Skip to main content

The Health of Urban Populations in Developing Countries

An Overview

  • Chapter
Handbook of Urban Health

6.0. Conclusion

Although our sketch of urban health in developing countries cannot substitute for the full treatment that the issues deserve, we hope that at least it may at least suggest the unexploited potential of social epidemiological research to illuminate urban health risks and behavior in these countries. The compartmentalization of health research to which we referred at the outset is both unfortunate and unnecessary. As we will discuss further in Chapter 17, there is no reason not to apply concepts such as neighborhood effects, personal and collective efficacy, and health externalities in studies of the cities of poor countries, and the research methods developed with Western cities in mind may well be put to good use in African, Asian, and Latin American cities. The spectrum of disease and health behavior evident in developing-country urban populations differs in many ways from what is seen in high-income countries, of course, but there are also broad similarities that should invite comparison. Ample material exists to enliven a global conversation on urban health research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • African Population and Health Research Center. (2002). Population and Health Dynamics in Nairobi’s Informal Settlements: Report of the Nairobi Cross-Sectional Slums Survey (NCSS) 2000. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aidoo, M., and Harpham, T. (2001). The explanatory models of mental health amongst low-income women and health care practitioners in Lusaka, Zambia. Health Policy and Planning 16(2):206–213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida-Filho, N., Lessa, I., Magalhães, L., Araújo, M. J., Acquino, E., James, S. A., and Kawachi, I. (2004). Social inequality and depressive disorders in Bahia, Brazil: Interactions of gender, ethnicity, and social class. Soc. Sci. Med. 59(7):1339–1353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barata, R. B., Ribeiro, M. C., Guedes, M. B., and Moraes, J. C. D. (1998). Intra-urban differentials in death rates from homicide in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, 1988–1994. Soc. Sci. Med. 47(1):19–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, S. N. (2002). The problem of children’s injuries in low-income countries: A review. Health Policy and Planning 17(1):1–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barua, N., and Singh, S. (2003). Representation for the marginalized—Linking the poor and the health care system. Lessons from case studies in urban India, Draft paper. World Bank, New Delhi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassett, M. T., Bijlmakers, L., and Sanders, D. M. (1997). Professionalism, patient satisfaction and quality of health care: Experience during Zimbabwe’s structural adjustment programme. Soc. Sci. Med. 45(12):1845–1852.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blue, I. (1999). Intra-Urban Differentials in Mental Health in São Paulo, Brazil, PhD thesis. South Bank University, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boardman, J. D. (2004). Stress and physical health: The role of neighborhoods as mediating and moderating mechanisms. Soc. Sci. Med. 58:2473–2483.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boerma, J. T., Nunn, A. J., and Whitworth, A. G. (1999). Spread of HIV infection in a rural area of Tanzania. AIDS. 13:1233–1240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byarugaba, J., and Kielkowski, D. (1994). Reflections on trauma and violence-related deaths in Soweto, July 1990–June 1991. S. Af. Med. J. 84(9):610–614.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caldas de Castro, M., Yamagata, Y., Mtasiwa, D., Tanner, M., Utzinger, J., Keiser, J., and Singer, B. H. (2004). Integrated urban malaria control: A case study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Working paper. Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Committee to Study Female Morbidity and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. (1996). In: Howson, C.P., Harrison, P.F., Hotra, D., and Law, M. (eds.), In Her Lifetime: Female Morbidity and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demissie, M., Getahun, H., and Lindtjørn, B. (2003). Community tuberculosis care through ‘TB clubs’ in rural North Ethiopia. Soc. Sci. Med. 56(10):2009–2018.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Du, S., Mroz, T. A., Zhai, F., and Popkin, B. M. (2004). Rapid income growth adversely affects diet quality in China—particularly for the poor!. Soc. Sci. Med. 59(7):1505–1515.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fikree, F. F., Gray, R. H., Berendes, H. W., and Karim, M. S. (1994). A community-based nested case-control study of maternal mortality. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 47:247–255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fikree, F. F., Midhet, F., Sadruddin, S., and Berendes, H. W. (1997). Maternal mortality in different Pakistani sites: Ratios, clinical causes and determinants. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 76:637–645.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fikree, F. R., Ali, T., Durocher, J. M., and Rahbar, M. H. (2004). Health service utilization for perceived postpartum morbidity among poor women living in Karachi. Soc. Sci. Med. 59:681–694.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frenk, J., Londoño, J. L., Knaul, F., and Lozano, R. (1998). Latin American health systems in transition: A vision for the future. In: Bezold, C., Frenk, J., and McCarthy, S. (eds.), 21st Century Health Care in Latin America and the Caribbean: Prospects for Achieving Health for All. Institute for Alternative Futures (IAF) and Fundacion Mexicana Para la Salud, Alexandria, VA and Mexico, DF, pp. 109–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S. R., and Aral, S. (2001). Social networks, risk-potential networks, health, and disease. J. Urban Health 78(3):411–418.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, E. (1999). State of the art of urban health in Latin America, European Commission funded concerted action: ‘Health and human settlements in Latin America.’ South Bank University, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guiguemde, T. R., Dao, F., Curtis, V., Traore, A., Sondo, B., Testa, J., and Ouedraogo, J. B. (1994). Household expenditure on malaria prevention and treatment for families in the town of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88: 285–287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harpham, T. (1994). Urbanization and mental health in developing countries: A research role for social scientists, public health professionals and social psychiatrists. Soc. Sci. Med. 39(2):233–245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harpham, T., and Blue, I. (eds). (1995). Urbanization and Mental Health in Developing Countries. Aldershot, Avebury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harpham, T., Grant, E., and Rodriguez, C. (2004). Mental health and social capital in Cali, Colombia. Soc. Sci. Med. 58:2267–2277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hay, S. I., Guerra, C. A., Tatem, A. J., Noor, A. M., and Snow, R. W. (2004). The global distribution and population at risk of malaria: Past, present, and future. Lancet Infectious Diseases 4:327–336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heise, L. L., Raikes, A., Watts, C. H., and Zwi, A. B. (1994). Violence against women: A neglected public health issue in less developed countries. Soc. Sci. Med. 39(9):1165–1179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Híjar, M., Trostle, J., and Bronfman, M. (2003). Pedestrian injuries in Mexico: A multi-method approach. Soc. Sci. Med. 57(11):2149–2159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi, I., and Berkman, L. F. (2001). Social ties and mental health. J. Urban Health 78(3):458–467.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kayombo, E. J. (1995). Motor traffic accidents in Dar es Salaam, Tropical Geography and Medicine 47(1): 37–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keiser, J., Utzinger, J., Caldas de Castro, M., Smith, T. A., Tanner, M., and Singer, B. H. (2004). Urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa and implications for malaria control, Working paper. Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and the Swiss Tropical Institute, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenya Central Bureau of Statistics., (2003). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2003: Preliminary report. Central Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi, Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, B. A., and Rosen, S. (2002). Understanding household demand for indoor air pollution control in developing countries. Soc. Sci. Med. 55:571–584.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lozano, R., Murray, C., and Frenk, J. (1999). El peso de las enfermedades en Mexico. In: Hill, K., Morelos, J.B., and Wong, R. (eds.), Las Consecuencias de las Transiciones Demografica y Epidemiological en América Latina, El Colegio de México, Mexico City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mali Ministère de la Santé. (2002). Enquête Démographique et de Santé Mali 2001. Ministère de la Santé [Mali] and ORC Macro, Calverton, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathers, C. D., Bernanrd, C., Moesgaard Iburg, K., Inoue, M., Ma Fat, D., Shibuya, K., Stein, C., Tomijima, N., and Xu, H. (2004). Global Burden of Disease in 2002: Data sources, methods and results, Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper no. 54, World Health Organization, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayank, S., Bahl, R., Rattan, A., and Bhandari, N. (2001). Prevalence and correlates of morbidity in pregnant women in an urban slum of New Delhi. Asia-Pacific Population Journal 16(2):29–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mock, C. N., Abantanga, F., Cummings, P., and Koepsell, T. D. (1999). Incidence and outcome of inquiry in Ghana: A community-based survey. Bull. World Health Org. 77(12):955–964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Modiano, D., Sirima, B., Sawadogo, A., Sanou, I., and Paré, J. (1999). Severe malaria in Burkina Faso: Urban and rural environment. Parassitologia 41:251–254.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monteiro, C. A., Benicio, D. A., Conde, W. L., and Popkin, B. M. (2000). Shifting obesity trends in Brazil, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54(4):342–346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, M. (1993). Epidemiology and social networks: Modeling structured diffusion. Sociol. Methods Res. 22(1):99–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, C. O. N., and McIlwaine, C. (1999). Participatory urban appraisal and its application for research on violence. Environ. Urban 11(2):203–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. (2000). Beyond Six Billion: Forecasting the World’s Population, Panel on Population Projections. Committee on Population, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odero, W. (1995). Road traffic accidents in Kenya: An epidemiological appraisal, East Af. Med. J. 72(5):299–305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odero, W., Garner, P., and Zwi, A. (1997). Road traffic injuries in developing countries: A comprehensive review of epidemiological studies. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2(5):445–460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (1996). Adolescent Programme Health Situation Analysis (Technical health information system mortality database). PAHO, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). (1998). Health in the Americas. 1998 PAHO, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panel on Urban Population Dynamics. (2003). Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World. M. R., Stren, R., Cohen, B., and Reed, H., (eds.). National Academies Press, Washington, DC. Montgomery

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkar, S. R., Fernandes, J., and Weiss, M. G. (2003). Contextualizing mental health: Gendered experiences in a Mumbai slum. Anthropology & Medicine 10(3):291–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pictet, G., Kouanda, S., Sirima, S., and Pond, R. (2004). Struggling with population heterogeneity in African cities: The urban health and equity puzzle, Paper presented to the 2004 annual meetings of the Population Association of America, Boston, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popkin, B. M. (1999). Urbanization, lifestyle changes and the nutrition transition. World Development 27(11):1905–1916.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro, H., and Alves Cardoso, M. R. (2003). Air pollution and children’s health in São Paulo (1986–1998). Soc. Sci. Med. 57(11):2013–2022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sagbakken, M., Bjune, G., Frich, J., and Aseffa, A. (2003). From the user’s perspective—A qualitative study of factors influencing patients’ adherence to medical treatment in an urban community, Ethiopia, Paper presented at the conference Urban Poverty and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos-Burgoa, C., and Riojas-Rodríguez, H. (2000). Health and pollution in Mexico City Metropolitan Area: A general overview of air pollution exposure and health studies, Presentation to the Panel on Urban Population Dynamics. U.S. National Research Council, Mexico City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin, S., Furin, J., Bayona, J., Mate, K., Kim, J. Y., and Farmer, P. (2004). Community-based treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lima, Peru: 7 years of experience. Soc. Sci. Med. 59(7):1529–1539.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • South African Department of Health: 1998, South African Demographic and Health Survey 1998, South African Department of Health, Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next?. J. Health Soc. Beh. Extra Issue, 53–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/ Population Division. (2003). World urbanization prospects: the 2003 revision. United Nations; http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2003/2003WUPHoghlights.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • UN-Habitat. (2003a). The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003. Earthscan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN-Habitat (2003b). Water and Sanitation in the World’s Cities: Local Action for Global Goals. Earthscan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS. (2004). 2004 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, UNAIDS, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations: 2002, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision. Data Tables and Highlights, United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Rie, A., Beyers, N., Gie, R. P., Kunneke, M., Zietsman, L. and Donald, P. R. (1999). Childhood tuberculosis in an urban population in South Africa: Burden and risk factor. Archives of Disability in Children 80(5):433–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (1996). Investing in Health Research and Development: Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Health Research Relating to Future Intervention Options. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO. (2001). The World Health Report 2001. Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. World Health Organization, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2003). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation, WHO Technical Report Series 916. World Health Organization, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2001). World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2003). Local Government Responses to HIV/AIDS: A Handbook. The World Bank, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zambia Central Statistical Office. (2003). Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001–2002. Central Statistical Office [Zambia], Central Board of Health [Zambia], and ORC Macro, Calverton, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwi, A. B., Forjuoh, S., Murugusampillay, S., Odero, W., and Watts, C. (1996). Injuries in developing countries: Policy response needed now. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90(6):593–595.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer Science+ Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Montgomery, M.R., Ezeh, A.C. (2005). The Health of Urban Populations in Developing Countries. In: Galea, S., Vlahov, D. (eds) Handbook of Urban Health. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25822-1_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25822-1_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-23994-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-25822-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics