Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Drug and Alcohol Abuse pp 68–111Cite as

Alcoholism: An Introduction

  • Chapter

  • 2701 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  2. World Health Organization. The International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders (10th ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Pollock, N. K., Martin, C. S., & Langenbucher, J. W. Diagnostic concordance of DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10 alcohol diagnoses in adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61:439–446, 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Schuckit, M. A., & Smith, T. L. A comparison of correlates of DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence among more than 400 sons of alcoholics and controls. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:1–8, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., Danko, G. P., Bucholz, K. K., Reich, T., & Bierut, L. Five-year clinical course associated with DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence in a large group of men and women. American Journal of Psychiatry 158:1084–1090, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Schuckit, M. A., Danko, G. P., Smith, T. L., & Buckman, K. R. The five-year predictive validity of each of the seven DSM-IV items for alcohol dependence among alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 26:980–987, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., Danko, G. P., Reich, T., Bucholz, K. K., & Bierut, L. J. Similarities in the clinical characteristics related to alcohol dependence in two populations. American Journal of Addiction 11:1–9, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hasin, D., Paykin, A., Meydan, J., & Grant, B. Withdrawal and tolerance: Prognostic significance in DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61:431–438, 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Langenbucher, J., Martin, C., Labouvie, E., Sanjuan, P., Bavly, L., & Pollock, N. Toward the DSM-V: The withdrawal-gate model vs. DSM-IV in the diagnosis of alcohol abuse and dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68:799–809, 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Schuckit, M. A., Danko, G. P., Smith, T. L., Hesselbrock, V., Kramer, J., & Bucholz, K. A 5-year prospective evaluation of DSM-IV alcohol dependence with and without a physiological component. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27:818–825, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., Daeppen, J.-B., Eng, M., Li, T.-K., Hesselbrock, V. M., Nurnberger, J. I., Jr., & Bucholz, K. K. Clinical relevance of the distinction between alcohol dependence with and without a physiological component. American Journal of Psychiatry 155:733–740, 1998.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., & Landi, N. A. The 5-year clinical course of high-functioning men with DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry 157:2028–2035, 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hasin, D., & Paykin, A. DSM-IV alcohol abuse: Investigation in a sample of at-risk drinkers in the community. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 60:181–187, 1999.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ridenour, T. A., Cottler, L. B., Compton, W. M., Spitznagel, E. L., & Cunningham-Williams, R. M. Is there a progression from abuse disorders to dependence disorders? Addiction 98:635–644, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hasin, D. S., Schuckit, M. A., Martin, C. S., Grant, B. F., Bucholz, K. K., & Helzer, J. E. The validity of DSM-IV alcohol dependence: What do we know and what do we need to know? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27:244–252, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Dawson, D. Drinking patterns among individuals with and without DSM-IV alcohol use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61:111–120, 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hasin, D., Liu, X., & Paykin, A. DSM-IV alcohol dependence and sustained reduction in drinking: Investigation in a community sample. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62:509–517, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hasin, D., Paykin, A., & Endicott, J. Course of DSM-IV alcohol dependence in a community sample: Effects of parental history and binge drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:411–414, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Vaillant, G. E. A 60-year follow-up of alcoholic men. Addiction 98:1043–1051, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hilsenroth, M. J., Ackerman, S. J., Blagys, M. D., Baumann, B. D., Baity, M. R., Smith, S. R., Price, J. L., Smith, C. L., Heindselman, T. L., Mount, M. K., & Holdwick, D. J., Jr. Reliability and validity of DSM-IV axis I. American Journal of Psychiatry 157:1858–1863, 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Schuckit, M. A. Vulnerability factors for alcoholism. In K. Davis (Ed.), Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2002, pp.1399–1411.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Baer, J. S., Sampson, P. D., Barr, H. M., Connor, P. D., & Streissguth, A. P. A 21-year longitudinal analysis of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on young adult drinking. Archives of General Psychiatry 60:377–385, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. O’Neill, S. E., Sher, K. J., Jackson, K. M., & Wood, P. K. Dimensionality of alcohol dependence in young adulthood: current versus lifetime symptomatology. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64:495–499, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Wagner, E. F., Lloyd, D. A., & Gil, A. G. Racial/ethnic and gender differences in the incidence and onset age of DSM-IV alcohol use disorder symptoms among adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63:609–619, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Harford, T. C., & Muthen, B. O. The dimensionality of alcohol abuse and dependence: A multivariate analysis of DSM-IV symptom items in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62:150–157, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., Danko, G. P., Kramer, J., Godinez, J., Bucholz, K. K., Nurnberger, J. I., Jr., & Hesselbrock, V. A prospective evaluation of the four DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse in a large population. American Journal of Psychiatry 162:350–360, 2005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Eng, M. Y., Schuckit, M. A., & Smith, T. L. A five-year prospective study of diagnostic orphans for alcohol use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64:227–234, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sarr, M., Bucholz, K. K., & Phelps, D. L. Using cluster analysis of alcohol use disorders to investigate ‘diagnostic orphans’: Subjects with alcohol dependence symptoms but no diagnosis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 60:295–302, 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kendall, R., & Jablensky, A. Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. American Journal of Psychiatry 1:4–12, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Schuckit, M. A., Tipp, J. E., Reich, T., Hesselbrock, V. M., & Bucholz, K. K. The histories of withdrawal convulsions and delirium tremens in 1648 alcohol dependent subjects. Addiction 90:1335–1347, 1995.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Magura, S., Staines, G., Kosanke, N., Rosenblum, A., Foote, J., DeLuca, A., & Bali, P. Predictive validity of the ASAM patient placement criteria for naturalistically matched vs. mismatched alcoholism patients. The American Journal on Addictions 12:386–397, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gomez, A., Conde, A., Santana, J. M., & Jorrin, A. Diagnostic usefulness of brief versions of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) for detecting hazardous drinkers in primary care settings. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 66:305–308, 2005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Reinert, D. F., & Allen, J. P. The alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): A review of recent research. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 26:272–279, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kessler, R. C., Crum, R. M., Warner, L. A., Nelson, C. B., Schulenberg, J., & Anthony, J. C. Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 54:313–321, 1997.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hasin, D. S., & Grant, B. F. Major depression in 6050 former drinkers: Association with past alcohol dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry 59:794–800, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Preuss, U.W., Schuckit, M. A., Mith, T. L., Danko, G. P., Dasher, A. C., Hesselbrock, M. N., Hesselbrock, V. M., & Nurnberger, J. I., Jr. A comparison of alcohol-induced and independent depression in alcoholics with histories of suicide attempts. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63:498–502, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Preuss, U. S., Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., Danko, G. P., Bucholz, K. K., Hesselbrock, M. N., Hesselbrock, V., & Kramer, J. R. Predictors and correlates of suicide attempts over 5 years in 1,237 alcohol-dependent men and women. American Journal of Psychiatry 160:56–63, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Schuckit, M. A., Tipp, J. E., Bucholz, K. K., Nurnberger, J. I., Jr., Hesselbrock, V. M., Crowe, R. R., & Kramer, J. The life-time rates of three major mood disorders and four major anxiety disorders in alcoholics and controls. Addiction 92:1289–1304, 1997.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Schuckit, M. A., Tipp, J. E., Bergman, M., Reich, W., Hesselbrock, V. M., & Smith, T. L. Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorders in 2,945 alcoholics. American Journal of Psychiatry 154:948–957, 1997.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Brady, K. T., Sonne, S., Anton, R. F., Randall, C. F., Back, S. E., & Simpson, K. Sertraline in the treatment of co-occurring alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 29:395–401, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Schuckit, M. A., Kelsoe, J. R., Braff, D. L., & Wilhelmsen, K. C. Some possible genetic parallels across alcoholism, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64:157–159, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Raimo, E. R., & Schuckit, M. A. Alcohol dependence and mood disorders. Addictive Behaviors 23:933–946, 1998.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Wu, L.-T., Kouzis, A. C., & Leaf, P. J. Influence of comorbid alcohol and psychiatric disorders on utilization of mental health services in the National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry 156:1230–1236, 1999.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Barrowclough, C., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., Lewis, S.W., Moring, J., O’Brien, R., Schofield, N., & McGovern, J. Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 158:1706–1713, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kuperman, S., Schlosser, S. S., Kramer, J. R., Bucholz, K., Hesselbrock, V., Reich, T., & Reich, W. Risk domains associated with an adolescent alcohol dependence diagnosis. Addiction 96:629–636, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., & Silk, K. R. The longitudinal course of borderline psychopathology: 6-year prospective follow-up of the phenomenology of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 160:274–283, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Petry, N. M., Kirby, K. N., & Kranzler, H. R. Effects of gender and family history of alcohol dependence on a behavioral task of impulsivity in healthy subjects. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63:83–90, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Verheul, R., Kranzler, H. R., Poling, J., Tennen, H., Ball, S., & Rounsaville, B. J. Axis I and Axis II disorders in alcoholics and drug addicts: Faco or artifact. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61:101–110, 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Boehm, S. L., III, Valenzuela, C. F., & Harris, R. A. Alcohol: Neurobiology. In J. H. Lowinson, P. Ruiz, R. B. Millman, & J. G. Langrod (Eds.), Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook (4th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004, pp. 121–150.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Robinson, D. L., Volz, T. J., Schenk, J. O., & Wrightman, R. M. Acute ethanol decreases dopamine transporter velocity in rat striatum: In vivo and in vitro electrochemical measurements. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 29:746–755, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Krystal, J. H., & Tabakoff, B. Ethanol abuse, dependence, and withdrawal. Neurobiology and clinical implication. In K. L. Davis (Ed.), Neurpsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2002, pp. 1423–1444.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology 24:97–129, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Schuckit, M. A., Mazzanti, C., Smith, T. L., Ahmed, U., Radel, M., Iwata, N., & Goldman, D. Selective genotyping for the role of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and GABAa6 receptors and the serotonin transporter in the level of response to alcohol: A pilot study. Biological Psychiatry 45:647–651, 1999.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hu, X., Oroszi, G., Chun, J., Smith, T. L., Goldman, D., & Schuckit, M. A. An expanded evaluation of the relationship of four alleles to the LR to alcohol and the alcoholism risk. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 29:8–16, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., & Kalmijn, J. The search for genes contributing to the low level of response to alcohol: Patterns of findings across studies. