Skip to main content

Radiation Dosimetry and Protection in PET

  • Chapter
Positron Emission Tomography

Chapter reproduced from Valk PE, Bailey DL, Townsend DW, Maisey MN. Positron Emission Tomography: Basic Science and Clinical Practice. Springer-Verlag London Ltd 2003, 265–279.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. International Commission on Radiological Protection. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  2. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Determination of Dose Equivalents Resulting from External Radiation Sources. ICRU Report No. 39. Bethesda, MD: ICRU, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Dillman LT. Radionuclide decay schemes and nuclear parameters for use in radiation-dose estimation. MIRD Pamphlet No. 4. J Nucl Med 1969;10(Supplement No.2).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dillman LT. Radionuclide decay schemes and nuclear parameters for use in radiation-dose estimation, Part 2. MIRD Pamphlet No. 6. J Nucl Med 1970;11(Supplement No.4).

    Google Scholar 

  5. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Radiation quantities and units. ICRU Report No. 33. Bethesda, MD: ICRU, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Groenewald W, Wasserman HJ. Constants for calculating ambient and directional dose equivalents from radionuclide point sources. Health Phys 1990; 58:655–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Delacroix D, Guerre JP, Leblanc P, Hickman C. Radionuclide and Radiation Protection Handbook 1998. Rad Prot Dosim 1998;76.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Loevinger R, Budinger TF, Watson EE. MIRD Primer for Absorbed Dose Calculations. New York: Society of Nuclear Medicine, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Stabin MG. MIRDOSE: Personal computer software for internal dose assessment in nuclear medicine. J Nucl Med 1996;37:538–46. (The MIRDOSE program is available from the Radiation Internal Dose Information Center, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PO Box 117, MS51, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-01117, USA.)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Snyder WS, Ford MR, Warner GG, Watson SB. Absorbed dose per unit cumulated activity for selected nuclides and organs. MIRD Pamphlet No.11. New York: Society of Nuclear Medicine, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  11. International Commission on Radiological Protection. Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals Addendum to ICRP53. ICRP Publication 80. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  12. International Commission on Radiological Protection. Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals. ICRP Publication 53. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Brihaye C, Depresseux JC, Comar D. Radiation dosimetry for bolus administration of oxygen-15 water. J Nucl Med 1995; 36:651–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Smith T, Tong C, Lammertsma AA et al. Dosimetry of intravenously administered oxygen-15 labelled water in man: a model based on experimental human data from 21 subjects. Eur J Nucl Med 1994; 21:1126–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Deloar HM, Watabe H, Nakamura T et al. Internal dose estimation including the nasal cavity and major airway for continuous inhalation of C15O2, 15O2 and C15O using the thermoluminescent method. J Nucl Med 1997; 38:1603–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Dowd MT, Chen C-T, Wendel MJ, Faulhaber PJ, Cooper MD. Radiation dose to the bladder wall from 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-Dglucose in adult humans. J Nucl Med 1991; 32:707–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dhawan V, Belakhlef A, Robeson W, Ishikawa T, Margouleff C, Takikawa S, et al. Bladder wall radiation dose in humans from fluorine-18-FDOPA. J Nucl Med 1996;37(11):1850–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hicks RJ, Binns D, Stabin MG. Pattern of uptake and excretion of [18F]-FDG in the lactating breast. J Nucl Med 2001; 42:1238–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Stabin MG. Health concerns related to radiation exposure of the female nuclear medicine patient. Environ Health Perspect 1997;105(suppl 6):1403–9. Also at www.orau.gov/ehsd/ridic.htm.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Stabin MG, Breitz HB. Breast milk excretion of radiopharmaceuticals: mechanisms, findings and radiation dosimetry. J Nucl Med 2000; 41:863–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Stabin MG, Watson EE, Cristy M et al. Mathematical models of the adult female at various stages of pregnancy. ORNL Report No. ORNL/TM-12907. Oak Ridge, TN: 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bohuslavizki KH, Kroger S, Klutmann S, Greiss-Tonshoff M, Clausen M. Pregnancy testing before high-dose radioiodine treatment: a case report. J Nucl Med Technol 1999; 27:220–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Watson EE. Radiation absorbed dose to the human foetal thyroid. In: Fifth International Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge Associated Universities, pp 179–87, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Almeida P, Bendriem B, de Dreuille O, Peltier A, Perrot C, Brulon V. Dosimetry of transmission measurements in nuclear medicine: a study using anthropomorphic phantoms and thermoluminescent dosimeters. Eur J Nucl Med 1998; 25:1435–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Huda W, Mergo PJ. How will the introduction of multi-slice CT affect patient doses? In: IAEA International Conference, Malaga 2001 Radiological Protection of Patients in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy. Vienna: IAEA, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Thomson J, Tingey D. Radiation doses from computed tomography in Australia. Australian Radiation Laboratory Report ARL/TR123. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Paediatric Task Group of European Association of Nuclear Medicine. A radiopharmaceuticals schedule for imaging in paediatrics. Eur J Nucl Med 1990; 17:127–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Towson J, Smart R. Radiopharmaceutical activities administered for paediatric nuclear medicine procedures in Australia. Radiation Protection in Australasia 2000; 17:110–20.

    Google Scholar 

  29. International Commission on Radiological Protection. Radiological Protection in Biomedical Research. ICRP Publication 62. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bloe F, Williams A. Personnel monitoring observations. J Nucl Med Technol 1995; 23:82–6.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Chiesa C, De Sanctis V, Crippa F et al. Radiation dose to technicians per nuclear medicine procedure: comparison between technetium-99m, gallium-67 and iodine-131 radiotracers and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. Eur J Nucl Med 1997; 24:1380–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kearfott KJ, Carey JE, Clemenshaw MN, Faulkner DB. Radiation protection design for a clinical positron emission tomography imaging suite. Health Phys 1992; 63:581–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Benatar NA, Cronin BF, O’Doherty M. Radiation dose rates from patients undergoing PET: implications for technologists and waiting areas. Eur J Nucl Med 2000; 27:583–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bixler A, Springer G, Lovas R. Practical aspects of radiation safety for using fluorine-18. J Nucl Med Technol 1999; 27:14–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Brown TF, Yasillo NJ. Radiation safety considerations for PET centers. J Nucl Med Technol 1997; 25:98–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Dell MA. Radiation safety review for 511-keV emitters in nuclear medicine. J Nucl Med Technol 1997; 25:12–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bailey DL, Young H, Bloomfield PM et al. ECAT ART — a continuously rotating PET camera: performance characteristics, initial clinical studies, and installation considerations in a nuclear medicine department. Eur J Nucl Med 1997; 24:6–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cronin B, Marsden PK, O’Doherty MJ. Are restrictions to behaviour of patients required following fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic studies? Eur J Nucl Med 1999; 26:121–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. McCormick VA, Miklos JA. Radiation dose to positron emission tomography technologists during quantitative versus qualitative studies. J Nucl Med 1993; 34:769–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. McElroy NL. Worker dose analysis based on real time dosimetry. Health Phys 1998; 74:608–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bird NJ, Barber RW, Turner KB, Meara S. Radiation doses to staff during gamma camera PET [abst]. Nucl Med Commun 1999; 20:471.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Towson J, Brackenreg J, Kenny P, Constable C, Silver K, Fulham M. Analysis of external exposure to PET technologists [abstr]. Nucl Med Commun 2000; 21:497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Eberl SE, Anayat AA, Fulton RR, Hooper PK, Fulham MJ. Evaluation of two population-based input functions for quantitative neurological FDG PET studies. Eur J Nucl Med 1997; 24:299–304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Griff M, Berthold T, Buck A. Radiation exposure to sonographers from fluorine-18-FDG PET patients. J Nucl Med Technol 2000; 28:186–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Council of the European Union. Council Directive 96/29/Euratom on basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public. Official J Eur Commun 1996; L159:1–114.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Zimmerman BE, Kubicek GJ, Cessna JT, Plascjak PS, Eckelman WC. Radioassays and experimental evaluation of dose calibrator settings for 18F. Applied Radiation & Isotopes 2001; 54:113–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Cember H. Introduction to Health Physics (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Courtney J, Mendez P, Hidalgo-Salvatierra O, Bujenovic S. Photon shielding for a positron emission tomography suite. Health Phys 2001;81(Supplement):S24–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Schleien B (ed). The Health Physics and Radiological Health Handbook, 2nd edn. Silver Spring MD: Scinta Inc, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Negin C, Worku G. Microshield version 4.0: A microcomputer code for shielding analysis and dose assessment. Rockville MD: Grove Engineering, Inc.; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Wachsmann F, Drexler G. Graphs and Tables for Use in Radiology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Deloar H, Fujiwara T, Nakamura T, Itoh M, Imai D, Miyake M et al. Estimation of internal absorbed dose of L-[methyl-11C] methionine using whole-body positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 1998; 25:629–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Wrobel MC, Carey JE, Sherman PS, Kilbourn MR. Simplifying the dosimetry of carbon-11-labelled radiopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med 1997;38(4):654–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Herzog H, Seitz R, Tellmann L et al. Pharmacokinetics and radiation dose of oxygen-15 labelled butanol in rCBF studies in humans. Eur J Nucl Med 1994; 1:138–43.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Brown WD, Oakes TR, DeJesus OT, Taylor MD, Roberts AD, Nickles RJ, et al. Fluorine-18-Fluoro-L-DOPA dosimetry with carbidopa pretreatment. J Nucl Med 1998;39(11):1884–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Graham MM, Peterson LM, Link JM, Evans ML, Rasey JS, Koh W-J, et al. Fluorine-18-fluoromisonidazole radiation dosimetry in imaging studies. J Nucl Med 1997;38(10):1631–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Towson, J.E.C. (2005). Radiation Dosimetry and Protection in PET. In: Bailey, D.L., Townsend, D.W., Valk, P.E., Maisey, M.N. (eds) Positron Emission Tomography. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-007-9_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-007-9_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-85233-798-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-007-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics