Abstract
There are currently two models to explain the course of lymphatic filarial infection and disease in human populations. I develop a different model that incorporates existing data from animal models as well as epidemiological and longitudinal observations on human populations. The model explains the observations and makes predictions which are testable.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Addiss, A.G. el al. (1995) Clinical, parasitologic, and immunologic observations of patients with hydrocele and elephantiasis in an area with Endemic lymphatic filariasis. J. Infect. Dis. 171, 755–758.
Anderson, R.M. (1986) The population dynamics and epidemiology of intestinal nematode infections. Trans R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. 80, 686–696.
Bundy, D.A.P., et al. (1991) Immunoepidemiology of lymphatic filariasis: the relationship between infection and disease. Immunoparasitol Today (Gallager, R. and Ash, C., eds Elsevier A71–A75.
Chan, M.S. et al. (1998) Epifil: A dynamic model of infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59, 606–614.
Cooper, P.J. et al (2001) Early human infection with Onchocerca volvulus is associated with an enhanced parasite specific cellular immune response. J. Inf. Dis. 183, 1662–1668.
Day, K.P. et al. (1991) Age specific patterns of change in the dynamics of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 44, 518–527.
Dimock, K.A. et al. (1996) Th1-Like Antifilarial immune responses predominate in Antigen-Negative persons. Infect. Immun. 64, 2962–2967.
Dissanayake, S (2001) In Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis, asymptomatic microfilaraemia does not progress to amicrofilaraemic lymphatic disease. Int. J. Epid. 30, 394–399.
Dreyer, G. et al. (2000) Pathogenesis of Lymphatic Disease in Bancroftian Filariasis: A Clinical Perspective. Parasitol. Today, 16, 544–548.
Freedman, D.O. (1998) Immune Dynamics in the Pathogenesis of human lymphatic filariasis. Parasitol. Today 14, 229–233.
Gyapong, J.O. (1998) The relation between infection and disease in Wuchereria bancrofii infection in Ghana. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92, 390–392.
Jungmann, P. et al. (1991) Bancroftian lymphadenopathy: A histopathologic study of fifty-eight cases from northeastern Brazil. Am. J. Trop Med. Hyg. 45, 325–331.
Jungmann, P. et al. (1992) Bancroftian lymphangitis in northeastern Brazil: A histopathological study of 17 cases. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 95,114–118.
Kazura, J.W. et al. (1997) Transmission intensity and its relationship to infection and disease due to Wuchereria bancrofti in Papua New Guinea. J. Infect. Dis. 176, 242–246.
King, C.L. et al. (1993) Cytokine control of parasite-specific anergy in human lymphatic filariasis. Preferential induction of a regulatory T helper type 2 lymphocyte subset. J. Clin. Invest. 92, 1667-.
Lammie, P.J. et al. (1998) Longitudinal analysis of the development of filarial infection and antifilarial immunity in a cohort of Haitian children. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59, 217–221.
Mahanty, S. et al. (1996) High levels of spontaneous and parasite antigen-driven interleukin-10 production are associated with antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness in human lymphatic filariasis. J. Infect. Dis. 173, 769–773.
Maizels, R.M. et al. (1995) T-cell Activation and the balance of antibody isotypes in human lymphatic filariasis. Parasitol Today 11, 50–56.
Maizels, R.M., and R.A. Lawrence. (1991) Immunological tolerance: The key features in human filariasis? Parasitol Today 7, 271–276.
Ottesen, E.A. (1992) Infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis: an immunological perspective. Parasitology 104, S71–S79.
Rao, U.R. et al. (1996) Cellular Immune Responses of Jirds to Extracts of life cycle stages and adult excretory products during the Early development of Brugia pahangi. Exp. Parasitol. 82, 255–266.
Ravindran, B. (2001) Are inflammation and immunological hyperactivity needed for filarial parasite development? Trends Parasitol. 17, 70–73.
Ravindran, B. et al. (2000) Protective immunity in human bancroftian filariasis: inverse relationship between antibodies to microfilarial sheath and circulating filarial antigens. Parasite Immunol. 22, 633–637.
Saeftel, M. et al. (2001) Lack of Interferon y confers impaired neutrophil granulocyte function and imparts prolonged survival of adult filarial worms in murine filariasis. Microbes Infect. 3, 203–213.
Sahoo, P.K et al. (2000) Bancroftian filariasis: prevalence of antigenaemia and endemic normals in Orissa, India. Trans. R. Soc. Trop Med. Hyg. 94, 515–517.
Sahoo, P.K. et al (2002) Bancroftian Filariasis: A 13-year follow-up study of asymptomatic microfilariae carriers and Endemic normals. Parasitology (In Press).
Sartono, E. et al. (1997) Depression of Antigen-Specific interleukin-5 and Interferon-y responses in human lymphatic filariasis as a function of clinical status and age. J. Infect. Dis. 175, 1276–1280.
Satapathy, A.K. et al. (2001) Human Bancroftian filariasis: Loss of patent microfilaraemia is not associated with production of antibodies to microfilarial sheath Parasite Immunol. 23, 163–167.
Simonsen, P.E. et al. (1996) Bancroftian filariasis: The patterns of filarial-specific immunologlobulin G1 (IgGl), IgG4, and circulating antigens in an endemic community of Northeastern Tanzania. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 55, 69–75.
Simonsen, P.E., and D.W. Meyrowitsch. (1998) Bancroftian filariasis in Tanzania: specific antibody responses in relation to long-term observations on microfilaremia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59, 667–672.
Srividya, A. et al. (1991) The dynamics of infection and disease in Bancroftian filariasis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 85, 255–259.
Steel, C., and E.A. Ottesen. (2001) Evolution of Immunologic responsiveness of persons living in an area of Endemic Bancroftian Filariasis. J. Inf. Dis. 184, 73–79.
Vanamail, P. et al. (1996) Estimation of the fecund life span of Wuchereria bancrofti in an endemic area. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90, 119–121.
Wartman, W.B. (1947) Filariasis in American armed forces in World War II. Medicine. 26, 333–394.
Weil, G.J. et al. (1999) A longitudinal study of bancroftian filariasis in the Nile delta of Egypt: Baseline data and one-year follow-up. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61, 53–58.
Yazdanbakhsh, M. (1999) Common features of T cell reactivity in persistent helminth infections: lymphatic filariasis and schistosomiasis. Immunol. Lett. 65, 109–115.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ravindran, B. (2002). Natural History of Human Filariasis — The Elusive Road. In: The Filaria. World Class Parasites, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47661-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47661-4_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-7038-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47661-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive