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People, Arthropods, Weather and Citrus Diseases

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Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables Volume I

Abstract

Citrus trees are grown all over the world. The important diseases of citrus are categorized as soil-borne, foliar, postharvest, insect-borne, and graft-transmissible. Some diseases are developed and/or intensified as a result of weather-related factors. Graft-transmissible diseases are mainly distributed by humans when contaminated plant material is used for new tree propagation in nurseries. Therefore, establishing a virus-free budwood program would reduce the spread of all graft-transmissible pathogens. Government agencies with statutory authority to take action to limit the spread of graft-transmissible viruses should use quarantines to regulate the movement of vectors and infected plant material. An education program to inform the public of the rules and regulations restricting importation of plant materials, and enlisting public help in identifying new vectors and diseases would help prevent certain diseases. Similarly, soil-borne problem such as citrus nematode is distributed in commercial orchards when trees from nematode contaminated nurseries are used for planting. Some diseases are found only in certain geographic locations, e.g. citrus greening is found mainly in Asia and Africa and the citrus variegated chlorosis in South America. However, exotic diseases can get established when people import plant materials illegally. Eradication is the most important strategy that needs to be adopted should an exotic disease or vector ever be detected for the first time in a citrus growing area. However, there are several obstacles such as cost, personnel, and time that play a major role in the success of an eradication program. Root feeding insects such as the sugarcane root stalk borer weevil (Diaprepes abbreviatus), can compound the effect of tree decline as a result of Phytophthora infection. Moreover, these insects may produce thousands of offspring. Cultural practices like leaving old stumps of a dead tree in soil can introduce infection by fungus Ganoderma that can kill small replants. Hurricanes can result in extensive diseases of citrus. Disease such as melanose is commonly associated with the presence of dead twigs, especially on trees with mild freeze damage. The role of humans is significant in spreading numerous graft-transmissible diseases of citrus.

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  1. Texas A & M University-Kingsville Citrus Center, 312 North International Blvd, Weslaco, TX, 78596, USA

    Mani Skaria

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  1. National Research Centre for Citrus, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

    S. A. M. H. Naqvi

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Skaria, M. (2004). People, Arthropods, Weather and Citrus Diseases. In: Naqvi, S.A.M.H. (eds) Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables Volume I. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2606-4_7

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