br J Radiol 79(Spec no 1):S87–S98

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho B, Poulsen PR, Sloutsky A, Sawant A, Keall PJ (2009) First demonstration of combined kV/MV image-guided real-time dynamic multileaf-collimator target tracking. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 74(3):859–867

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi NC, Doucette JA (1981) Improved survival of patients with unresectable non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma by an innovated high-dose en-bloc radiotherapeutic approach. Cancer 48(1):101–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cootes TF, Hill A, Taylor CJ, Haslam J (1994) Use of active shape models for locating structures in medical images. Image Vis Comput 12(6):355–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Coselmon MM, Balter JM, McShan DL, Kessler ML (2004) Mutual information based CT registration of the lung at exhale and inhale breathing states using thin-plate splines. Med Phys 31:2942–2948

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Court LE, Dong L (2003) Automatic registration of the prostate for computed-tomography-guided radiotherapy. Med Phys 30(10):2750–2757

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craft D, Halabi T, Shih HA, Bortfeld T (2007) An approach for practical multiobjective IMRT treatment planning. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 69:1600–1607

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crooks SM, Wu X, Takita C, Matzich M, Xing L (2003) Aperture modulated arc therapy. Phys Med Biol 48(10):1333–1344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crossmann PH, Stuessl A, von Briel C (2005) Cone-beam-CT experience in Aarau. In: ESTRO workshop on image-guided radiotheraphy, pp S9

    Google Scholar 

  • Das S (2009) A role for biological optimization within the current treatment planning paradigm. Med Phys 36:4672–4682

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Datta NR, David R, Gupta RK, Lal P (2008) Implications of contrast-enhanced CT-based and MRI-based target volume delineations in radiotherapy treatment planning for brain tumors. J Cancer Res Ther 4(1):9–13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies SC, Hill AL, Holmes RB, Halliwell M, Jackson PC (1994) Ultrasound quantitation of respiratory organ motion in the upper abdomen. Br J Radiol 67:1096–1102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de la Zerda A, Armbruster B, Xing L (2007) Formulating adaptive radiation therapy (ART) treatment planning into a closed-loop control framework. Phys Med Biol 52(14):4137–4153

    Google Scholar 

  • Debois M, Oyen R, Maes F, Verswijvel G, Gatti G, Bosmans H, Feron M, Bellon E, Kutcher G, Van Poppel H, Vanuytsel L (1999) The contribution of magnetic resonance imaging to the three-dimensional treatment planning of localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 45(4):857–865

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado Bolton RC, Mucientes Rasilla J, Perez Castejon MJ, Carreras Delgado JL (2009) Positron emission tomography (PET) and PET-CT in renal, bladder and prostate cancer: update. Actas Urol Esp 33(1):11–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding GX, Duggan DM, Coffey CW (2008) Accurate patient dosimetry of kilovoltage cone-beam CT in radiation therapy. Med Phys 35:1135–1144

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drake DG, Jaffray DA, Wong JW (2000) Characterization of a fluoroscopic imaging system for kV and MV radiography. Med Phys 27(5):898–905

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eilertsen K, Vestad LN, Geier O, Skretting A (2008) A simulation of MRI based dose calculations on the basis of radiotherapy planning CT images. Acta Oncol 47(7):1294–1302

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Mohri Y, Jee KW, Antonuk LE, Maolinbay M, Zhao Q (2001) Determination of the detective quantum efficiency of a prototype, megavoltage indirect detection, active matrix flat-panel imager. Med Phys 28:2538–2550

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endo M, Nishizawa K, Iwai K, Matsumoto M, Yoshida K, Satoh K, Matsusita M, Kusakabe M (1999) Image characteristics and effective dose estimation of a cone beam. Nucl Sci IEEE Trans 46(3):686–690

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezzell GA, Chungbin S (2001) The overshoot phenomenon in step-and-shoot IMRT delivery. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2:138–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fallone BG, Murray B, Rathee S, Stanescu T, Steciw S, Vidakovic S, Blosser E, Tymofichuk D (2009) First MR images obtained during megavoltage photon irradiation from a prototype integrated linac-MR system. Med Phys 36(6):2084–2088

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fei B, Wheaton A, Lee Z, Duerk JL, Wilson DL (2002) Automatic MR volume registration and its evaluation for the pelvis and prostate. Phys Med Biol 47:823–838

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuss M, Boda-Heggemann J, Papanikolau N, Salter BJ (2007) Image-guidance for stereotactic body radiation therapy. Med Dosim 32(2):102–110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gambhir SS, Czernin J, Schwimmer J, Silverman DH, Coleman RE, Phelps ME (2001) A tabulated summary of the FDG PET literature. J Nucl Med 42(5 Suppl):1S–93S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gharib AM, Thomasson D, Li KC (2004) Molecular imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 127(5 Suppl 1):S153–S158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham MV, Purdy JA, Emami B, Harms W, Bosch W, Lockett MA, Perez CA (1999) Clinical dose-volume histogram analysis for pneumonitis after 3D treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 45(2):323–329

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grills IS, Mangona V, Welsh R, Chmielewski G, McInerney E, Ye H, Kestin LL (2009) Outcomes after stereotactic lung radiotherapy or wedge resection for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 27(15):7516

    Google Scholar 

  • Gu X, Pan H, Liang Y, Castillo R, Yang D, Choi D, Castillo E, Majumdar A, Guerrero T, Jiang SB (2010) Implementation and evaluation of various demons deformable image registration algorithms on a GPU. Phys Med Biol 55(1):207–219

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrero T, Zhang G, Huang T-C, Lin K-P (2004) Intrathoracic tumour motion estimation from CT imaging using the 3D optical flow method. Phys Med Biol 49:4147–4161

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gunther P, Schenk JP, Wunsch R, Troger J, Waag KL (2004) Abdominal tumours in children: 3-D visualisation and surgical planning. Eur J Pediatr Surg 14(5):316–321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hara T, Kosaka N, Kishi H (1998) PET imaging of prostate cancer using carbon-11-choline. J Nucl Med 39:990–995

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hernando ML, Marks LB, Bentel GC, Zhou SM, Hollis D, Das SK, Fan M, Munley MT, Shafman TD, Anscher MS, Lind PA (2001) Radiation-induced pulmonary toxicity: a dose-volume histogram analysis in 201 patients with lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51:650–659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks RJ, Kalff V, MacManus MP, Ware RE, Hogg A, McKenzie AF, Matthews JP, Ball DL (2001) (18)F-FDG PET provides high-impact and powerful prognostic stratification in staging newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer. J Nucl Med 42(11):1596–1604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofer C, Laubenbacher C, Block T, Breul J, Hartung R, Schwaiger M (1999) Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is useless for the detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 36:31–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoh CK, Schiepers C, Seltzer MA, Gambhir SS, Silverman DH, Czernin J, Maddahi J, Phelps ME (1997) PET in oncology: will it replace the other modalities? Semin Nucl Med 27(2):94–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holdsworth C, Kim M, Liao J, Phillips MH (2010) A hierarchical evolutionary algorithm for multiobjective optimization in IMRT. Med Phys 37:4986–4997

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honda M, Kikuchi K, Komatsu K (1991) Method for estimating the intensity of scattered radiation using a scatter generation model. Med Phys 18:219–226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hrbacek J, Lang S, Klock S (2011) Commissioning of photon beams of a flattening filter-free linear accelerator and the accuracy of beam modeling using an anisotropic analytical algorithm. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 80(4):1228–1237

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hricak H (1991) Role of imaging in the evaluation of pelvic cancer. Important Adv Oncol 103:103–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu A, Miller NR, Evans PM, Bamber JC, Webb S (2005) Feasibility of using ultrasound for real-time tracking during radiotherapy. Med Phys 32(6):1500–1512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Husband DJ, Grant KA, Romaniuk CS (2001) MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of suspected malignant spinal cord compression. Br J Radiol 74(877):15–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Islam MK, Purdie TG, Norrlinger BD, Alasti H, Moseley DJ, Sharpe MB, Siewerdsen JH, Jaffray DA (2006) Patient dose from kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography imaging in radiation therapy. Med Phys 33:1573–1582

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffray DA, Drake DG, Moreau M, Martinez AA, Wong JW (1999) A radiographic and tomographic imaging system integrated into a medical linear accelerator for localization of bone and soft-tissue targets. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 45(3):773–789

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffray DA, Siewerdsen JH, Wong JW, Martinez AA (2002) Flat-panel cone-beam computed tomography for image-guided radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53(5):1337–1349

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janke A, Zhao H, Cowin GJ, Galloway GJ, Doddrell DM (2004) Use of spherical harmonic deconvolution methods to compensate for nonlinear gradient effects on MRI images. Magn Reson Med 52:115–122

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson JH, Karlsson MG, Karlsson M, Nyholm T (2010) Treatment planning using MRI data: an analysis of the dose calculation accuracy for different treatment regions. Radiat Oncol 5:62

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kakar M, Nystrom H, Aarup LR, Nottrup TJ, Olsen DR (2005) Respiratory motion prediction by using the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Phys Med Biol 50(19):4721–4728

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kauczor HU, Heussel CP, Thelen M (2000) Radiodiagnosis of the lung. Radiologe 40(10):870–877

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keall P (2004) 4-dimensional computed tomography imaging and treatment planning. Semin Radiat Oncol 14(1):81–90

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keall PJ, Kini VR, Vedam SS, Mohan R (2001) Motion adaptive X-ray therapy: a feasibility study. Phys Med Biol 46(1):1–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keall PJ, Joshi S, Vedam SS, Siebers JV, Kini VR, Mohan R (2005) Four-dimensional radiotherapy planning for DMLC-based respiratory motion tracking. Med Phys 32(4):942–951

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keall PJ, Mageras GS, Balter JM, Emery RS, Forster KM, Jiang SB, Kapatoes JM, Low DA, Murphy MJ, Murray BR, Ramsey CR, van Herk MB, Vedam SS, Wong JW, Yorke E (2006a) The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology report of AAPM Task Group 76. Med Phys 33:3874–3900

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keall P, Vedam S, George R, Bartee C, Siebers J, Lerma F, Weiss E, Chung T (2006b) The clinical implementation of respiratory-gated intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Med Dosim 31(2):152–162

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keall PJ, Mageras GS, Balter JM, Emery RS, Forster KM, Jiang SB, Kapatoes JM, Low DA, Murphy MJ, Murray BR, Ramsey CR, Van Herk MB, Vedam SS, Wong JW, Yorke E (2006c) The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology report of AAPM Task Group 76. Med Phys 33(10):3874–3900

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keall PJ, Cattell H, Pokhrel D, Dieterich S, Wong KH, Murphy MJ, Vedam SS, Wijesooriya K, Mohan R (2006d) Geometric accuracy of a real-time target tracking system with dynamic multileaf collimator tracking system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65(5):1579–1584

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim T, Zhu L, Suh T-S, Geneser S, Meng B, Xing L (2011) Inverse planning for IMRT with nonuniform beam profiles using total-variation regularization (TVR). Med Phys 38(1):57–66

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein EE, Hanley J, Bayouth J, Yin FF, Simon W, Dresser S, Serago C, Aguirre F, Ma L, Arjomandy B, Liu C, Sandin C, Holmes T (2009) Task Group 142 report: quality assurance of medical accelerators. Med Phys 36(9):4197–4212

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Komaki R, Putnam JB Jr, Walsh G, Lee JS, Cox JD (2000) The management of superior sulcus tumors. Semin Surg Oncol 18(2):152–164

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korin HW, Ehman RL, Riederer SJ, Felmlee JP, Grimm RC (1992) Respiratory kinematics of the upper abdominal organs: a quantitative study. Magn Reson Med 23(1):172–178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotzerke J, Volkmer BG, Glatting G, van den Hoff J, Gschwend JE, Messer P, Reske SN, Neumaier B (2003) Intraindividual comparison of [11C]acetate and [11C]choline PET for detection of metastases of prostate cancer. Nucl Med 42:25–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kriminski SA, Lovelock DM, Seshan VE, Ali I, Munro P, Amols HI, Fuks Z, Bilsky M, Yamada Y (2008) Comparison of kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography with megavoltage projection pairs for paraspinal radiosurgery patient alignment and position verification. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 71:1572–1580

