Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Acevedo-Garcia, D. (2000). Residential segregation and the epidemiology of infectious disease. Soc. Sci. Med. 51:1143–1161.
Acosta, O., and Toro, P.A. (2000). Let’s ask the homeless people themselves: a needs assessment based on a probability sample of adults. Am. J. Community Psychol. 28(3):343–66.
Adler, N., and Newman, K. (2002). Socioeconomic disparities in health: pathways and policies. Inequality in education, income, and occupation exacerbates the gaps between the health “haves” and “havenots.” Health Aff. 21(2):60–76.
Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology 30(1):47–87.
Alexander, S.E., and Ehrlich, P.R. (2000). Population and the environment. In: Ernst, W.G. (ed.), Earth Systems: processes and issues. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
Andrulis, D.P. (2000). Community, service, and policy strategies to improve health care access in the changing urban environment. Am. J. Public Health 90:858–862.
Barnett, E., and Casper, M. 2001. A Definition of “Social Environment”. Am. J. Public Health 91(3):465.
Basu, R., and Samet, J.M. (2002). Relation between elevated ambient temperature and mortality: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Epidemiol. Rev. 24:190–202.
Berrigan, D., and Troiano, R.P. (2001). The association between urban form and physical activity in U.S. adults. Am. J. Prev. Med. 23(2S):74–79.
Boardman, J.D., Finch, B.K., Ellison, C.G., Williams, D.R., and Jackson, J.S. (2001). Neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and drug use among adults. J. Health Soc. Behav. 42(2):151–65.
Booth, M.L., Owen, N., Bauman, A., Clavisi, O., and Leslie, E. 2000. Social-cognitive and perceived environment influences associated with physical activity in older Australians. Prev. Med. 31:15–22.
Casey, M.M., Thiede, C.K., and Klingner, J.M. (2001). Are rural residents less likely to obtain recommended preventive healthcare services? Am. J. Prev. Med. 21(3):182–188.
Chanthikul, S., Qasim, S.R., Mukhopadhyay, B., and Chiang, W.W. (2004). Computer simulation of leachate quality by recirculation in a sanitary landfill bioreactor. Environ. Sci. Health Part A Tox. Hazard Subst. Environ. Eng. 39(2):493–505.
Cohen, D.A., Farley, T.A., and Mason, K. (2003). Why is poverty unhealthy? Social and physical mediators. Soc. Sci. Med. 57(9):1631–41.
Diez-Roux, A.V. (2003). Residential environments and cardiovascular risk. J. Urban Health 80(4):569–89.
Dockery, D.W., Pope, C.A. 3rd., Xu, X., Spengler, J.D., Ware, J.H., Fay, M.E., Ferris, B.G. Jr., and Speizer, F.E. (1993). An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. N. Engl. J. Med. 329(24):1753–9.
Elliott, M. (2000). The stress process in neighborhood context. Health Place 6:287–299.
Environmental Software and Services GmbH, Austria, 2002, (September 23, 2004); http://www.ess.co.at/AIR-EIA/LECTURES/L001.html.
Evans, G.W., Wells, N.M., Chan, H.Y., and Saltzman, H. (2000). Housing quality and mental health. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 68(3):526–30.
Felt-Lisk, S., McHugh, M., and Howell, E. 2002. Monitoring local safety-net providers: do they have adequate capacity? Health Aff. (Millwood) 21(5):277–283.
Franks, P., and Fiscella, K. (2002). Effect of patient socioeconomic status on physician profiles for prevention, disease management, and diagnostic testing costs. Med. Care 40(8):717–24.
Freudenberg, N., Galea, S., and Vlahov, D. (eds.). Cities and the health of the public. Forthcoming from Vanderbilt Press; 2006.
Frumkin, H. (2002). Urban sprawl and public health. Public Health Rep. 117:201–217.
Galea, S., Ahern, J., Vlahov, D., Coffin, P.O., Fuller, C., Leon, A.C., and Tardiff, K. (2003). Income distribution and risk of fatal drug overdose in New York City neighborhoods. Drug Alcohol Depend. 70(5):139–148.
Galea, S., Freudenberg, N., and Vlahov, D. (2005). Cities and population health. Soc. Sci. Med. 2005; 60(5): 1017–1033.
Galea, S., and Vlahov, D. (2004). Urban Health: Evidence, challenges and directions. Ann. Rev. Pub. Health. Epub instead of print, (August 18, 2004); http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144708.
Grumbach, K., Vranizan, K., and Bindman, A.B. (1997). Physician supply and access to care in urban communities. Health Aff. 16(1):71–86.
Guidotti, T.L., de Kok, T., Kjellstrom, T., and Yassi, A. (2001). Human Settlement and Urbanization. In: Basic Environmental Health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp 293.
Guralnik, J.M., Seeman, T.E., Tinetti, M.E., Nevitt, M.C., and Berkman, L.F. (1994). Validation and use of performance measures of functioning in a non-disabled older urban population: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Aging 6:410–419.
Guttmacher, S. (1984). Immigrant workers: health, law, and public policy. J. Health Polit. Policy Law 9(3):503–14.
