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Fluorescent Pebble Nano-Sensors and Nanoexplorers for Real-Time Intracellular and Biomedical Applications

  • Chapter
Advanced Concepts in Fluorescence Sensing

Part of the book series: Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy ((TIFS,volume 10))

Abstract

PEBBLEs (Probes Encapsulated By Biologically Localized Embedding) are sub-micron sized optical sensors specifically designed for minimally invasive analyte monitoring in viable, single cells with applications for real time analysis of drug, toxin, and environmental effects on cell function. PEBBLE nanosensor is a general term that describes a family of matrices and nano-fabrication techniques used to miniaturize many existing optical sensing technologies. The main classes of PEBBLE nanosensors are based on matrices of cross-linked polyacrylamide, cross-linked poly(decyl methacrylate), and sol-gel silica. These matrices have been used to fabricate sensors for H+, Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Cl−, O2, NO, and glucose that range from 20 nm to 600 nm in diameter. A number of delivery techniques have been used successfully to deliver PEBBLE nanosensors into mouse oocytes, rat alveolar macrophages, rat C6-glioma, and human neuroblastoma cells. For majority of this chapter, we will focus on the fabrication, characterization and applications of all the different kinds of PEBBLE sensors developed up to date. In the remainder of the chapter, we will introduce a new family of PEBBLEs with several emerging directions in PEBBLE design and applications, from intracellular imaging to in-vivo actuating and targeting.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055

    Hao Xu, Sarah M. Buck, Raoul Kopelman, Eric Monson, Caleb Behrend & Yong-Eun Lee Koo

  2. Molecular Therapeutics Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109

    Raoul Kopelman, Brian Ross & Alnawaz Rehemtulla

  3. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055

    Martin A. Philbert & Murphy Brasuel

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  1. Hao Xu
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  2. Sarah M. Buck
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  9. Alnawaz Rehemtulla
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Institute of Fluorescence Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland

    Chris D. Geddes

  2. Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

    Joseph R. Lakowicz

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Xu, H. et al. (2005). Fluorescent Pebble Nano-Sensors and Nanoexplorers for Real-Time Intracellular and Biomedical Applications. In: Geddes, C.D., Lakowicz, J.R. (eds) Advanced Concepts in Fluorescence Sensing. Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, vol 10. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23647-3_4

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