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References
This paper is based on research conducted within the framework of the ESRC project, “Elites and Regional and Local Governance in Eastern Europe” (Award no. L213252030; ESRC Programme “One Europe or Several?”).
See Annex I of the Presidency Conclusions, Copenhagen European Council, 12–13 December 2002.
See Kevin Featherstone, “Introduction: In the name of Europe”, in Claudio Radaelli and Kevin Featherstone (eds.), The Politics of Europeanization: Theory and Analysis (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2003), pp. 3–26; Tanja Börzel and Thomas Risse, “When Europe hits home: Europeanization and domestic change”, European Integration online Paper (EioP), 4, 15 (2000), p. 2; Claudio Radaelli, “Whither Europeanization: Concept stretching and substantive change”, European Integration online Papers (EioP), 4, 8 (2000); Beate Kohler-Koch, “The evolution and transformation of European governance”, in Beate Kohler-Koch and Rainer Eising (eds.), The Transformation of Governance in the European Union (London: Routledge 1999), pp. 14–35.
Radaelli, above n. 3, p. 3.
Featherstone, above Kevin Featherstone (eds.), The Politics of Europeanization: Theory and Analysis (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2003) n. 3, p. 5.
Johan P. Olsen, “The Many Faces of Europeanization”, ARENA Working Papers, 2 (2002), p. 3.
Börzel and Risse, above n. 3, pp. 1–3; 268–270; Christoph Knill and Dirk Lehmkuhl, “How Europe Matters. Different Mechanisms of Europeanization”, European Integration online Papers (EioP), 3, 7 (2000); Claudio Radaelli, “How does Europeanization produce Policy Change? Corporate Tax Policy in Italy and the United Kingdom”, Comparative Political Studies, 30, 5 (1997), pp. 553–575.
Olsen, above n. 6, p. 14; Radaelli, above n. 3, p. 19.
Featherstone, above Kevin Featherstone (eds.), The Politics of Europeanization: Theory and Analysis (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2003) n. 3, p. 4.
Knill and Lehmkuhl, above n. 7, pp. 1–2.
Klaus H. Goetz, “European Integration and National Executives: A Cause in Search of an Effect?”, in Simon Hix and Klaus H. Goetz (eds.), Europeanised Politics? European Integration and National Political Systems (London: Frank Cass 2001), pp. 211–231.
Karen Smith, ‘The use of political conditionality in the EU’s relations with third countries: how effective?’, EUI Working Paper, 7 (1997); Heather Grabbe and Kirsty Hughes, ‘Redefining the European Union: Eastward Enlargement’, RIIA Briefing Paper, 36 (London: Royal Institute for International Affairs 1997).
Heather Grabbe, ‘How does Europeanization affect CEE governance? Conditionality, diffusion and diversity’, Journal of European Public Policy, 8,6 (2001), pp. 1013–1031; Heather Grabbe, ‘European Union Conditionality and the Acquis Communautaire’, International Political Science Review, 23, 3 (2002), pp. 249–268.
For the first coverage of a range of policy studies within one conceptual framework, see the papers presented by Frank Schimmelfennig, Ulrich Sedelmeier et al. at the Workshop ‘The Europeanization of Eastern Europe: Evaluating the Conditionality Model’, EUI Florence, 4–5 July 2003.
See James Hughes, Gwendolyn Sasse and Claire Gordon, ‘Conditionality and Compliance in the EU’s Eastward Enlargement: Regional Policy and the Reform of Sub-national Governance’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 42 (2004) 523.
Among the CEECs the Czech Republic provisionally closed chapter 21 in April 2002; Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania followed in June 2002, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia in July 2002 and Poland in October 2002. Bulgaria and Romania have not yet closed chapter 21.
See Presidency Conclusions, Madrid European Council, 15–16 December 1995.
Antoaneta L. Dimitrova, ‘Enlargement, Institution-Building and the EU’s Administrative Capacity Requirement’, West European Politics, 25,4 (2002), pp. 171–190.
The national public administrative space in CEE appears to converge more than within the EUitself. Moreover, the timing and nature of the civil service legislation passed in the CEECs after 1997 is clearly correlated with the Commission’s increased emphasis on administrative reforms. See Attila Agh, ‘The Reform of State Administration in Hungary: The Capacity of Core Ministries to Manage Europeanisation’, Budapest Papers on Europeanisation, 7 (Budapest: Hungarian Centre for Democracy Studies Foundation 2002); Dimitrova, above n. 18.
The Regional Research Centre at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, which was responsible for drafting Hungary’s National Regional Development Concept, recommended the establishment of six regions corresponding to the six economic planning regions of 1971. See Brigid Fowler, ‘Debating Sub-state Reform on Hungary’s “Road to Europe”’, ESRC “One Europe or Several?” Working Papers, 21 (2001), p. 32; Gyula Horváth, “Transition and Regionalism in East Central Europe”, Occasional Paper, 7 (Tübingen: Europäisches Zentrum für Föderalismusforschung 1996), p. 28.
Kenneth Davey, “Local Government in Hungary”, in Andrew Coulson (ed.), Local Government in Eastern Europe (Cheltenham: Edward Edgar 1995), p. 74.
József Hegedüs, “Hungarian Local Government”, in Emil Kirchner (ed.), Decentralization and Transition in the Visegrad Countries: Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, (Macmillan, Basingstoke 1999), p. 133.
Hellmut Wollmann and Tomila Lankina, “Local Government in Poland and Hungary: From post-communist reform towards EU accession”, in Harald Baldersheim, Michael Illner and Hellmut Wollmann (eds.), Local Democracy in Post-Communist Europe (Opladen, Leske & Budrich 2003), p. 94.
Tibor Navracsics, “Public Sector Reform in Hungary: Changes in Intergovernmental Relations (1990–1995)”, in Attila Agh and Gabriella Ilonszki (eds.), Parliaments and Organized Interests: The Second Steps (Budapest, Hungarian Centre for Democracy Studies 1996), p. 305.
See Gábor Bende-Szabó, “The Intermediate Administrative Level in Hungary”, in Eric Breska and Martin Brusis (eds.), Central and Eastern Europe on the way to the European Union: Reforms of Regional Administration in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia (Munich: Centre for Applied Policy 1999), pp. 23–41.
Peter Heil, PHARE in Hungary: The Anatomy of a Pre-accession Aid Programme, 1990–1999, unpublished PhD thesis (Budapest, CEU 2000), p. 43.
Gyula Horváth, “Regional and Cohesion Policy in Hungary”, Discussion Paper, 23, (Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 1998), p. 20.
Fowler, above n. 21, pp. 11–14.
Ibid, at 24; Bende-Szabó, above n. 26, p. 16; Navracsics, above n. 25, pp. 289–293.
Bende-Szabó, above Martin Brusis (eds.), Central and Eastern Europe on the way to the European Union: Reforms of Regional Administration in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia (Munich: Centre for Applied Policy 1999) n. 26, pp. 6–7; Ilona Palne Kovács, “Regional Development and Governance in Hungary”, Discussion Paper, 35 (Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies 2001), pp. 13–15.
Fowler, above n. 21, pp. 34–36.
European Commission, Opinion on Hungary’s Application for Membership of the European Union (1997), p. 90.
Author’s interview with official in the Hungarian Mission to the EU, Brussels, 15 December 2000.
Palne Kovács, above n. 31, p. 29.
Andrea Cziczovszki, “The Regional Problem in the Transition to Europe: The Case of Hungary”, Paper presented at the BASEES Annual Conference, Cambridge, 2000.
European Commission, Regular Report on Hungary’s Progress toward Accession (1999), p. 46.
Bende-Szabó, above Martin Brusis (eds.), Central and Eastern Europe on the way to the European Union: Reforms of Regional Administration in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia (Munich: Centre for Applied Policy 1999) n. 26, p. 7.
European Commission, Regular Report on Hungary’s Progress Toward Accession (2000), p. 63.
Ibid, pp. 62–63; Regular Report on Hungary’s Progress Toward Accession (2001), p. 75.
Fowler, above n. 21, pp. 41–42. So-called “small areas” were to be established at the level between the counties and local governments.
Comprehensive Monitoring Report on Hungary’s Preparations for Membership (2003), p. 12.
Wollmann and Lankina, above Michael Illner and Hellmut Wollmann (eds.), Local Democracy in Post-Communist Europe (Opladen, Leske & Budrich 2003) n. 24, p. 101.
Wiktor Glowacki, “Regionalization in Poland”, in Gerard Marcou (ed.), Regionalization for Development and Accession to the EU: A Comparative Perspective (LGI Studies, Budapest: Open Society Institute 2002), pp. 110–111.
James Hughes et al., “Silesia and the Politics of Regionalisation in Poland”, in George Kolankiewicz (ed.), Regional Issues in Polish Politics (London: UCL Press 2004).
Jacek Zaucha, “Regional and Local Development in Poland”, in Kirchner, above n. 23, pp. 53–79.
Wollmann and Lankina, above Michael Illner and Hellmut Wollmann (eds.), Local Democracy in Post-Communist Europe (Opladen, Leske & Budrich 2003) n. 24, p. 103; Jadwiga Emilewicz, and Artur Wolek, Reformers and Politicians: The power play for the 1998 Reform of Public Administration in Poland, as seen by its main players (Warsaw: Elipsa 2002), p. 109.
Harald Baldersheim and Pavel Swaniewicz, “The Institutional Performance of Polish Regions in an Enlarged EU. How much Potential? How Path Dependent?”, in Michael Keating and James Hughes (eds.), The Regional Challenge in Central and Eastern Europe (Brüssel: Peter Lang 2003), pp. 69–88; Michal Illner, “Municipalities and Industrial Paternalism in a Real Socialist Society”, in Petr Dostál et al. (eds.), Changing Territorial Administration in Czechoslovakia: International Viewpoints (Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam 1992), p. 15.
See Jerzy Regulski, Building Democracy in Poland, the state reform of 1998, Discussion papers, 9 (Budapest: the Local Government and Public Services Reform Initiative, Open Society 1999).
Alexander Szczerbiak, “The Impact of the October 1998 Local Elections on the Emerging Polish Party System”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 15,3, (1999), p. 86.
Glowacki, above n. 44, pp. 110–111.
For details, including the debates in the Sejm, see Patricia Wyszogrodzka-Sipher, “The National and International Influences on the Reform of Polish Government Structures”, Paper for the workshop “Europe, Nation, Region: Redefining the State in Central and Eastern Europe”, London, Royal Institute of International Affairs (2000).
Grzegorz Gorzelak and Bohdan Jalowiecki, Analiza wdrażania i skutków reformy terytorialnej organizacji kraju, Raport końcowy (An analysis of the introduction and results of the territorial reform of the state, Final report) (Warszawa: Europejski Insytut Rozwoju Regionalnego i Lokalnego, Insytut Spraw Publicznych, 2001).
In the sub-national discourse about regionalization the question of EU membership was rarely raised in the early to mid-1990s. See Tanja Majcherkiewicz, An Elite in Transition: An Analysis of the Higher Administration of the Region of Upper Silesia, Poland 1990–1997, Unpublished PhD Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (2001).
Andrzej Kowalczyk, “Local Government in Poland”, in Tamas M. Horvath (ed.), Decentralization: Experiments and Reform (Budapest: LGI Publications 2000), p. 226.
European Commission, Regular Report on Poland’s Progress Toward Accession (1998–2000).
Authors’ interview with a senior official in DG Regional Policy, European Commission, Brussels, 28 March 2001.
Authors’ interview with an official in charge of regional policy negotiations, Polish Mission to the EU, Brussels, 28 March 2001.
European Commission, Regular Report on Poland’s Progress Toward Accession (2001), p. 79.
See Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks, Multi-Level Governance and European Integration (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield 2001), p. 102 and European Commission, White Paper on European Governance, COM (2001) 428.
For an empirical proof of this hypothesis, based on research into the attitudes of Czech civil servants, see Petr Drulák, Jiří Česal and Stanislav Hampl, “Interactions and identities of Czech civil servants on their way to the EU”, Journal of European Public Policy, 10(4), (2003), pp. 637–654.
Our research comprised 66–76 elite interviews in Cluj (Romania), Pécs (Hungary), Katowice (Poland), Maribor (Slovenia) and Tartu (Estonia).
See Börzel and Risse, above n. 3, p. 11; Olsen, above n. 6, p. 16.
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Sasse, G., Hughes, J., Gordon, C. (2006). Sub-National Governance in Central and Eastern Europe: Between Transition and Europeanization. In: Sadurski, W., Czarnota, A., Krygier, M. (eds) Spreading Democracy and the Rule of Law?. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3842-9_6
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