Hammett, T.M., Gaiter, J.L., and Crawford, C. (1998). Reaching seriously at-risk populations: health interventions in criminal justice settings. Health Educ. Behav. 25(1):99–120.
Handy, S.L., Boarnet, M.G., Ewing, R., and Killingsworth, R.E. (2002). How the built environment affects physical activity: Views from urban planning. Am. J. Prev. Med. 23(2S):64–73.
Hoffman, M., Pick, W.M., Cooper, D., and Myers, J.E. (1997). Women’s health status and use of health services in a rapidly growing peri-urban area of South Africa. Soc. Sci. Med. 45(1):149–157.
Kafka, R.R., and London, P. (1991). Communication in relationships and adolescent substance use: the influence of parents and friends. Adolescence 26:587–98.
Kalet, A., Gany, F., and Senter, L. (2002). Working with interpreters: an interactive Web-based learning module. Acad. Med. 77(9):927.
Kaplan, G.A., Pamuk, E.R., Lynch, J.W., Cohen, R.D., and Balfour, J.L. (1996). Inequality in income and mortality in the United States: analysis of mortality and potential pathways. B. Med. J. 312: 999–1003.
Kawachi, I., and Berkman, L.F. (2001). Social ties and mental health. J. Urban Health 78(3):458–67.
Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B.P., Lochner, K., and Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997). Social capital, income inequality and mortality. Am. J. Public Health 87: 1491–1498.
Kilbourne, E.M., Choi, K., Jones, T.S., and Thacker, S.B. (1982). Risk factors for heatstroke. A case-control study. JAMA. 247(24):3332–6.
Kingsley, G.T. (2003). Housing, health, and the neighborhood context. Am. J. Prev. Med. 24(3S):6–7.
Knudsen, A.B., and Slooff, R. (1992). Vector-borne disease problems in rapid urbanization: New approaches in vector control. Bulletin of the World Heath Organization 70(1):1–6.
Krants, D., and Kifferstein, B, 1998, Water Pollution and Society (September 23, 2004); http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society /waterpollution.htm
Krieger, J., and Higgins, D.L. (2002). Housing and health: time again for public health action. Am. J. Public Health 92:758–768.
Latkin, C.A., and Curry, A.D. (2003). Stressful neighborhoods and depression: a prospective study of the impact of neighborhood disorder. J. Health Soc. Behav. 44(1):34–44.
Lee, I.M., Rexrode, K.M., Cook, N.R., Manson, J.E., and Buring, J.E. 2001. Physical activity and coronary heart disease in women: is “no pain, no gain” passé? JAMA. 285:1447–1454.
Lynch, J., Smith, G.D., Hillemeier, M., Shaw, M., Raghunathan, T., and Kaplan, G. (2001). Income inequality, the psychosocial environment and health: Comparisons of wealthy nations. Lancet 358:1285–1287.
Mackenbach, J.P., Borst, V., and Schols, J.M. (1997). Heat-related mortality among nursing-home patients. Lancet 349:1297–1298.
Madianos, M.G., Gefou-Madianou, D., Richardson, C., and Stefanis, C.N. (1995). Factors affecting illicit and licit drug use among adolescents and young adults in Greece. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 4:258–64.
McLeod, L., and Kessler, R. (1990). Socioeconomic status differences in vulnerability to undesirable life events. J. Health Soc. Behav. 31:162–172.
Melosi, M. (2000). The sanitary city: urban infrastructure in America from colonial times to the present. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Merzel, C. (2000). Gender differences in health care access indicators in an urban, low-income community. Am. J. Public Health 90(6):909–916.
Molbak, K., Aaby, P., Ingholt, N., Hojyling, N., Gottschau, A., Andersen, H., Brink, L., Gansted, U., Permin, A., Vollmer, A., and Jose da Silva, A.P. (1992). Persistent and acute diarrhea as the leading cause of child mortality in Urban Guidea Bissau. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. 86(2):216–220.
New York Times. (December 6, 1970). World famous impossibility. Bellows, S. New York, New York:115.
Newman, O. (1986). Defensible space: crime prevention through urban design. McMillan: New York.
Northridge, M.E., and Sclar, E. (2003). A joint urban planning and public health framework: contributions to health impact assessment. Am. J. Public Health 93(1):118–21.
Northridge, M.E., Sclar, E., and Biswas, P. (2003). Sorting out the connections between the built environment and health: a conceptual framework for navigating pathways and planning healthy cities. J. Urban Health 80(4):556–68.
O’Meara, M. (1999). Reinventing cities for people and the planet. Worldwatch Institute: Washington D.C.
Pagano, M.A., and Hoene, C.W., 2004, Washington D.C. (September 23, 2004); City Fiscal Conditions in 2004 http://www.nlc.org/nlc_org/site/files/pdf/City%20Fiscal%20Conditions%20in%202004.pdf.
Passchier-Vermeer, W., and Passchier, W.F. (2000). Noise exposure and public health. Environ. Health Perspec. 108Suppl 1: 123–131.