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristensen BH, Laursen FJ, Logager V, Geertsen PF, Krarup-Hansen A (2008) Dosimetric and geometric evaluation of an open low-field magnetic resonance simulator for radiotherapy treatment planning of brain tumours. Radiother Oncol 87(1):100–109

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuban DA, Dong L, Cheung R, Strom E, De Crevoisier R (2005) Ultrasound-based localization. Semin Radiat Oncol 15(3):180–191

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubo HD, Hill BC (1996) Respiration gated radiotherapy treatment: a technical study. Phys Med Biol 41(1):83–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kupelian P, Willoughby T, Mahadevan A, Djemil T, Weinstein G, Jani S, Enke C, Solberg T, Flores N, Liu D, Beyer D, Levine L (2007) Multi-institutional clinical experience with the Calypso System in localization and continuous, real-time monitoring of the prostate gland during external radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67(4):1088–1098

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwa SL, Lebesque JV, Theuws JC, Marks LB, Munley MT, Bentel G, Oetzel D, Spahn U, Graham MV, Drzymala RE, Purdy JA, Lichter AS, Martel MK, Ten Haken RK (1998) Radiation pneumonitis as a function of mean lung dose: an analysis of pooled data of 540 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 42(1):1–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyriakou Y, Riedel T, Kalender WA (2006) Combining deterministic and Monte Carlo calculations for fast estimation of scatter intensities in CT. Phys Med Biol 51:4567–4586

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lagendijk JJ, Raaymakers BW, Raaijmakers AJ, Overweg J, Brown KJ, Kerkhof EM, van der Put RW, Hardemark B, van Vulpen M, van der Heide UA (2008) MRI/linac integration. Radiother Oncol 86(1):25–29

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langen KM, Jones DT (2001) Organ motion and its management. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50(1):265–278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langen KM, Meeks SL, Poole DO, Wagner TH, Willoughby TR, Kupelian PA, Ruchala KJ, Haimerl J, Olivera GH (2005) The use of megavoltage CT (MVCT) images for dose recomputations. Phys Med Biol 50:4259–4276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langer M, Thai V, Papiez L (2001) Improved leaf sequencing reduces segments or monitor units needed to deliver IMRT using multileaf collimators. Med Phys 28:2450–2458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee L, Le QT, Xing L (2008a) Retrospective IMRT dose reconstruction based on cone-beam CT and MLC log-file. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70(2):634–644

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee L, Mao W, Xing L (2008b) The use of EPID-measured leaf sequence files for IMRT dose reconstruction in adaptive radiation therapy. Med Phys 35(11):5019–5029

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemort M, Canizares AC, Kampouridis S (2006) Advances in imaging head and neck tumours. Curr Opin Oncol 18(3):234–239

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li T, Xing L (2007) Optimizing 4D cone-beam CT acquisition protocol for external beam radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67(4):1211–1219

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li R, Xing L (2011) Bridging the gap between IMRT and VMAT: dense angularly sampled and sparse intensity modulated radiation therapy (DASSIM-RT). Med Phys (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li T, Schreibmann E, Thorndyke B, Tillman G, Boyer A, Koong A, Goodman K, Xing L (2005) Radiation dose reduction in four-dimensional computed tomography. Med Phys 32(12):3650–3660

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li T, Xing L, McGuinness C, Munro P, Loo B, Koong A (2006) Four-dimensional cone-beam CT using an on-board imager. Med Phys 33:3825–3833

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li T, Koong A, Xing L (2007) Enhanced 4D cone-beam computed tomography using an on-board imager. Med Phys 34:3688–3695

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Zhu XR, Zhang L, Dong L, Tung S, Ahamad A, Chao KSC, Morrison WH, Rosenthal DI, Schwartz DL, Mohan R, Garden AS (2008) Comparison of 2D radiographic images and 3D cone beam computed tomography for positioning head-and-neck radiotherapy patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 71:916–925

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li R, Jia X, Lewis JH, Gu X, Folkerts M, Men C, Jiang SB (2010) Real-time volumetric image reconstruction and 3D tumor localization based on a single X-ray projection image for lung cancer radiotherapy. Med Phys 37(6):2822–2826

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lian J, Cotrutz C, Xing L (2003) Therapeutic treatment plan optimization with probability density-based dose prescription. Med Phys 30:655–666

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lian J, Xing L, Hunjan S, Dumoulin C, Levin J, Lo A, Watkins R, Rohling K, Giaquinto R, Kim D, Spielman D, Daniel B (2004) Mapping of the prostate in endorectal coil-based MRI/MRSI and CT: a deformable registration and validation study. Med Phys 31(11):3087–3094

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin WY, Tsai SC, Hung GU (2005) Value of delayed 18F-FDG-PET imaging in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Nucl Med Commun 26(4):315–321

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ling CC, Humm J, Larson S, Amols H, Fuks Z, Leibel S, Koutcher JA (2000) Towards multidimensional radiotherapy (MD-CRT): biological imaging and biological conformality. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47(3):551–560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Litzenberg DW, Hadley SW, Tyagi N, Balter JM, Ten Haken RK, Chetty IJ (2007) Synchronized dynamic dose reconstruction. Med Phys 34:91–102

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu IJ, Zafar MB, Lai YH, Segall GM, Terris MK (2001) Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography studies in diagnosis and staging of clinically organ-confined prostate cancer. Urology 57:108–111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, Wiersma RD, Mao W, Luxton G, Xing L (2008) Real-time 3D internal marker tracking during arc radiotherapy by the use of combined MV-kV imaging. Phys Med Biol 53(24):7197–7213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lo JY, Floyd CE, Baker JA, Ravin CE (1994) Scatter compensation in digital chest radiography using the posterior beam stop technique. Med Phys 21:435–443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock DM, Hua C, Wang P, Hunt M, Fournier-Bidoz N, Yenice K, Toner S, Lutz W, Amols H, Bilsky M, Fuks Z, Yamada Y (2005) Accurate setup of paraspinal patients using a noninvasive patient immobilization cradle and portal imaging. Med Phys 32:2606–2614