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28:1449–1458, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Harrison, A. A., Liem, Y. T. B., & Markou, A. Fluoxetine combined with a serotonin-1A receptor antagonist reversed reward deficits observed during nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:55–71, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Twitchell, G. R., Hanna, G. L., Cook, E. H., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. Serotonergic function, behavioral disinhibition and negative affect in children of alcoholics: The moderating effects of puberty. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24:972–979, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Pierucci-Lagha, A., Covault, J., Feinn, R., Nellissery, M., Hernandez-Avila, C., Oncken, C., Morrow, A. L., & Kranzler, H. R. GABRA2 alleles moderate the subjective effects of alcohol, which are attenuated by finasteride. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:1193–1213, 2005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Papadeas, S., Grobin, A. C., & Morrow, A. L. Chronic ethanol consumption differentially alters GABAa receptor a1 and a4 subunit peptide. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:1270–1275, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Krystal, J. H., Petrakis, I. L., Limoncelli, D., Webb, E., Gueorgueva, R., D’Souza, D. C., Boutros, N. N., Trevisan, L., & Charney, D. S. Altered NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist response in recovering ethanol-dependent patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:2020–2028, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Camarini, R., Frussa-Filho, R., Monteiro, M. G., & Calil, H. M. MK-801 blocks the development of behavioral sensitization to ethanol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24:285–290, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Bart, G., Kreek, M. J., Ott, J., LaForge, K. S., Proudnikov, D., Pollak, L., & Heilig, M. Increased attributable risk related to a functional μ-opioid receptor gene polymorphism in association with alcohol dependence in central Sweden. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:417–422, 2005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Mascia, M. P., Maiya, R., Borghese, C. M., Lobo, I. A., Hara, K., Yamakura, T., Gong, & Beckstead, M. J. Does acetaldehyde mediate ethanol action in the central nervous system? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:1570–1575, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Le, A. D., Corrigall, W. A., Harding, J. W. S., Juzytsch, W., & Li, T.-K. Involvement of nicotinic receptors in alcohol self-administration. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24:155–163, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Hungund, B. L., Szakall, I., Adam, A., Basavarajappa, B. S., & Vadasz, C. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice exhibit markedly reduced voluntary alcohol consumption and lack alcohol-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Journal of Neurochemistry 84:698–704, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Vinod, K. Y., Arango, V., Xie, S., Kassir, S. A., Mann, J. J., Cooper, T. B., & Hungund, B. L. Elevated levels of endocannabinoids and CB1 receptor-mediated G-protein signaling in the prefrontal cortex of alcoholic suicide victims. Biological Psychiatry 57:480–486, 2005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Choi, D.-S., Cascini, M.-G., Mailliard, W., Young, H., Paredes, P., McMahon, T., Diamond, I., Bonci, A., & Messing, R. O. The type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter regulates ethanol intoxication and preference. Nature Neurscience 7:855–861, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Davies, A. G., Pierce-Shimomura, J. T., Kim, H., VanHoven, M. K., Thiele, T. R., Bonci, A., Bargmann, C. I., & McIntire, S. L. A central role of the BK potassium channel in behavioral responses to ethanol in C. elegans. Cell 225:655–666, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Hidestrand, M., Shankar, K., Ronis, M. J. J., & Badger, T. M. Effects of light and dark beer on hepatic cytochrome P-450 expression in male rats receiving alcoholic beverages as part of total enteral nutrition. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 29:888–895, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Romero, I., Paez, A., Ferruelo, A., Lujan, M., & Berenguer, A. Polyphenols in red wine inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of LNCap cells. BJU International 89:950–954, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Pihl, R. O., Paylan, S. S., Gentes-Hawn, A., & Hoaken, P. N. S. Alcohol affects executive cognitive functioning differentially on the ascending versus descending limb of the blood alcohol concentration curve. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27:773–779, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Mackay, M., Tiplady, B., & Scholey, A. B. Interactions between alcohol and caffeine in relation to psychomotor sped and accuracy. Human Psychopharmacology 17:151–156, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Wickramasinghe, S. N., Hasan, R. & Zhalpey, Z. Differences in the serum levels of acetaldehyde and cytotoxic acetaldehyde-albumin complexes after the consumption of red and white wine: In vitro effects of flavonoids, vitamin E, and other dietary antioxidants on cytotoxic complexes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 23:835–841, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hetherington, M. M., Cameron, F., Wallis, D. J., & Pirie, L. M. Stimulation of appetite by alcohol. Physiological Behavior 74:283–289, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Perreira, K. M., & Sloan, F. A. Excess alcohol consumption and health outcomes: A 6-year follow-up of men over age 50 from the health and retirement study. Addiction 97:301–310, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Leitzmann, M. F., Giovannucci, E. L., Stampfer, M. J., Spiegelman, D., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. Prospective study of alcohol consumption patterns in relation to symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 23:835–841, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Cordova, A. C., Jackson, L. S. M., Berke-Schlessel, D. W., & Sumpio, B. E. The cardiovascular protective effect of red wine. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 200:428–439, 2005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Mukamal, K. J., Conigrave, K. M., Mittleman, M. A., Camargo, C. A., Jr., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men. New England Journal of Medicine 348:109–118, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Ruitenberg, A., van Swieten, J. C., Witteman, J. C. M., Mehta, K. M., van Duijn, C. M., Hofman, M., & Breteler, M.M. Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: The Rotterdam study. The Lancet 359:281–286, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Tolstrup, J. S., Jensen, M. K., Tjonneland, A., Overvad, K., & Gronbaek, M. Drinking pattern and mortality in middle-aged men and women. Addiction 99:323–330, 2004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Sun, L., Konig, I. R., Jacobs, A., Seitz, H. K., Junghanns, K., Wagner, T., Ludwig, D., Jacrobs, A., & Homann, N. Mean corpuscular volume and ADH1C genotype in white patients with alcohol-associated diseases. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 29:788–793, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Boyadjieva, N. I., Dokur, M., Advis, J. P., Meadows, G. G., & Sarkar, D. K. Beta-endorphin modulation of lymphocyte proliferation: effects of ethanol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 26:1719–1727, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Whitfield, J. B., Zhu, G., Heath, A. C., Powell, L. S., & Martin, N. G. Effects of alcohol consumption on indices of iron stores and of iron stores on alcohol intake markers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:1037–1045, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Volpato, S., Pahor, M., Ferrucci, L., Simonsick, E. M., Guralnik, J. M., Kritchevsky, S. B., Fellin, R., & Harris, T. B. Relationship of alcohol intake with inflammatory markers and plasminogen activator inhibitior-1 in well-functioning older adults: The health, aging, and body composition study. Circulation 109:607–612, 2004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Samet, J. H., Horton, N. J., Traphagen, E. T., Lyon, S. M., & Freedberg, K. A. Alcohol consumption and HIV disease progression: Are they related? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27:862–867, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Kalichman, S. E., Cain, D., Zweben, A., & Swain, G. Sensation seeking, alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors among men receiving services at a clinic for sexually transmitted infections. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64:564–569, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Lieber, C. S. Gastric ethanol metabolism and gastritis: Interactions with other drugs, Helicobacter pylori, and antibiotic therapy (1957–1997)—A review. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 21:1360–1366, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Verlaan, M., Te Morsche, R. H. M., Roelofs, H. M. J., Laheij, R. J. F., Jansen, J. B. M. J., Peters, W. H. M., & Drenth, J. P. H. Genetic polymorphisms in alcohol-metabolizing enzymes and chronic pancreatitis. Alcohol & Alcoholism 39:20–24, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Maruyama, K., Takahashi, H., Matsushita, S., Nakano, M., Harada, H., Otsuki, M., Ogawa, M., Suda, K., Baba, T., Honma, T., Moroboshi, T., & Matsuno, M. Genotypes of alcohol-metabolising enzymes in relation to alcoholic chronic pancreatitis in Japan. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 23(Suppl.):85S–91S, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Wannamethee, S. G., Camargo, C. A., Jr., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. Alcohol drinking patterns and risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus among younger women. Archives of Internal Medicine 163:1329–1336, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Stinson, F. S., Grant, B. F., & Dufour, M. C. The critical dimension of ethnicity in liver cirrhosis mortality statistics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 25:1181–1187, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Zimmerman, H. J., & Maddrey, W. C. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity with regular intake of alcohol: Analysis of instances of therapeutic misadventure. Hepatology 22:767–779, 1995.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Marsano, L. S. Hepatitis. Primary Care. Clinics in Office Practice 30:81–107, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Polednak, A. P. Recent trends in incidence rates for selected alcohol-related cancers in the United States. Alcohol and Alcoholism 40:234–238, 2005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Albertsen, K., & Gronbaek, M. Does amount or type of alcohol influence the risk of prostate cancer? Prostate 52:297–301, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Zhang, Y., Kreger, B. E., Dorgan, J. F., Splansky, G. L., Cupples, L. A., & Ellison, R. C. Alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer: The Framington Study revisted. The American Journal of Epidemiology 149:93–101, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Vachon, C. M., Cerhan, J. R., Vierkant, L. R. A., & Sellers, T. A. Investigation of an interaction of alcohol intake and family history on breast cancer risk in the Minnesota Breast Cancer Family Study. Cancer 92:240–248, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Stampfer, M. J., Kang, J. H., Chen, J., Cherry, R., & Grodstein, F. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive functioning in women. New England Journal of Medicine 352:245–253, 2005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Harris, C. R., Albaugh, B., Goldman, D., & Enoch, M. A. Neurocognitive impairment due to chronic alcohol consumption in an American Indian community. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64:458–466, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Bjork, J. M., Grant, S. J., & Hommer, D. W. Cross-sectional volumetric analysis of brain atrophy in alcohol dependence: Effects of drinking history and comorbid substance use disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 160:2038–2045, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Mukamal, K. J., Longstreth, W. T., Jr., Mittleman, M. A., Crum, R. M., & Siscovick, D. S. Alcohol consumption and subclinical findings on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke 32:1939–1946, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Oscar-Berman, M., Kirkley, S. M., Gansler, D. A., & Couture, A. Comparisons of Korsakoff and Non-Korsakoff alcoholics on neuropsychological tests of prefrontal brain functioning. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 28:667–675, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Wang, J. J. L., Martin, P. R., & Singleton, C. K. A transketolase assembly defect in a Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome patient. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 21:576–580, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Ammendola, A., Gemini, D., Iannaccone, S., Argenzio, F., Ciccone, G., Ammendola, K. E., Serio, L., Ugolini, G., & Bravaccio, F. Gender and peripheral neuropathy in chronic alcoholism: A clinical-electroneurographic study. Medical Council on Alcoholism 35:368–371, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Sullivan, E. V., & Pfefferbaum, A. Magnetic resonance relaxometry reveals central pontine abnormalities in clinically asymptomatic alcoholic men. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:1206–1212, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Helenius, J., Tatlisumak, T., Soinne, L., Valanne, L., & Kaste, M. Marchiafava-Bignami disease: Two cases with favourable outcome. European Journal of Neurology 8:269–272, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Kajander, O. A., Kupari, M., Perola, M., Pajarinen, J., Savolainen, V., Penttilä, A., & Karhunen, P. J. Testing genetic susceptibility loci for alcoholic heart muscle disease. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:1409–1413, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Minami, J., Yoshii, M., Todoroka, M., Nishikimi, T., Ishimitsu, T., Fukanaga, T., & Matsuoka, H. Effects of alcohol restriction on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability in Japanese men. American Journal of Hypertension 15:125–129, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Rouillier, P., Boutron-Ruault, M.-C., Bertrais, S., Arnault, N., Daudin, J.-J., Bacro, J.-N., & Hercberg, S. Alcohol and atherosclerotic vascular disease risk factors in French men: Relationships are linear, J-shaped, and U-shaped. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 29:84–88, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Foppa, M., Fuchs, F. D., Preissler, L., Andrighetto, A., Rosito, G. A., & Duncan, B. B. Red wine with the noon meal lowers post-meal blood pressure: A randomized trial in centrally obese, hypertensive patients. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63:247–251, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Trevisan, M., Dorn, J., Falkner, K., Russell, M., Ram, M., Muti, P., Freudenheim, J. L., Nochajaski, T., & Hovey, K. Drinking pattern and risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction: A population-based case-control study. Addiction 99:313–322, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Romelsjö, A., Branting, M., Hallqvist, J., Alfredsson, L., Hammar, N., Leifman, A., & Ahlbom, A. Abstention, alcohol use and risk of myocardial infarction in men and women taking account of social support and working conditions: the SHEEP case-control study. Addiction 98:1453–1462, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Estruch, R., Sacanella, E., Fernandez-Sola, J., Nicolas, J. M., Rubin, E., & Urbano-Marquez, A. Natural history of alcoholic myopathy: A 5-year study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 22:2023–2028, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Ginsburg, E. S., Mello, N. K., & Mendelson, J. H. Alcohol abuse: Endocrine concomitants, In Hormones, Brain and Behavior (Vol. 5). Elsevier Science, 2002, pp. 747–780.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Mumenthaler, M. S., O’Hara, R., Taylor, J. L., Friedman, L., & Yesavage, J. A. Influence of the menstrual cycle on flight simulator performance after alcohol ingestion. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62:422–433, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Sarkola, T. Effect of alcohol on steroids in women. Alcohol Research 7:51–53, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Lindman, R. E., Koskelainen, B. M., & Eriksson, C. J. P. Drinking, menstrual cycle, and female sexuality: A diary study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 23:169–173, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Sarkola, T., & Eriksson, C. J. P. Testosterone increases in men after a low dose of alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27:682–685, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Yamauchi, M., Takeda, K., Sakamoto, K., Searashi, Y., Uetake, S., Kenichi, H., & Toda, G. Association of polymorphism in the alcohol dehydrogenase 2 gene with alcohol-induced testicular atrophy. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:16S–18S, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Callaci, J. J., Juknelis, D., Patwardhan, A., Sartori, M., Frost, N., & Wezeman, F. H. The effects of binge alcohol exposure on bone resorption and biomechanical and structural properties are offset by concurrent bisphosphonate treatment. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 28:182–191, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Elmali, N., Ertern, K., Ozen, S., Knan, M., Baysal, T., Güner, G., & Bora, A. Fracture healing and bone mass in rats fed on liquid diet containing ethanol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 26:509–513, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Risinger, F. O. Genetic analyses of ethanol-induced hyperglycemia. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27:756–764, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Ishii, K., Kumashiro, R., Koga, Y., Tanikawa, K., Furudera, S., Mitsuoka, M., Sakamoto, T., & Kaku, N. Two survival cases of alcoholic lactic acidosis complicated with diabetes mellitus and alcoholic liver disease. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 20:387A–390A, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Elisaf, M., Liberopoulos, E., Bairaktari, E., & Siamopoulos, K. Hypokalaemia in alcoholic patients. Drug and Alcohol Review 21:73–76, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Sassine, M. P., Mergler, D., Bowler, R., & Hudnell, H. K. Manganese accentuates adverse mental health effects associated with alcohol use disorders. Biological Psychiatry 51:909–921, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Lemoine, A., Chanay, H., Cirette, B., & Bouillot, P. Vitamin status and alcohol. Alcoologie 18:151–154, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Schwartz, S. M., Doody, D. R., Fitzgibbons, E. D., Ricks, S., Porter, P. L., & Chen, C. Oral squamous cell cancer risk in relation to alcohol consumption and alcohol dehydrogenase-3 genotypes. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 10:1137–1144, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Enberg, N., Wolf, J., Ainamo, A., Alho, H., Heinälä, P., & Lenander-Lumikari, M. Dental diseases and loss of teeth in a group of Finnish alcoholics: A radiological study. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 59:341–347, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Hiratsuka, Y., & Li, G. Alcohol and eye diseases: A review of epidemiologic studies. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62:397–402, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Epstein, M. Alcohol’s impact on kidney function. Alcohol Health & Research World 21:84–91, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Faunce, D. E., Garner, J. L., Llanas, J. N., Patel, P. J., Gregory, M. S., Duffner, L. A., Garnelli, R. L., & Kovacs, E. J. Effect of acute ethanol exposure on the dermal inflammatory response after burn injury. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27:1199–1206, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Hoefkens, P., Higgins, E. M., Ward, R. J., & Van Eijk, H. G. Isoforms of transferrin in psoriasis patients abusing alcohol. Alcohol & Alcoholism 32:195–199, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Green, J. E., Saveanu, R. V., & Bornstein, R. A. The effect of previous alcohol abuse on cognitive function in HIV infection. American Journal of Psychiatry 161:249–254, 2004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Waller, P. F., Hill, E. M., Maio, R. F., & Blow, F. C. Alcohol effects on motor vehicle crash injury. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27:695–703, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Zador, P. L., Krawchuk, S. A., & Voas, R. B. Alcohol-related relative risk of driver fatalities and driver involvement in fatal crashes in relation to driver age and gender: An update using 1996 data. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61:387–395, 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Yu, J., & Shacket, R. W. Drinking-driving and riding with drunk drivers among young adults: An analysis of reciprocal effects. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 60:615–621, 1999.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Li, G., Baker, S. P., Sterling, S., Smialek, J. E., Dischinger, P. C., & Soderstrom, C. A. A comparative analysis of alcohol in fatal and nonfatal bicycling injuries. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 20:1153–1559, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Cook, C. C. H. Alcohol and aviation. Addiction 92:539–555, 1997.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Soderstrom, C. A., Smith, G. S., Dischinger, P. C., McDuff, D. R., Hebel, J. R., Gorelick, D. A., Kerns, T. J., Ho, S. M., & Read, K. M. Psychoactive substance use disorders among seriously injured trauma center patients. Journal of the American Medical Association 277:1769–1774, 1997.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Zink, B. J., Maio, R. F., & Chen, B. Alcohol, central nervous system injury, and time to death in fatal motor vehicle crashes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 20:1518–1522, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Currie, S. R., Clark, S., Rimac, S., & Malhotra, S. Comprehensive assessment of insomnia in recovering alcoholics using daily sleep diaries and ambulatory monitoring. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27:1262–1269, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Irwin, M., Gillin, J. C., Dang, J., Weissman, J., Phillips, E., & Ehlers, C. L. Sleep deprivation as a probe of homeostatic sleep regulation in primary alcoholics. Biological Psychiatry 51:632–641, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Kühlwein, E., Hauger, R. L., & Irwin, M. R. Abnormal nocturnal melatonin secretion and disordered sleep in abstinent alcoholics. Biological Psychiatry 54:1437–1443, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Crum, R. M., Ford, D. E., Storr, C. L., & Chan, Y.-F. Association of sleep disturbance with chronicity and remission of alcohol dependence: Data from a population-based prospective study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experiment Research 28:1533–1540, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Slutske, W. S., Plasecki, T. M., & Hunt-Carter, E. E. Development and initial validation of the hangover symptoms scale: Prevalence and correlates of hangover symptoms in college students. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27:1442–1450, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Verster, J. C., van Duin, D., Volkerts, E. R., Schreuder, A. H. C. M. L., & Verbaten, M. N. Alcohol hangover effects on memory functioning and vigilance performance after an evening of binge drinking. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:740–746, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Hartzler, B., & Fromme, K. Fragmentary blackouts: Their etiology and effect on alcohol expectancies. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27:628–637, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Nelson, E. C., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Fu, Q., Knopik, V., Lynskey, M. T., Whitfield, J. B., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. Genetic epidemiology of alcohol-induced blackouts. Archives of General Psychiatry 61:157–263, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Charney, D. S., Mihic, J., & Harris, R. A. Hypnotics and sedatives. In J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, & A. G. Goodman (Eds.), The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001, pp. 399–427.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Correa, M., Sanchis-Segura, C., & Aragon, C. M. G. Influence of brain catalase on ethanolinduced loss of righting reflex in mice. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 65:9–15, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Quartemont, E., Grant, K. A., Correa, M., Arizzi, M. N., Salamone, J. D., Tambour, S., Aragon, C. M. G., McBride, W. J., Rodd, Z. A., Goldstein, A., Zaffaroni, A., Li, T.-K., Pisano, M., & Diana, M. The role of acetaldehyde in the central effects of ethanol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 29:221–234, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Li, T.-K., Beard, J. D., Orr, W. E., Kwo, P. Y., Ramchandani, V. A., & Thomasson, H. R. Variation in ethanol pharmacokinetics and perceived gender and ethnic differences in alcohol elimination. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24:415–416, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Baraona, E., Abittan, C. S., Dohmen, K., Moretti, M., Pozzato, G., Chayes, Z. W., Schaefer, C., & Lieber, C. S. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:502–507, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Thomasson, H. Alcohol elimination: Faster in women? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24:419–420, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Hasin, D., Aharonovich, E., Liu, X., Mamman, Z., Matseoane, K., Carr, L. G., & Li, T.-K. Alcohol dependence symptoms and alcohol dehydrogenase 2 polymorphism: Israeli Ashkenazis, Sephardics, and recent Russian immigrants. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 26:1315–1321, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Cook, T. A. R., Luczak, S. E., Shea, S. H., Ehlers, C. L., Carr, L. G., & Wall, T. L. Associations of ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes with response to alcohol in Asian Americans. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 66:196–204, 2005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Schuckit, M. A. Alcohol and alcoholism. In D. L. Kasper, E. Braunwald, A. S. Fauci, et al. (Eds.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (16th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2004, pp. 2562–2567.