Pate, R.R., Pratt, M., Blair, S.N., Haskell, W.L., Macera, C.A., Bouchard, C., Buchner, D., Ettinger, W., Heath, G.W., King, A.L., Krisda, A., Leon, A.S., Marcus, B.H., Morris, J., Paffenbarger, R.S., Patrick, K., Pollock, M.L., Rippe, J.M., Sallis, J., and Wilmore, J.H. (1995). Physical activity and public health: A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. 273:402–407.
Pearlin, L., Lieberman, M., Menaghan, E., and Mullan J. (1981). The stress process. J. Health Soc. Behav. 22:337–356.
Phillips, D.P. (1974). The influence of suggestion on suicide: substantive and theoretical implications of the Werther effect. Am. Sociol. Rev. 39(3):340–54.
Pick, W.M., and Obermeyer, C.M. 1996. Urbanization, household composition, and the reproductive health of women in a South African City. Soc. Sci. Med. 43(1):1431–1441.
Rodgers, G.B. (1979). Income and inequality as determinants of mortality: an international cross section analysis. Int. J. Epidemiol. 31:182–191.
Roodman, D. (1998). The natural wealth of nations: Harnessing the market for the environment. WW Norton & Company: New York.
Ross, N.A., Wolfson, M.C., Dunn, J.R., Berthelot, J.M., Kaplan, G.A., and Lynch, J.W. (2000). Relation between income inequality and mortality in Canada and in the United States: cross sectional assessment using census data and vital statistics. BMJ. 1:30(7239):898–902.
Samet, J.M., Dominici, F., Curreriro, F.C., Coursac, I., and Zeger, S.L. (2000). Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality in 20 US Cities, 1987–1994. N. Engl. J. Med. 343:1742–1749.
Sampson, R.J. (2003). Neighborhood-level context and health: lessons from sociology. In: Kawachi, I., and Berkman, L.F. (eds.). Neighborhoods and health. Oxford University Press; New York. pp. 193
Sampson, R.J., Raudenbush, S.W., and Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science. 277:918–924.
Satterthwaite, D. (2000). Will most people live in cities? BMJ. 321:1143–1145.
Satterthwaite, D. (March 16, 2004); http://www.rics.org/downloads/research_reports/urban_growth.pdf.
Semenza, J.C., McCullough, J.E., Flanders, W.D, McGeehin, M.A., and Lumpkin, J.R. (1999). Excess hospital admissions during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago. Am. J. Prev. Med. 16(4):269–77.
Sodermann, M., Jakobsen, M.S., Molbak, K., Aaby, I.C.A., and Aaaby, P.(1997). High mortality despite good care-seeking behavior: A community study of childhood deaths in Guinea-Bissau. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 75(3):205–212.
Takano, T., Nakamura, K., and Watanabe, M. (2002). Urban residential environments and senior citizens’ longevity in mega-city areas: the importance of walkable greenspaces. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 56:913–918.
Tanaka, A., Takano, T., Nakamura, K., and Takeuchi, S. (1996). Health levels influenced by urban residential conditions in a megacity-Tokyo. Urban Stud. 33(6):879–894.
Thomson, H., Pettricrew, M., Douglas, M. (2003). Health impact assessment of housing improvement: incorporating research evidence. J. Epidemiol. Comm. Health 57:11–16.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division. (2004) World Urbanization Prospects: the 2003 Revision. Report No. ESA/P/WP.190 (March 2004).
Vlahov, D., and Galea, S. (2002). Urbanization, urbanicity, and health. J. Urban Health 79Suppl 1:S1–S12.
Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Freudenberg, N. (2005) An Urban Health Advantage. J. Urban Health 82(1):1–4.
Vrijheid, M. (2000). Health effects of residence near hazardous waste landfill sites: A review of the epidemiologic literature. Environ. Health. Perspect. 108(Suppl 1):101–112.
Wan, T.T.H., and Gray, L.C. (1978). Differential access to preventive services for young children in low-income urban areas. J. Health. Soc. Behav. 19:312–324.
Wellington, M., Ndowa, F., and Mbengeranwa, L. (1997). Risk factors for sexually transmitted disease in Harare: A case-control study. Sex. Transm. Dis. 24(9):528–532.
Wilkinson, R.G. (1992). Income distribution and life expectancy. BMJ. 304:165–168.
Williams, D.R., and Collins, C. (2002). Racial Residential Segregation: a Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health. In: LaVeist, T. (ed.). Race, ethnicity and health a public health reader. Jossey Bass, San Francisco, pp. 369–90.
Williams, D.R., and Rucker, T.D. (2000). Understanding and addressing racial disparities in health care. Health Care Financ. Rev. 21(4):75–90.
World Health Organization, press release, 1997, Geneva, (September 23, 2004); http://www.who.int/archives/inf-pr-1997/en/pr97-47.html.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer Science+ Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Galea, S., Vlahov, D. (2005). Urban Health. In: Galea, S., Vlahov, D. (eds) Handbook of Urban Health. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25822-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25822-1_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-23994-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-25822-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)