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Y, Lee L, Keshet O, Keall P, Xing L (2009) Four-dimensional inverse treatment planning with inclusion of implanted fiducials in IMRT segmented fields. Med Phys 36:2215–2221

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Y, Chang D, Keall P, Xie Y, Park JY, Suh TS, Xing L (2010) Inverse planning for four-dimensional (4D) volumetric modulated arc therapy. Med Phys 37(11):5627–5633

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mac Manus MP, Hicks RJ, Ball DL, Kalff V, Matthews JP, Salminen E, Khaw P, Wirth A, Rischin D, McKenzie A (2001) F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography staging in radical radiotherapy candidates with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: powerful correlation with survival and high impact on treatment. Cancer 92(4):886–895

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Machtay M, Bae K, Movsas B, Paulus R, Gore EM, Komaki R, Albain K, Sause WT Curran WJ (2010) Higher biologically effective dose of radiotherapy is associated with improved outcomes for locally advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma treated with chemoradiation: an analysis of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mageras GS, Pevsner A, Yorke ED, Rosenzweig KE, Ford EC, Hertanto A, Larson SM, Lovelock DM, Erdi YE, Nehmeh SA, Humm JL, Ling CC (2004) Measurement of lung tumor motion using respiration-correlated CT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60(3):933–941

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mah D, Hanley J, Rosenzweig KE, Yorke E, Braban L, Ling CC, Leibel SA, Mageras G (2000) Technical aspects of the deep inspiration breath-hold technique in the treatment of thoracic cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48(4):1175–1185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maintz JB, Viergever MA (1998) A survey of medical image registration. Med Image Anal 2(1):1–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mao W, Riaz N, Lee L, Wiersma R, Xing L (2008a) A fiducial detection algorithm for real-time image guided IMRT based on simultaneous MV and kV imaging. Med Phys 35(8):3554–3564

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mao W, Wiersma RD, Xing L (2008b) Fast internal marker tracking algorithm for onboard MV and kV imaging systems. Med Phys 35(5):1942–1949

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden PK, Strul D, Keevil SF, Williams SCR, Cash D (2002) Simultaneous PET and NMR. Br J Radiol 75:S53–S59

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martel MK, Ten Haken RK, Hazuka MB, Kessler ML, Strawderman M, Turrisi AT, Lawrence TS, Fraass BA, Lichter AS (1999) Estimation of tumor control probability model parameters from 3-D dose distributions of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 24(1):31–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGarry RC, Papiez L, Williams M, Whitford T, Timmerman RD (2005) Stereotactic body radiation therapy of early-stage non-small-cell lung carcinoma: phase I study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 63(4):1010–1015

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McInerney T, Terzopoulos D (1996) Deformable models in medical image analysis: a survey. Med Image Anal 1(2):91–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McQuaid D, Webb S (2008) Target-tracking deliveries using conventional multileaf collimators planned with 4D direct-aperture optimization. Phys Med Biol 53(15):4013–4029

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meeks SL, Buatti JM, Bouchet LG, Bova FJ, Ryken TC, Pennington EC, Anderson KM, Friedman WA (2003) Ultrasound-guided extracranial radiosurgery: technique and application. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 55(4):1092–1101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Men C, Romeijn HE, Jia X, Jiang SB (2010) Ultrafast treatment plan optimization for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Med Phys 37(11):5787–5791

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meng B, Wang J, Xing L (2010) Sinogram preprocessing and binary reconstruction for determination of the shape and location of metal objects in computed tomography (CT). Med Phys 37(11):5867–5875

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohan R, Zhang X, Wang H, Kang Y, Wang X, Liu H, Ang KK, Kuban D, Dong L (2005) Use of deformed intensity distributions for on-line modification of image-guided IMRT to account for interfractional anatomic changes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61(4):1258–1266

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mok E, Kielar K, Hsu A, Maxim P, Xing L (2010) Dosimetric properties of flattening filter free photon beams from a new clinical accelerator. Med Phys 37(6):3284

    Google Scholar 

  • Montagnat J, Delingette H (2005) 4D deformable models with temporal constraints: application to 4D cardiac image segmentation. Med Image Anal 9:87–100

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morin O, Gillis A, Chen J, Aubin M, Bucci MK, Roach M 3rd, Pouliot J (2006) Megavoltage cone-beam CT: system description and clinical applications. Med Dosim 31(1):51–61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munro P, Bouius DC (1998) X-ray quantum limited portal imaging using amorphous silicon flat-panel arrays. Med Phys 25(5):689–702

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy MJ, Dieterich S (2006) Comparative performance of linear and nonlinear neural networks to predict irregular breathing. Phys Med Biol 51(22):5903–5914

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy MJ, Adler JR Jr, Bodduluri M, Dooley J, Forster K, Hai J, Le Q, Luxton G, Martin D, Poen J (2000) Image-guided radiosurgery for the spine and pancreas. Comput Aided Surg 5(4):278–288

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy MJ, Balter J, Balter S, BenComo JA, Das IJ, Jiang SB, Ma CM, Olivera GH, Rodebaugh RF, Ruchala KJ, Shirato H, Yin F-F (2007) The management of imaging dose during image-guided radiotherapy: report of the AAPM Task Group 75. Med Phys 34(10):4041–4063

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mutic S, Palta JR, Butker EK, Das IJ, Huq MS, Loo LND, Salter BJ, McCollough CH, Van Dyk J (2003) Quality assurance for computed-tomography simulators and the computedtomography-simulation process: report of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group no. 66. Med Phys 30(10):2762–2792

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neicu T, Shirato H, Seppenwoolde Y, Jiang SB (2003) Synchronized moving aperture radiation therapy (SMART): average tumour trajectory for lung patients. Phys Med Biol 48(5):587–598