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Nestler, E. J. Molecular neurobiology of addiction. The American Journal on Addictions 10:201–217, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Anthony, J. C., & Echeagaray-Wagner, F. Epidemiologic analysis of alcohol and tobacco use: Patterns of co-occurring consumption and dependence in the United States. Alcohol Research & Health 24:201–208, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1973–2003. Vol II: College Students and Adults Ages 19–40 (NIH Publication No. 04-5506), Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Overview of Findings from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (Office of Applied Studies, NHSDA Series H-21, DHHS Publication No. SMA 03-3774). Rockville, MD, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., & Kalmijn, J. Findings across subgroups regarding the level of response to alcohol as a risk factor for alcohol use disorders (AUDs): A college population of women and Latinos. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 28:1499–1508, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Spicer, P., Beals, J., Croy, C. D., Mitchell, C. M., Novins, D. K., Moore, L., Manson, S. M., & the American Indian Service Utilization, Psychiatric Epidemiology, Risk and Protective Factors Project Team. The prevalence of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence in two American Indian populations. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27:1785–1797, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Holdcraft, L. C., & Iacono, W. G. Cohort effects on gender differences in alcohol dependence. Addiction 97:1025–1036, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Knight, J. R., Wechsler, H., Kuo, M., Seibring, M., Weitzman, E. R., & Schuckit, M. A. Alcohol abuse and dependence among U.S. college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63:263–270, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Schuckit, M. A., Kraft, H. S., Hurtado, S. L., Tschinkel, S. A., Minagawa, R., & Shaffer, R. A. A measure of the intensity of response to alcohol in a military population. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 27:749–757, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Mandell, W., Eaton, W. W., Anthony, J. C., & Garrison, R. Alcoholism and occupations: A review and analysis of 104 occupations. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16:734–746, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Cassell, S., Pledger, M., & Hooper, R. Socioeconomic status and drinking patterns in young adults. Addiction 98:601–610, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Hesselbrock, M. N., Hesselbrock, V. M., Segal, B., Schuckit, M. A., & Bucholz, K. Ethnicity and psychiatric comorbidity among alcohol-dependent persons who receive inpatient treatment: African Americans, Alaska Natives, Caucasians, and Hispanics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27:1368–1373, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Neumark, Y. D., Friedlander, Y., Durst, R., Leitersdorf, E., Jaffe, D., Ramchandani, V. A., O’Connor, S., Carr, L. G., & Li, T.-K. Alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphisms influence alcohol-elimination rates in a male Jewish population. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 28:10–14, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  171. McGue, M., Iacono, W. G., Legrand, L. N., & Elkins, I. Origins and consequences of age at first drink. I. Associations with substance-use disorders, disinhibitory behavior and psychopathology and P2 amplitude. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:1156–1165, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  172. deWit, D. J., Adlaf, E. M., Offord, D. R.., & Ogborne, A. C. Age at first alcohol use: A risk factor for the development of alcohol disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 157:745–750, 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Hingson, R. W., Heeren, T., Zakocs, R. C., Kopstein, A., & Wechsler, H. Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18–24. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63:136–144, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Rivara, F. P., Garrison, M. M., Ebel, B., McCarty, C. A., & Christakis, D. A. Mortality attributable to harmful drinking in the United States, 2000. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 65:530–536, 2004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Fillmore, K. M., Kerr, W. C., & Bostrom, A. Changes in drinking status, serious illness and mortality. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64:278–285, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Dawson, D. A. Alcohol and mortality from external causes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62:790–797, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Andreasson, W., & Brandt, L. Mortality and morbidity related to alcohol. Alcohol & Alcoholism 32:173–178, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Skog, O. J., & Duckert, F. The development of alcoholics’ and heavy drinkers’ consumption: A longitudinal study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 54:178–188, 1993.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Schuckit, M. A., Tipp, J. E., Smith, T. L., & Bucholz, K. K. Periods of abstinence following the onset of alcohol dependence in 1,853 men and women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 58:581–589, 1997.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Wallace, J. M., Jr., Bachman, J. G., O’Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Cooper, S. M., & Johnston, L. D. Gender and ethnic differences in smoking, drinking and illicit drug use among American 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students, 1976–2000. Addiction 98:225–234, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Lynskey, M. T., Day, C., & Hall, W. Alcohol and other drug use disorders among olderaged people. Drug and Alcohol Review 22:125–133, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Satre, D. D., Mertens, J., Arean, P. A., & Weisner, C. Contrasting outcomes of older versus middle-aged and younger adult chemical dependence patients in a managed care program. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64:520–530, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Bischof, G., Rumpf, H.-J., Hapke, U., Meyer, C., & John, U. Remission from alcohol dependence without help: How restrictive should our definition of treatment be? Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63:229–236, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Tucker, J. A., Vuchinich, R. E., & Rippens, P. D. Environmental contexts surrounding resolution of drinking problems among problem drinkers with different help-seeking experiences. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63:334–341, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Tarter, R. E. Etiology of adolescent substance abuse: A developmental perspective. American Journal of Addictions 11:171–191, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Windle, M., & Windle, R. C. Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among middle adolescents: Prospective associations and intrapersonal and interpersonal influences. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 60:215–226, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Goodwin, R. D., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. Association between anxiety disorders and substance use disorders among young persons: Results of a 21-year longitudinal study. Journal of Psychiatric Research 38:295–304, 2004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., Danko, G. P., Anderson, K. G., Brown, S. A., Kuperman, S., Kramer, J., Hesselbrock, V., & Bucholz K. K. Evaluation of a “level of response to alcohol based” structural equation model in adolescents, Journal of Studies on Alcohol 44:174–184, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., Anderson, K. G., Brown, S. A. Testing the level of response to alcohol-social information processing model of the alcoholism risk: A 20-year prospective study, Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Reserch 28:1881–1889, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Sutherland, I., & Shepherd, J. P. Social dimensions of adolescent substance use. Addiction 96:445–458, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. D’Amico, E. J., McCarthy, D. M., Appelbaum, M., Metrik, J., Frissell, K. C., & Brown, S. A. Progression into and out of binge drinking among high school students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 15:341–349, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Leonard, K. E., Eiden, R. D., Wong, M. M., Zucker, R. A., Puttler, L. I., Fitzgerald, H. E., Hussong, A., Chassin, L., & Mudar, P. Developmental perspectives on risk and vulnerability in alcoholic families. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24:238–240, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Patock-Peckham, J. A., Cheong, J.-W., Balhorn, M. E., & Nagoshi, C. T. A social learning perspective: A model of parenting styles, self-regulation, perceived drinking control, and alcohol use and problems. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:1284–1292, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Kuperman, S., Schlosser, S. S., Kramer, J. R., Bucholz, K., Hesselbrock, V., Reich, T., & Reich, W. Developmental sequence from disruptive behavior diagnosis to adolescent alcohol dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry 158:2022–2026, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Sayette, M. A., Martin, C. S., Perrott, M. A., Wertz, J. M., & Hufford, M. R. A test of the appraisal-disruption model of alcohol and stress. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62:247–256, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Averna, S., & Hesselbrock, V. The relationship of perceived social support to substance use in offspring of alcoholics. Addictive Behaviors 26:363–374, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Longabaugh, R., Wirtz, P. W., & Rice, C. Social functioning, in project match hypotheses: Results and causal chain analyses. In R. Longabaugh, P. W. Wirtz (Eds.), NIAAA Project MATCH Monograph Series (Vol. 8). NIH Publication No. 01-4238, 2001, Bethesda, MC, pp. 285.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Shen, S. A., Locke-Wellman, J., & Hill, S. Y. Adolescent alcohol expectancies in offspring from families at high risk for developing alcoholism. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62:763–772, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Noar, S. M., LaForge, R. G., Maddock, J. E., & Wood, M. D. Rethinking positive and negative aspects of alcohol use: Suggestions from a comparison of alcohol expectancies and decisional balance. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64:60–69, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Griffin, K. W., Botvin, G. J., Epstein, J. A., Doyle, M. M., & Diaz, T. Psychosocial and behavioral factors in early adolescence as predictors of heavy drinking among high school seniors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61:603–606, 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., Holahan, C. K., Cronkite, R. C., & Randall, P. K. Drinking to cope, emotional distress and alcohol use and abuse: A ten-year model. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62:190–198, 2001.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Poikolainen, K., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Aalto-Setala, T., Marttunen, M., & Lonnqvist, J. Predictors of alcohol intake and heavy drinking in early adulthood: A 5-year follow-up of 15–19-year-old Finnish adolescents. Alcohol & Alcoholism 36:85–88, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Mason, W. A., & Windle, M. A longitudinal study of the effects of religiosity on adolescent alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Journal of Adolescent Psychiatry 17:346–363, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Casswell, S., Pledger, M., & Hooper, R. Socioeconomic status and drinking patterns in young adults. Addiction 98:601–610, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Demers, A., & Kairouz, S. A multilevel analysis of change in alcohol consumption in Quebec, 1993–98. Addiction 98:205–213, 2003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Enoch, M.-A., Schuckit, M. A., Johnson, B. A., & Goldman, D. Genetics of alcoholism using intermediate phenotypes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 27:169–176, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Li, T.-K. Pharmacogenetics of responses to alcohol and genes that influence alcohol drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61:5–12, 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Crabbe, J. C. Use of genetic analyses to refine phenotypes related to alcohol tolerance and dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:288–292, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Osier, M. V., Pakstis, A. J., Soodyall, H., Comas, D., Goldman, D., Odunsi, A., Okonofua, F., Parnas, J., Schulz, L. O., Bertranpetit, J., Bonne-Tamir, B., Lu, R.-B., Kidd, J. R., & Kidd, K. K. A global perspective on genetic variation at the ADH genes reveals unusual patterns of linkage disequilibrium and diversity. American Journal of Human Genetics 71:84–99, 2002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Dick, D. M., Edenberg, H. J., Xuei, X., Goate, A., Kuperman, S., Schuckit, M., Crowe, R., Smith, T. L., Porjesz, B., Begleiter, H., & Foroud, T. Association of GABRG3 with alcohol dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 28:4–9, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2006). Alcoholism: An Introduction. In: Drug and Alcohol Abuse. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25733-0_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation