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Lignin Structure, Properties, and Applications

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Book cover Biopolymers

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 232))

Abstract

Polymeric features of lignin and its potential as a bio-resource are reviewed, focusing on its characteristic structure and properties. Lignin is a random copolymer consisting of phenylpropane units having characteristic side chains. Lignin slightly crosslinks and takes an amorphous structure in the solid state. The molecular motion is observed as glass transition by thermal, viscoelastic and spectroscopic measurements. The hydroxyl group of lignin plays a crucial role in interaction with water. By chemical and thermal decomposition, a wide range of chemicals can be obtained from lignin that can be used as starting materials for synthetic polymers, such as polyesters, polyethers, and polystyrene derivatives. At the same time, a variety of polymers can be derived from lignin by simple chemical modification. The hydroxyl group acts as a reaction site for the above chemical reaction.

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Abbreviations

ρ:

Apparent density

σ:

Breaking strength

σ10 :

Strength at 10% strain

τc :

Correlation time

ADL:

Acetylated DL

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

BDF:

Biodiesel fuel

b-NMR:

Broad line nuclear magnetic resonance

CL:

Caprolactone

DEG:

Dietyleneglycol

DBTDL:

Di-n-butyltin dilaurate

DEG:

Diethylene glycol

DL:

Dioxane lignin

DMSO:

Dimethylsulfoxide

DMA:

Dynamic mechanical analysis

DMF:

Dimethylformamide

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

DTA:

Differential thermal analysis

E :

Compression modulus

E a :

Apparent activation energy

ESR:

Electron spin resonance

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectrometry

GPC:

Gel permeation chromatography

HL:

Hydrolysis lignin

HLPCL:

HL-based polycaprolactone

IR:

Infrared spectrometry

KL:

Kraft lignin

KLD:

KL polyol derived from DEG

KLT:

KL polyol derived from TEG

KLP:

KL polyol derived from PEG

KLDPU:

PU derived from KLD

KLTPU:

PU derived from KLT

KLPPU:

PU derived from KPP

KMHS:

Kuhn-Mark-Houwik-Sakurada

LALLS:

Static law angle laser light scattering

LCC:

Lignin carbohydrate complex

LS:

Sodium lignosulfonate

LSD:

LS polyol derived from DEG

LSPCL:

LS-based polycaprolactone

LST:

LS polyol derived from TEG

LSP:

LS polyol derived from PEG

LSDPU:

PU derived from LS D

LSTPU:

PU derived from LS T

LSPPU:

PU derived from LS P

MDI:

Poly(phenylene methylene) polyisocyanate

ML:

Molasses

MLD:

ML polyol derived from DEG

M n :

Number average molecular mass

M w :

Weight average molecular mass

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MWL:

Milled wood lignin

n :

Number of repeating unit of oxyethylene chain

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry

PCL:

Polycaprolactone

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PU:

Polyurethane

SEC:

Size exclusion chromatography

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

T 1 :

Longitudinal relaxation time

T 2 :

Transverse relaxation time

TEG:

Triethylene glycol

TG:

Thermogravimetry

TG/FTIR:

Simultaneous measurement of TG and FTIR

TG/MS:

Simultaneous measurement of TG and MS

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

TMA:

Thermomechanical analysis

T c :

Crystallization temperature

T d :

Thermal decomposition temperature

T g :

Glass transition temperature

T m :

Melting temperature

T s :

Softening temperature

UV:

Ultra violet spectrometry

VPO:

Vapor pressure osmometry

W c :

Water content

W nf :

Non-freezing water content

ΔC p :

Heat capacity difference at T g

ΔH m :

Melting enthalpy

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Acknowledgement

Authors are grateful to Professor Clive S. Langham for his helpful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Engineering, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1, Gakuen, Fukui, 910-8505, Japan

    Hyoe Hatakeyama

  2. Lignocel Research, 73-8, Yatsumata, Fukui, 910-3558, Japan

    Tatsuko Hatakeyama

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  1. Hyoe Hatakeyama
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  2. Tatsuko Hatakeyama
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Correspondence to Tatsuko Hatakeyama .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Industrial Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Polytechnics, Atsugi-shi, 243-02, Japan

    Akihiro Abe

  2. , Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republi, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, Prague, 16206, Czech Republic

    Karel Dusek

  3. , R & D Center for Bio-based Materials, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, 606-8585, Japan

    Shiro Kobayashi

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Hatakeyama, H., Hatakeyama, T. (2009). Lignin Structure, Properties, and Applications. In: Abe, A., Dusek, K., Kobayashi, S. (eds) Biopolymers. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 232. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2009_12

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