Abstract
Closing industrial water loops can substantially improve the environmental sustainability of industrial production processes. In general a closed water loop consists of a large number of separate treatment steps arranged in a logical sequence. The selection of separate treatment steps that, together, comprise a closed loop water system, is complex. Various complete treatment scenarios can be developed and designed to satisfy the requirements set for process and transport water and treatment of wastewater. A technical and economic evaluation, in combination with an environmentally sustainability assessment, is necessary to determine the treatment system which is most appropriate. Examples of closed industrial water loops are already realised among others in the pulp and paper industry, surface plating industry, textile industry, food industry, and greenhouse horticulture.
It is expected that in the very near future, the application of closed water loops will show an intensive growth, strongly supported by the further development of separate treatment technologies such as: anaerobic treatment, membrane bioreactors, advanced biofilm processes, membrane separation processes, advanced precipitation processes for recovery of nutrients, selective separation processes for recovery of heavy metals, advanced oxidation processes, selective adsorption processes, advanced processes for demineralisation, and physical/chemical processes which can be applied at elevated temperature.
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Rulkens, W.H. (2005). Sustainable Development in Industry by Closing Water Loops:Technological Aspects and Expected Future Developments. In: Mournighan, R., Dudzińska, M.R., Barich, J., Gonzalez, M.A., Black, R.K. (eds) Chemistry for the Protection of the Environment 4. Environmental Science Research, vol 59. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27448-0_20
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27448-0_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
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