Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis ((IAPA))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fraser, D. W., Tsai, T. R., Orenstein, W., Parkin, W. W., Beecham, H. J., Sharrar, R. G., Harris, J., Mallison, G. F., Martin, S. M., McDade, J. E., Shepard, C. C., Brachman, P. D., and Team, T. F. I., 1977, Legionnaires’ disease: Description of an epidemic of pneumonia, N. Engl. J. Med. 297:1189–1197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. McDade, J. E., Shepard, C. C., Fraser, D. W., Tsai, T. R., Redus, M. A., Dowdle, W. R., and Team, T. L. I., 1977, Legionnaires’ disease: Isolation of a bacterium and demonstration of its role in othe respiratory disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 297:1197–1203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kaufmann, A. F., McDade, J. E., Patton, C. M., Bennett, J. V., Skaliy, P., Feeley, J. C., Anderson, D. C., Potter, M. E., Newhouse, V. F., Gregg, M. B., and Brachman, P. S., 1981, Pontiac fever: Isolation of the etiologic agent (Legionella pneumophila) and demonstration of its mode of transmission, Am. J. Epidemiol. 114:337–347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Glick, T. H., Gregg, M. B., Berman, B., Mallison, G., Rhodes, W. W., and Kassanoff, I., 1978, Pontiac fever, an epidemic of unknown etiology in a health department. I. Clinical and epidemio-logic aspects, Am. J. Epidemiol. 107:149–160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Adeleke, A., Pruckler, J., Benson, R., Rowbotham, T., Halablab, M., and Fields, B., 1996, Legionella-like amebal pathogens—phylogenetic status and possible role in respiratory disease, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2:225–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Jernigan, D. B., Hofmann, J., Cetron, M. S., Genese, C. A., Nuorti, J. P., Fields, B. S., Benson, R. F., Carter, R. J., Edelstein, P. H., Guerrero, I. C., Paul, S. M., Lipman, H. B., and Breiman, R. F., 1996, Outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease among cruise ship passengers exposed to a contaminated whirlpool spa, Lancet 347:494–499.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Thomas, D. L., Mundy, L. M., and Tucker, P. C., 1993, Hot tub legionnellosis: Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever after a point-source exposure to Legionnella pneumophila, Arch. Intern. Med. 153:2597–2599.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Beaty, H. N., 1984, Clinical features of Legionellosis, in: Legionella: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium (C. Thornsberry, A. Balows, J. C. Feeley, and W. Jakubowski, eds.) American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 6–10.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Finegold, S. M., 1988, Legionnaires’ disease—still with us, N. Engl. J. Med. 318:571–573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Morley, J. N., Smith, L. C., Baltch, A. L., and Smith, R. P., 1994, recurrent infection due to Legionella pneumophila in a patient with AIDS, Clin. Infect. Dis. 19:1130–1132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Fields, B. S., Fields, S. R. U., Loy, J. N. C., White, E. H., Steffens, W. L., and Shotts, E. B., 1993, Attachment and entry of Legionella pneumophila in Hartmannella vermiformis, J. Infect. Dis. 167:1146–1150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bozue, J. A., and Johnson, W., 1996, Interaction of Legionella pneumophila with Acanthamoeba castellanii: Uptake by coiling phagocytosis and inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion, Infect. Immun. 64:668–673.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Nahapetian, K., Challemel, O., Beurtin, D., Dubrou, S., Gounon, P., and Squinazi, F., 1991, The intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila in protozoa from hospital plumbing systems, Institut. Pasteur. 142:677–685.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Winn, W. C., 1988, Legionnaires’ disease: Historical perspective, Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1:60–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Edson, D. C., Stiefel, H. E., Wentworth, B. B., and Wilson, D. L., 1979, Prevalence of antibodies to Legionnaires’ disease, Ann. Intern. Med. 90:691–693.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Helms, C. M., Johson, W., Renner, E. D., Hierholzer, W. J., Wintermeyer, L. A., and Viner, J. P., 1980, Background prevalence of microagglutination antibodies to Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 2, 3, and 4, Infect. Immun. 30:612–614.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. McKinney, R. M., Wilkinson, H. W., Sommers, H. M., Fikes, B. J., Sasseville, K. R., Yungbluth, M. M., and Wolf, J. S. (1980), Legionella pneumophila serogroup six: Isolation from cases of legionellosis, identification by immunofluorescence staining, and immunological response to infection, J. Clin. Microbiol. 12:395–401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Wong, K. H., Schalla, W. O., Arko, R. J., Bullard, J. C., and Feeley, J. C., 1979, Immunochemical, serologic, and immunologic properties of major antigens isolated from the Legionnaires’ disease bacterium, Ann. Intern. Med. 90:555–559.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sonesson, A., Jantzen, E., Bryn, K., Larsson, L., and Eng, J., 1989, Chemical composition of a lipopolysaccharide from Legionella pneumophila, Arch. Microbiol. 153:72–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wong, K. H., Moss, C. W., Hochstein, D. H., Arko, R. J., and Schalla, W. O., 1979, “Endotoxicity” of Legionnaires’ disease bacterium, Ann. Intern. Med. 90:624–627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Johnson, W., Pesanti, E., and Elliott, J., 1979, Serospecificity and opsonic activity of antisera to egionella pneumophila, Infect. Immun. 26:698–704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Elliott, J. A., Johnson, W., and Helms, C. M., 1981, Ultrastructural localization and protective activity of a high-molecular-weight antigen isolated from Legionella pneumophila, Infect. Immun. 31:822–824.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sampson, J. S., Plikaytis, B. B., and Wilkinson, H. W., 1986, Immunologic response of patients with legionellosis against major protein-containing antigens of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 as shown by immunoblot analysis, J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:92–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Weeratna, R., Stamler, D. A., Edelstein, P. H., Ripley, M., Marrie, T., Hoskin, D., and Hoffman, P. S., 1994, Human and guinea pig immune responses to Legionella pneumophila protein antiges OmpS and Hsp60, Infect. Immun. 62:3454–3462.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Keen, M. G., and Hoffman, P. S., 1989, Characterization of a Legionella pneumophila extracellular protease exhibiting hemolytic and cytotoxic activities, Infect. Immun. 57:732–738.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Thomason, B. M., Chandler, F. W., and Hollis, D. G., 1979, Flagella on Legionnaires’ disease bacteria: An interim report, Ann. Intern. Med. 91:224–226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Elliott, J. A., and Johnson, W., 1981, Immunological and biochemical relationships among flagella isolated from Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 2, and 3, Infect. Immun. 33:602–610.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Horwitz, M. A., and Silverstein, S. C., 1981, Interaction of the Legionnaires’ disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) with human phagocytes. Antibody promotes binding of L. pneumophila to monocytes but does not inhibit intracellular multiplication, J. Exp. Med. 153:398–406.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Glavin, F. L., Winn, W. C., and Craighead, J. E., 1979, Ultrastructure of lung of Legionnaires’ disease bacterium, Ann. Intern. Med. 90:634–638.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Swanson, M. S., and Isberg, R. R., 1995, Association of Legionella pneumophila with the macrophage endoplasmic reticulum, Infect. Immun. 63:3609–3620.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Horwitz, M. A., and Silverstein, S. C., 1980, Legionnaires’ disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) multiplies intracellularly in human monocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 66:441–450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Horwitz, M. A., and Silverstein, S. C., 1981, Activated human monocytes inhibit the intracellular multiplication of Legionnaires’ disease bacteria, J. Exp. Med. 154:1618–1635.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Plouffe, J. F., and Baird, I. M., 1981, Lymphocyte transformation to Legionella pneumophila, J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 5:149–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Plouffe, J. F., and Baird, I. M., 1982, Lymphocyte blastogenic responses to L. pneumophila in acute legionellosis, J. Clin. Lab. Immunol. 7:43–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Horwitz, M. A., 1983, Cell-mediated immunity in Legionnaires’ disease, J. Clin. Invest. 71:1686–1697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Bhardwaj, N., Nash, T. W., and Horwitz, M. A., 1986, Interferon-γ-activated human monocytes inhibit the intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila, J. Immunol. 137:2662–2669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Romagnani, S., 1997, The Th1/Th2 paradigm, Immunol. Today 18:263–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Berendt, R. F., Young, H. W., Allen, R. G., and Knutsen, G. L., 1980, Dose-response of guinea pigs experimentally infected with aerosols of Legionella pneumophila, J. Infect. Dis. 141:186–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Rolstad, B., and Berdal, B. P., 1981, Immune defenses against Legionella pneumophila in rats, Infect. Immun. 32:805–812.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Baskerville, A., Fitzgeorge, R. B., Conlan, J. W., Ashworth, L. A., E., Gibson, D. H., and Morgan, C. P., 1983, Studies on protective immunity to aerosol challenge with Legionella pneumophila, Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. 255:150–355.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Eisenstein, T. K., Tamada, R., Meissler, J., Flesher, A., and Oels, H. C., 1984, Vaccination against Legionella pneumophila: Serum antibody correlates with protection induced by heat-killed or acetone-killed cells against intraperitoneal but not aerosol infection in guinea pigs, Infect. Immun. 45:685–691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Friedman, H., Widen, R., Klein, T., Searls, L., and Cabrian, K., 1984, Legionella pneumophila-induced blastogenesis of murine lymphoid cells in vitro, Infect. Immun. 43:314–319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Friedman, H., Widen, R., Klein, T. W., and Johnson, W., 1984, Immunostimulation by Legionella pneumophilaantigen preparations in vivo and in vitro, Infect. Immun. 43:347–352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wong, K. H., McMaster, P. R. B., Feeley, J. C., Arko, R. J., Schalla, W. O., and Chandler, F. W., 1980, Detection of hypersensitivity to Legionella pneumophila in guinea pigs by skin test, Curr. Microbiol. 4:105–110.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Friedman, H., Widen, R., Lee, I., and Klein, T., 1983, Cellular immunity to Legionella pneumophila in guinea pigs assessed by direct and indirect migration inhibition reactions in vitro, Infect. Immun. 41:1132–1137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Klein, T. W., Friedman, H., and Widen, R., 1984, Relative potency of virulent versus avirulent Legionella pneumophila for induction of cell-mediated immunity, Infect. Immun. 44:753–755.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Breiman, R. F., and Horwitz, M. A., 1987, Guinea pigs sublethally infected with aerosolized Legionella pneumophila develop humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and are protected against lethal aerosol challenge, J. Exp. Med. 164:799–811.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Blander, S. J., and Horwitz, M. A., 1991, Vaccination with the major secretory protein of Legionella induces humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protective immunity across different serogroups of Legionella pneumophila and different species of Legionella, J. Immunol. 147:285–291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Blander, S. J., and Horwitz, M. A., 1993, Major cytoplasmic membrane protein of Legionella pneumophila, a genus common antigen and member of the hsp60 family of heat shock proteins, induces protective immunity in a guinea pig model of Legionnaires’ disease, J. Clin. Invest. 91:717–723.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Hoffman, P. S., Butler, C. A., and Quinn, F. D., 1989, Cloning and temperature-dependent expression in Escherichia coli of a Legionella pneumophila gene coding for a genus-common 60-kilodalton antigen. Infect. Immun. 57:1731–1739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hoffman, P. S., Houston, L., and Butler, C. A., 1990, Legionella pneumophila htpAB heat shock operon: Nucleotide sequence and expression of the 60-kilodalton antigen in L. pneumophila-infected HeLa cells, Infect.Immun. 58:3380–3387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hoffman, P. S., Seyer, J. H., and Butler, C. A., 1992, Molecular characterization of the 28-and 31-kilodalton subunits of the Legionella penumophila major outer membrane protein, J. Bacteriol. 174:908–913.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hoffman, P. S., Ripley, M., and Weeratna, R., 1992, Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of a gene (ompS) encoding the major outer membrane protein of Legionella pneumophila, J. Bacteriol. 174:914–920.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Constant, S. L., and Bottomly, K., 1997, Induction of TH1 and TH2 CD4+ T cell responses: The alternative approaches, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:297–322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Scott, D. E., Agranovich, I., Inman, J., Gober, M., and Golding, B., 1997, Inhibition of primary and recall allergen-specific T helper cell type 2-mediated responses by a T helper cell type 1 stimulus, J. Immunol. 159:107–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Katz, S. M., and Poropatich, R., 1986, Susceptibility of LSH hamsters to intraperitoneal inoculation with Legionella pneumophila, Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 16:62–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Skerrett, S. J., and Martin, T. R., 1991, Alveolar macrophage activation in experimental legionellosis, J. Immunol. 147:337–345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Yamamoto, Y., Klein, T. W., Newton, C. A., Widen, R., and Friedman, H., 1987, Differential growth of Legionella pneumophila in guinea pig versus mouse marcrophage cultures, Infect. Immun. 55:1369–1374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Yamamoto, Y., Klein, T. W., Newton, C. A., Widen, R., and Friedman, H., 1988, Growth of Legionella pneumophila in thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages from A/J mice, Infect. Immun. 56:370–375.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Yamamoto, Y., Klein, T. W., Brown, K., and Friedman, H., 1992, Differential morphologic and metabolic alterations in permissive versus nonpermissive murine macrophages infected with Legionella pneumophila, Infect. Immun. 60:3231–3237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Yamamoto, Y., Klein, T. W., and Friedman, H., 1992, Genetic control of macrophage susceptibility to infection by Legionella pneumophila, FEMS Microbiol. Immunol. 89:137–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Yoshida, S., Goto, Y., Mizuguchi, Y., Nomoto, K., Skamene, E., 1991, Genetic control of natural resistance in mouse macrophages regulating intracellular Legionella pneumophila multiplication in vitro, Infect. Immun. 59:428–432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Miyamoto, H., Maruta, K., Ogawa, M., Beckers, M.,-C., Gros, P., and Yoshida, S., 1996, Spectrum of Legionella species whose intracellular multiplication in murine macrophages is genetically controlled by Lgn1, Infect. Immun. 64:1842–1845.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Brieland, J., Freeman, P., Kunkel, R., Chrisp, C., Hurley, M., Fantone, J., and Engleberg, C., 1994, Replicative Legionella pneumophila lung infection in intratracheally inoculated A/J mice. A murine model of human Legionnaires’ disease, Am. J. Pathol. 145:1537–1546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Brieland, J., McClain, M., Heath, L., Chrisp, C., Huffnagle, G., LeGendre, M., Hurley, M., Fantone, J., and Engleberg, C., 1996, Coinoculation with Hartmannella vermiformis enhances replicative Legionella pneumophila lung infection in a murine model of Legionnaires’ disease, Infect. Immun. 64:2449–2456.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Klein, T. W., Yamamoto, Y., Brown, H. K., and Friemand, H., 1991, Interferon-β induced resistance to Legionella pneumophila in susceptible A/J mouse macrophages, J. Leuk. Biol. 49:98–103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Yamamoto, Y., Klein, T. W., Newton, C., and Friedman, H., 1992, Differing macrophage and lymphocyte roles in resistance to Legionella pneumophila infection, J. Immunol. 148:584–589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Fujio, H., Yoshida, S., Miyamoto, H., Mitsuyama, M., and Mizuguchi, Y., 1992, Investigation of the role of macrophages and endogenous interferon-γ in natural resistance of mice against Legionella pneumophila infection, FEMS Microbiol. Immunol. 89:183–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Newton, C. A., Klein, T. W., and Friedman, H., 1994, Secondary immunity to Legionella pneumophila and Th1 activity are suppressed by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol injection, Infect. Immun. 62:4015–4020.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Blanchard, D. K., Djeu, J. Y., Klein, T. W., Friedman, H., and Stewart, W. E., 1987, Induction of tumor necrosis factor by Legionella pneumophila, Infect. Immun. 55:433–437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Klein, T. W., Newton, C. A., Blanchard, D. K., Widen, R., and Friedman, H., 1987, Induction of interleukin 1 by Legionella pneumophila antigens in mouse macrophage and human mononuclear leukocyte cultures, Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. A265:462–471.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Heinrich, P. C., Castell, J. V., and Andus, T., 1990, Interleukin 6 and the acute phase response, Biochem. J. 265:621–636.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Klein, T. W., Newton, C., Widen, R., and Friedman, H., 1993, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol injection induces cytokine-mediated mortality in mice infected with Legionella pneumophila, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 267:635–640.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Blanchard, D. K., Djeu, J. Y., Klein, T. W., Friedman, H., and Stewart, W. E., 1988, Protective effects of tumor necrosis factor in experimental Legionella pneumophila infection of mice via acativation of PMN function, J. Leuk. Biol. 43:429–435.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Blanchard, D. K., Friedman, H., Klein, T. W., and Djeu, J. Y., 1989, Induction of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor by Legionella pneumophila: Augmentation of human neutrophil bactericidal activity, J. Leuk. Biol. 45:538–545.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Arata, S., Kasai, N., Klein, T. W., and Friedman, H., 1994, Legionella pneumophila growth restriction and cytokine production by murine macrophages activated by a novel Pseudomonas lipid A, Infect. Immun. 62:729–732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Matsiota-Bernard, P., Lefebre, C., Sedqui, M., Cornillet, P., and Guenoubou, M., 1993, Involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha in intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila in human monocytes, Infect. Immun. 61:4980–4983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Brieland, J. K., Remick, D. G., Freeman, P. T., Hurley, M. C., Fantone, J. C., and Engleberg, N. C., 1995, In vivo regulation of replicative Legionella pneumophila lung infection by endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide, Infect. Immun. 63:3253–3258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Skerett, S. J., and Martin, T. R., 1996, Roles for tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide in resistance of rat alveolar macrophages to Legionella pneumophila, Infect. Immun. 64:3236–3242.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Yamamoto, Y., Klein, T. W., and Friedman, H., 1996, Immunoregulatory role of nitric oxide in Legionella pneumophila-infected macrophages, Cell. Immunol. 171:231–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Widen, R. H., Newton, C. A., Klein, T. W., and Friedman, H., 1991, Legionella pneumophila-induced IL-1: Responses of murine peritoneal, splenic, and pulmonary macrophages, Curr. Microbiol. 22:143–149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Yamamoto, Y., Klein, T. W., Tomioka, M., and Friedman, H., 1997, Differential effects of granulocyte /macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in enhancing macrophage resistance to Legionella pneumophila vs Candida albicans, Cell. Immunol. 176:75–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. McHugh, S. L., Newton, C. A., Yamamoto, Y., Widen, R., Friedman, H., and Klein, T. W., 1999, Tumor necrosis factor is a primary cytokine in controlling replication of Legionella pneumophila in A/J macrophage cultures, Infect. Immun. (submitted)

    Google Scholar 

  84. Blanchard, D. K., Klein, T. W., Friedman, H., and Stewart, W. E., 1985, Kinetics and characterization of interferon production by murine spleen cells stimulated with Legionella pneumophila antigens, Infect. Immun. 49:719–723.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Blanchard, D. K., Stewart, W. E., Klein, T. W., Friedman, H., and Djeu, J. Y., 1987, Cytolytic activity of human peripheral blood leukocytes against Legionell pneumophila-infected monocytes: Characterization of the effector cell and augmentation by interleukin 2, J. Immunol. 139:551–556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Blanchard, D. K., Friedman, H., Stewart, W. E., Klein, T. W., and Djeu, J. Y., 1988, Role of gamma interferon in induction of natural killer activity by Legionella pneumophila in vitro and in an experimental murine infection model, Infect. Immun. 56: 1187–1193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Park, D. R., and Skerrett, S. J., 1996, IL-10 enhances the growth of Legionella pneumophila in human mononuclear phagocytes and reverses the protective effect of IFN-γ, J. Immunol. 157:2528–2538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Elliott, J. A., and Winn, W. C., 1986, Treatment of alveolar macrophages with cytochalasin D inhibits uptake and subsequent growth of Legionella pneumophila, Infect. Immun. 51:31–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Yamamoto, Y., Okubo, S., Klein, T. W., Onozaki, K., Saito, T., and Friedman, H., 1994, Binding of Legionella pneumophila to macrophages increases cytokine mRNA, Infect. Immun. 62:3947–3956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Yamamoto, Y., Retzlaff, C., He, P., Klein, T. W., and Friedman, H., 1995, Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis of Legonella pneumophila-induced cytokine mRNA in different macrophage populations by high-performance liquid chromatography, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2:18–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Yamamoto, Y., Klein, T. W., and Friedman, H., 1996, Induction of cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 2 mRNAs in macrophages by Legionella pneumophila or Salmonella typhimurium attachment requires different ligand-receptor systems, Infect. Immun. 64:3062–3068.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Retzlaff, C., Yamamoto, Y., Hoffman, P. S., Friedman, H., and Klein, T. W., 1994, Bacterial heat shock proteins directly induce cytokine mRNA and interleukin-1 secretion in macrophage cultures, Infect. Immun. 62:5689–5693.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Retzlaff, C., Yamamoto, Y., Okubo, S., Hoffman, P. S., Friedman, H., and Klein, T. W., 1996, Legionella pneumophila heat-shock protein-induced increase of interleukin-1 B mRNA involves protein kinase C signalling in macrophages, Immunol. 89:281–288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kitsukawa, K., Nakamoto, A., Koito, H., Matsuda, Y., Saito, A., and Yamamoto, H., 1995, Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) production by human T lymphocytes upon Legionella pneumophila stimulation in vitro, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 99:76–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Newton, C. A., Widen, R., Friedman, H., and Klein, T. W., 1995, Lymphocyte subset changes following primary and secondary infection of mice with Legionella pneumophila, Immunol. Infect. Dis. 5:18–26.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Klein, T.W., Newton, C., Yamamoto, Y., Freidman, H. (2002). Immune Responses to Legionella. In: Opportunistic Intracellular Bacteria and Immunity. Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46809-3_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46809-3_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-45894-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-46809-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics