Networks are the first widely applicable means of including multiple cooperating computers in the same control system. There are two primary motivations for wanting multiple computers in a control system: additional computing power and distribution of computing to match the target system’s topology. While more computing power is always a good thing, in control systems computing power is valued according to priority. What is most valuable is high priority computing power. Given the sequential architecture of computers, only one activity can occupy the highest priority slot. With several computers in the system, there can be a highest priority activity on each of them.
The cost structure of computing also motivates the desire for obtaining added computing power via several computers. At any given technological time point, going beyond a certain computing capability in a single processor becomes very expensive. If more computing power than that limit is needed, the most cost-effective way to get it is with multiple processors.
System topology issues can be as strong or even stronger than computing power in motivating multiple computer control systems. Here the motivation is data and information integrity and reduced cabling. Traditional control systems relied on analog information transmission, both for sensing and for actuation. Analog cables carry one signal per cable. Analog signals are also susceptible to contamination from a variety of noise sources. Even when modulation schemes are used, significant noise susceptibility remains. These attributes of analog systems provide a powerful incentive for the use of networking in control. This incentive has both operational and capital cost aspects.
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Auslander, D.M., Decotignie, JD. (2005). Network Fundamentals. In: Hristu-Varsakelis, D., Levine, W.S. (eds) Handbook of Networked and Embedded Control Systems. Control Engineering. Birkhäuser Boston. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-8176-4404-0_9
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