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson JW, Yoo DS, Sampson JH, Isaacs RE, Larrier NA, Marks LB, Yin F-F, Wu QJ, Wang Z, Kirkpatrick JP (2009) Stereotactic body radiotherapy for lesions of the spine and paraspinal regions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 73:1369–1375

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nijkamp J, Pos FJ, Nuver TT, de Jong R, Remeijer P, Sonke J-J, Lebesque JV (2008) Adaptive radiotherapy for prostate cancer using kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography: first clinical results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70:75–82

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ning R, Tang X, Conover D (2004) X-ray scatter correction algorithm for cone beam CT imaging. Med Phys 31:1195–1202

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okunieff P, Morgan D, Niemierko A, Suit HD (1995) Radiation dose-response of human tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 32(4):1227–1237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oldham M, Letourneau D, Watt L, Hugo G, Yan D, Lockman D, Kim LH, Chen PY, Martinez A, Wong JW (2005) Cone-beam-CT guided radiation therapy: a model for on-line application. Radiother Oncol 75(3):271–278

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otto K (2008) Volumetric modulated arc therapy: IMRT in a single gantry arc. Med Phys 35(1):310–317

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park SJ, Ionascu D, Hacker F, Mamon H, Berbeco R (2009) Automatic marker detection and 3D position reconstruction using cine EPID images for SBRT verification. Med Phys 36(10):4536–4546

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pasquier D, Betrouni N, Vermandel M, Lacornerie T, Lartigau E, Rousseau J (2006) MRI alone simulation for conformal radiation therapy of prostate cancer: technical aspects. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 1:160–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez CA, Stanley K, Rubin P, Kramer S, Brady L, Perez-Tamayo R, Brown GS, Concannon J, Rotman M, Seydel HG (1980) A prospective randomized study of various irradiation doses and fractionation schedules in the treatment of inoperable non-oat-cell carcinoma of the lung. Preliminary report by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Cancer 45(11):2744–2753

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez CA, Bauer M, Edelstein S, Gillespie BW, Birch R (1986) Impact of tumor control on survival in carcinoma of the lung treated with irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12(4):539–547

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins CL, Fox T, Elder E, Kooby DA, Staley CA, Landry J (2006) Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) in gastrointestinal tumors. JOP 7:372–381

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pouliot J (2007) Megavoltage imaging, megavoltage cone beam CT and dose-guided radiation therapy. Front Radiat Ther Oncol 40:132–142

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pouliot J, Bani-Hashemi A, Chen J, Svatos M, Ghelmansarai F, Mitschke M, Aubin M, Xia P, Morin O, Bucci K, Roach M, Hernandez P, Zheng Z, Hristov D, Verhey L (2005) Low-dose megavoltage cone-beam CT for radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61:552–560

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prabhakar R, Haresh KP, Ganesh T, Joshi RC, Julka PK, Rath GK (2007) Comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance based target volume in brain tumors. J Cancer Res Ther 3(2):121–123

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qian J, Lee L, Liu W, Chu K, Mok E, Luxton G, Le QT, Xing L (2010) Dose reconstruction for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) using cone-beam CT and dynamic log files. Phys Med Biol 55(13):3597–3610

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quon A, Gambhir SS (2005) FDG-PET and beyond: molecular breast cancer imaging. J Clin Oncol 23(8):1664–1673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raaymakers BW, Lagendijk JJ, Overweg J, Kok JG, Raaijmakers AJ, Kerkhof EM, van der Put RW, Meijsing I, Crijns SP, Benedosso F, van Vulpen M, de Graaff CH, Allen J, Brown KJ (2009) Integrating a 1.5 T MRI scanner with a 6 MV accelerator: proof of concept. Phys Med Biol 54(12):N229–N237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ragan D, Starkschall G, McNutt T, Kaus M, Guerrero T, Stevens CW (2005) Semiautomated four-dimensional computed tomography segmentation using deformable models. Med Phys 32(7):2254–2261

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahn AN, Baum RP, Adamietz IA, Adams S, Sengupta S, Mose S, Bormeth SB, Hor G, Bottcher HD (1998) Value of 18F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in radiotherapy planning of head-neck tumors. Strahlenther Onkol 174(7):358–364

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasch C, Barillot I, Remeijer P, Touw A, van Herk M, Lebesque JV (1999) Definition of the prostate in CT and MRI: a multi-observer study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 43(1):57–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren Q, Nishioka S, Shirato H, Berbeco RI (2007) Adaptive prediction of respiratory motion for motion compensation radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 52(22):6651–6661

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roeske JC, Forman JD, Mesina CF, He T, Pelizzari CA, Fontenla E, Vijayakumar S, Chen GT (1995) Evaluation of changes in the size and location of the prostate, seminal vesicles, bladder, and rectum during a course of external beam radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 33:1321–1329

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruan D (2010) Kernel density estimation-based real-time prediction for respiratory motion. Phys Med Biol 55(5):1311–1326

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruan D, Keall P (2010) Online prediction of respiratory motion: multidimensional processing with low-dimensional feature learning. Phys Med Biol 55(11):3011–3025

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruan D, Fessler JA, Balter JM (2007) Real-time prediction of respiratory motion based on local regression methods. Phys Med Biol 52(23):7137–7152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryu SI, Chang SD, Kim DH, Murphy MJ, Le QT, Martin DP, Adler JR (2001) Image-guided hypo-fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery to spinal lesions. Neurosurgery 49:838–846

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlemmer H-PW, Pichler BJ, Schmand M, Burbar Z, Michel C, Ladebeck R, Jattke K, Townsend D, Nahmias C, Jacob PK, Heiss W-D, Claussen CD (2008) Simultaneous MR/PET imaging of the human brain: feasibility study. Radiology 248:1028–1035

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoder H, Larson SM (2004) Positron emission tomography for prostate, bladder, and renal cancer. Semin Nucl Med 34(4):274–292

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schreibmann E, Xing L (2005) Narrow band deformable registration of prostate magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, and computed tomography studies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62(2):595–605

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schreibmann E, Chen GTY, Xing L (2006) Image interpolation in 4D CT using a BSpline deformable registration model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64:1537–1550

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz DL, Ford EC, Rajendran J, Yueh B, Coltrera MD, Virgin J, Anzai Y, Haynor D, Lewellen B, Mattes D, Kinahan P, Meyer J, Phillips M, Leblanc M, Krohn K, Eary J, Laramore GE (2005) FDG-PET/CT-guided intensity modulated head and neck radiotherapy: a pilot investigation. Head Neck 27:478–487

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seibert JA, Boone JM (1988) X-ray scatter removal by deconvolution. Med Phys 15:567–575

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seppenwoolde Y, Shirato H, Kitamura K, Shimizu S, van Herk M, Lebesque JV, Miyasaka K (2002) Precise and real-time measurement of 3D tumor motion in lung due to breathing and heartbeat, measured during radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53(4):822–834

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seppenwoolde Y, Lebesque JV, de Jaeger K, Belderbos JS, Boersma LJ, Schilstra C, Henning GT, Hayman JA, Martel MK, Ten Haken RK (2003) Comparing different NTCP models that predict the incidence of radiation pneumonitis. Normal tissue complication probability. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 55(3):724–735

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp GC, Jiang SB, Shimizu S, Shirato H (2004) Prediction of respiratory tumour motion for real-time image-guided radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 49(3):425–440

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe MB, Moseley DJ, Purdie TG, Islam M, Siewerdsen JH, Jaffray DA (2006) The stability of mechanical calibration for a kV cone beam computed tomography system integrated with linear accelerator. Med Phys 33:136–144

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shields AF, Grierson JR, Dohmen BM, Machulla HJ, Stayanoff JC, Lawhorn-Crews JM, Obradovich JE, Muzik O, Mangner TJ (1998) Imaging proliferation in vivo with [F-18]FLT and positron emission tomography. Nat Med 4(11):1334–1336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu S, Shirato H, Kitamura K, Shinohara N, Harabayashi T, Tsukamoto T, Koyanagi T, Miyasaka K (2000) Use of an implanted marker and real-time tracking of the marker for the positioning of prostate and bladder cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48(5):1591–1597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shirato H, Shimizu S, Shimizu T, Nishioka T, Miyasaka K (1999) Real-time tumour-tracking radiotherapy. Lancet 353(9161):1331–1332

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shirato H, Shimizu S, Kunieda T, Kitamura K, van Herk M, Kagei K, Nishioka T, Hashimoto S, Fujita K, Aoyama H, Tsuchiya K, Kudo K, Miyasaka K (2000a) Physical aspects of a real-time tumor-tracking system for gated radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48(4):1187–1195

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shirato H, Shimizu S, Kitamura K, Nishioka T, Kagei K, Hashimoto S, Aoyama H, Kunieda T, Shinohara N, Dosaka-Akita H, Miyasaka K (2000b) Four-dimensional treatment planning and fluoroscopic real-time tumor tracking radiotherapy for moving tumor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48(2):435–442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shirato H, Harada T, Harabayashi T, Hida K, Endo H, Kitamura K, Onimaru R, Yamazaki K, Kurauchi N, Shimizu T, Shinohara N, Matsushita M, Dosaka-Akita H, Miyasaka K (2003) Feasibility of insertion/implantation of 2.0-mm-diameter gold internal fiducial markers for precise setup and real-time tumor tracking in radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56(1):240–247

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shiu AS, Chang EL, Ye J-S, Lii M, Rhines LD, Mendel E, Weinberg J, Singh S, Maor MH, Mohan R, Cox JD (2003) Near simultaneous computed tomography image-guided stereotactic spinal radiotherapy: an emerging paradigm for achieving true stereotaxy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 57:605–613

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siewerdsen JH, Jaffray DA (1999) Cone-beam computed tomography with a flat-panel imager: effects of image lag. Med Phys 26(12):2635–2647

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siewerdsen JH, Jaffray DA (2000) Optimization of X-ray imaging geometry (with specific application to flat-panel cone-beam computed tomography). Med Phys 27(8):1903–1914

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siewerdsen JH, Jaffray DA (2001) Cone-beam computed tomography with a flat-panel imager: magnitude and effects of X-ray scatter. Med Phys 28(2):220–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siewerdsen JH, Moseley DJ, Bakhtiar B, Richard S, Jaffray DA (2004) The influence of antiscatter grids on soft-tissue detectability in cone-beam computed tomography with flat-panel detectors. Med Phys 31(12):3506–3520

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sillanpaa J, Chang J, Mageras G, Riem H, Ford E, Todor D, Ling CC, Amols H (2005) Developments in megavoltage cone beam CT with an amorphous silicon EPID: reduction of exposure and synchronization with respiratory gating. Med Phys 32(3):819–829

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson DR, Lawson JD, Nath SK, Rose BS, Mundt AJ, Mell LK (2009) Utilization of advanced imaging technologies for target delineation in radiation oncology. J Am Coll Radiol 6(12):876–883

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson DR, Lawson JD, Nath SK, Rose BS, Mundt AJ, Mell LK (2010) A survey of image-guided radiation therapy use in the United States. Cancer 116(16):3953–3960

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smyczek-Gargya B, Fersis N, Dittmann H, Vogel U, Reischl G, Machulla HJ, Wallwiener D, Bares R, Dohmen BM (2004) PET with [18F]fluorothymidine for imaging of primary breast cancer: a pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31(5):720–724

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soete G, Verellen D, Tournel K, Storme G (2006) Setup accuracy of stereoscopic X-ray positioning with automated correction for rotational errors in patients treated with conformal arc radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol 80:371–373

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonke J, Zijp L, Remeijer P, Van Herk M (2005) Respiratory correlated cone beam CT. Med Phys 32(4):1176–1186

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Souza WD, Naqvi SA, Yu CX (2005) Real-time intra-fraction-motion tracking using the treatment couch: a feasibility study. Phys Med Biol 50:4021–4033

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens CW, Munden RF, Forster KM, Kelly JF, Liao Z, Starkschall G, Tucker S, Komaki R (2001) Respiratory-driven lung tumor motion is independent of tumor size, tumor location, and pulmonary function. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51(1):62–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart RD, Li XA (2007) BGRT: biologically guided radiation therapy-the future is fast approaching!. Med Phys 34(10):3739–3751

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stroom JC, Koper PC, Korevaar GA, van Os M, Janssen M, de Boer HC, Levendag PC, Heijmen BJ (1999) Internal organ motion in prostate cancer patients treated in prone and supine treatment position. Radiother Oncol 51(3):237–248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suh Y, Yi B, Ahn S, Kim J, Lee S, Shin S, Choi E (2004) Aperture maneuver with compelled breath (AMC) for moving tumors: a feasibility study with a moving phantom. Med Phys 31(4):760–766

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terashima M, Hyon M, de la Pena-Almaguer E, Yang PC, Hu BS, Nayak KS, Pauly JM, McConnell MV (2005) High-resolution real-time spiral MRI for guiding vascular interventions in a rabbit model at 1.5 T. J Magn Reson Imaging 22(5):687–690

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thongphiew D, Wu QJ, Lee WR, Chankong V, Yoo S, McMahon R, Yin F-F (2009) Comparison of online IGRT techniques for prostate IMRT treatment: adaptive vs repositioning correction. Med Phys 36:1651–1662

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Timmerman RD, Bizekis CS, Pass HI, Fong YM, Dupuy DE, Dawson LA, Lu D (2009) Local surgical, ablative, and radiation treatment of metastases. Ca-a Cancer J Clin 59(3):145–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Tome WA, Meeks SL, Orton NP, Bouchet LG, Bova FJ (2002) Commissioning and quality assurance of an optically guided three-dimensional ultrasound target localization system for radiotherapy. Med Phys 29:1781–1788

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend DW (2008) Multimodality imaging of structure and function. Phys Med Biol 53(4):R1–R39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trofimov A, Rietzel E, Lu H-M, Martin B, Jiang S, Chen GTY, Bortfeld T (2005) Temporo-spatial IMRT optimization: concepts, implementation and initial results. Phys Med Biol 50(12):2779–2798

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uematsu M (2004) CT-guided focal high dose radiotherapy. In: International workshop on 3 dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Nagoya, Japan

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Steene J, Linthout N, de Mey J, Vinh-Hung V, Claassens C, Noppen M, Bel A, Storme G (2002) Definition of gross tumor volume in lung cancer: inter-observer variability. Radiother Oncol 62(1):37–49

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vassiliev ON, Titt U, Ponisch F, Kry SF, Mohan R, Gillin MT (2006) Dosimetric properties of photon beams from a flattening filter free clinical accelerator. Phys Med Biol 51(7):1907–1917

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vedam SS, Keall PJ, Kini VR, Mostafavi H, Shukla HP, Mohan R (2003a) Acquiring a four-dimensional computed tomography dataset using an external respiratory signal. Phys Med Biol 48(1):45–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vedam SS, Kini VR, Keall PJ, Ramakrishnan V, Mostafavi H, Mohan R (2003b) Quantifying the predictability of diaphragm motion during respiration with a noninvasive external marker. Med Phys 30(4):505–513

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Xing L (2010) A binary image reconstruction technique for accurate determination of the shape and location of metal objects in X-ray computed tomography. J Xray Sci Technol 18(4):403–414

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Dong L, Daniel J, Mohan R, Garden AS, Ang KK, Kuban DA, Bonnen M, Chang JY, Cheung R (2005) Validation of an accelerated demons algorithm for deformable image registration in radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol 50:2887–2905

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Chao M, Lee L, Xing L (2008) MRI-based treatment planning with electron density information mapped from CT images: a preliminary study. Technol Cancer Res Treat 7:341–348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Nelson J, Yoo S, Wu QJ, Kirkpatrick J, Marks BL, Yin F-F (2009a) Refinement of treatment setup and target localization accuracy using three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography for stereotactic body radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 73(2):571–577

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Zhu L, Xing L (2009b) Noise reduction in low-dose x-ray fluoroscopy for image-guided radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 74(2):637–643

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webb WR, Gatsonis C, Zerhouni EA, Heelan RT, Glazer GM, Francis IR, McNeil BJ (1991) CT and MR imaging in staging non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: report of the Radiologic Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology 178(3):705–713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wen N, Guan HQ, Hammoud R, Pradhan D, Nurushev T, Li SD, Movsas B (2007) Dose delivered from Varian’s CBCT to patients receiving IMRT for prostate cancer. Phys Med Biol 52(8):2267–2276

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiersma RD, Xing L (2007) Examination of geometric and dosimetric accuracies of gated step-and-shoot intensity modulated radiation therapy. Med Phys 34:3962–3970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiersma RD, Mao W, Xing L (2008) Combined kV and MV imaging for real-time tracking of implanted fiducial markers. Med Phys 35(4):1191–1198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiersma RD, Riaz N, Dieterich S, Suh Y, Xing L (2009) Use of MV and kV imager correlation for maintaining continuous real-time 3D internal marker tracking during beam interruptions. Phys Med Biol 54(1):89–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winer-Muram HT, Jennings SG, Meyer CA, Liang Y, Aisen AM, Tarver RD, McGarry RC (2003) Effect of varying CT section width on volumetric measurement of lung tumors and application of compensatory equations. Radiology 229(1):184–194

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu C, Jeraj R, Olivera GH, Mackie TR (2002) Re-optimization in adaptive radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 47(17):3181–3195

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu H, Sharp GC, Salzberg B, Kaeli D, Shirato H, Jiang SB (2005) Model-based probabilistic prediction of tumor respiratory motion. Med Phys 32(6):1894 abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Q, Liang J, Yan D (2006) Application of dose compensation in image-guided radiotherapy of prostate cancer. Phys Med Biol 51:1405–1419

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu QJ, Thongphiew D, Wang Z, Mathayomchan B, Chankong V, Yoo S, Lee WR, Yin FF (2008) On-line re-optimization of prostate IMRT plans for adaptive radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol 53(3):673–691

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wulf J, Baier K, Mueller G, Flentje MP (2005) Dose-response in stereotactic irradiation of lung tumors. Radiother Oncol 77:83–87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xia P, Chuang CF, Verhey LJ (2002) Communication and sampling rate limitations in IMRT delivery with a dynamic multileaf collimator system. Med Phys 29:412–423

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xing L, Li JG, Pugachev A, Le QT, Boyer AL (1999) Estimation theory and model parameter selection for therapeutic treatment plan optimization. Med Phys 26(11):2348–2358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xing L, Cotrutz C, Hunjan S, Boyer AL, Adalsteinsson E, Spielman D (2002) Inverse planning for functional image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol 47:3567–3578

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xing L, Thorndyke B, Schreibmann E, Yang Y, Li T-F, Kim G-Y, Luxton G, Koong A (2006) Overview of image-guided radiation therapy. Med Dosim 31(2):91–112

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto T, Langner U, Loo BW Jr, Shen J, Keall PJ (2008) Retrospective analysis of artifacts in four-dimensional CT images of 50 abdominal and thoracic radiotherapy patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72(4):1250–1258

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yan D, Vicini F, Wong J, Martinez A (1997) Adaptive radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol 42(1):123–132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Xing L (2005) Towards biologically conformal radiation therapy (BCRT): selective IMRT dose escalation under the guidance of spatial biology distribution. Med Phys 32:1473–1484

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Schreibmann E, Li T, Wang C, Xing L (2007) Evaluation of on-board kV cone beam CT (CBCT)-based dose calculation. Phys Med Biol 52(3):685–705

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang D, Li H, Low DA, Deasy JO, El Naqa I (2008) A fast inverse consistent deformable image registration method based on symmetric optical flow computation. Phys Med Biol 53(21):6143–6165

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yenice KM, Lovelock DM, Hunt MA, Lutz WR, Fournier-Bidoz N, Hua C-H, Yamada J, Bilsky M, Lee H, Pfaff K, Spirou SV, Amols HI (2003) CT image-guided intensity-modulated therapy for paraspinal tumors using stereotactic immobilization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 55:583–593

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yin FF, Ryu S, Ajlouni M, Zhu J, Yan H, Guan H, Faber K, Rock J, Abdalhak M, Rogers L, Rosenblum M, Kim JH (2002) A technique of intensity-modulated radiosurgery (IMRS) for spinal tumors. Med Phys 29(12):2815–2822

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yin F-F, Guan H, Lu W (2005) A technique for on-board CT reconstruction using both kilovoltage and megavoltage beam projections for 3D treatment verification. Med Phys 32(9):2819–2826

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yin F-F, Das S, Kirkpatrick J, Oldham M, Wang Z, Zhou S-M (2006) Physics and imaging for targeting of oligometastases. Semin Radiat Oncol 16:85–101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yin F-F, Wang Z, Yoo S, Wu QJ, Kirkpatrick J, Larrier N, Meyer J, Willett CG, Marks LB (2008) Integration of cone-beam CT in stereotactic body radiation therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 7:133–139

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo S, Yin FF (2006) Dosimetric feasibility of cone-beam CT-based treatment planning compared to CT-based treatment planning. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66(5):1553–1561

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yorke ED, Jackson A, Rosenzweig KE, Merrick SA, Gabrys D, Venkatraman ES, Burman CM, Leibel SA, Ling CC (2002) Dose-volume factors contributing to the incidence of radiation pneumonitis in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54(2):329–339

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu CX (1995) Intensity-modulated arc therapy with dynamic multileaf collimation: an alternative to tomotherapy. Phys Med Biol 40(9):1435–1449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Pevsner A, Hertanto A, Hu YC, Rosenzweig KE, Ling CC, Mageras GS (2007) A patient-specific respiratory model of anatomical motion for radiation treatment planning. Med Phys 34(12):4772–4781

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L, Bennett NR, Fahrig R (2006) Scatter correction method for X-ray CT using primary modulation: theory and preliminary results. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 25:1573–1587

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L, Lee L, Ma Y, Ye Y, Mazzeo R, Xing L (2008a) Using total-variation regularization for intensity modulated radiation therapy inverse planning with field-specific numbers of segments. Phys Med Biol 53:6653–6672

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L, Lee L, Ma Y, Ye Y, Mazzeo R, Xing L (2008b) Using total-variation regularization for inverse planning with field specific numbers of segments. Phys Med Biol 53:6653–6672

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L, Xie Y, Wang J, Xing L (2009) Scatter correction for cone-beam CT in radiation therapy. Med Phys 36:2258–2268

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L, Choi K, Xing L (2010) Compressed sensing technique for volumetirc modulated radiation therapy planning. Phys Med Biol (submitted)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zitov B, Flusser J (2003) Image registration methods: a survey. Image Vis Comput 21(11):977–1000

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive Room G204, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA

    Ruijiang Li

  2. Radiation Physics Laboratory, University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School—Central Room 475, Blackburn Building D06, Camperdown 2006, NSW, 3590, Australia

    Paul Keall

  3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive Room G233, Stanford, CA, 94305-5847, USA

    Lei Xing

Authors
  1. Ruijiang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paul Keall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lei Xing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ruijiang Li .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institutet Stockholm Sweden, MMC 436, Dept.of Oncol-Pathol Karolinska, Delaware St. SE 420, Minneapolis, 55455, Minnesota, USA

    Seymour H. Levitt

  2. UC Davis Cancer Center, Dept. Radiation Oncology, University of California, Davis, X Street 4501, Sacramento, 95817, California, USA

    James A. Purdy

  3. School of Medicine, Dept. Radiation Oncology, Washington University, Forest Park Ave. 4511, St. Louis, 63108-2138, Michigan, USA

    Carlos A. Perez

  4. Instituut Verbeeten, Tilburg, 5042 SB, Netherlands

    Philip Poortmans

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Li, R., Keall, P., Xing, L. (2011). Linac-Based Image Guided Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy. In: Levitt, S., Purdy, J., Perez, C., Poortmans, P. (eds) Technical Basis of Radiation Therapy. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2011_325

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2011_325

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-11571-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-11572-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation