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Biochemistry of Amazonian Floodplain Trees

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Book cover Amazonian Floodplain Forests

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 210))

Abstract

Trees colonizing Central Amazonian floodplains are subjected to extended periods of waterlogging and submersion surviving up to seven months of flooding per year. Flood is a consequence of changes in water level of ca. 10 m in the largest rivers of the region, and leads to a fast depletion of oxygen in the soil modifying the metabolism of the plants. Flooding tolerance varies between species and ecotypes as well as the biochemical traits and processes allowing the survival and adaptation of plant species. This results in a typical substitution of plant communities in these environments according to the depth of inundation. Amongst the developed metabolic adjustments and growth strategies and adaptations plants may show wood-ring formation, indicating annual growth reduction related to the inundation phase. The reduction of growth is preceded by stomatal closing, degradation of leaf chlorophyll, decrease of photosynthetic rates, carbohydrate translocation, and alteration of the hormonal balance. Floodplain trees develop as well protection mechanisms which can diminish damages caused by the long lasting annual hypoxia or even anoxia. Although the majority of woody plants can support periods of anoxia varying between a few hours to some days, in non-adapted species, irreversible damages can be caused leading to the death of the roots, when longer periods of flooding are imposed. These damages are attributed to the accumulation of toxic end products of the anaerobic metabolism, the loss of metabolic energy or the lack of respiration substrate. All and all the adaptations described at the biochemical level for temperate tree species inhabiting wetland are found in Amazonian floodplain trees; however, they are not enough to explain plant survival. This indicates the existence of novel mechanisms still to be found which together with the fate of the tree species inhabiting Amazonian floodplains in a changing climate are the main challenges faced by wetland scientists in the near future.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by FAPEAM/CNPq – PRONEX “Tipologias Alagáveis”, by the INPA/Max-Planck Project and the SHIFT Program ENV-29 Project (CNPq-BMBF). The Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia provided logistic support. We acknowledge Celso Rabelo Costa and Valdeney Azevedo for technical assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wetlands Ecology and Adaptations of Plants to Flooding, National Institute of Amazon Research (INPA), 69011–970, Manaus-AM, Brazil

    Maria T. F. Piedade

  2. Department of Botany, University of Brasilia, 70904-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    Cristiane S. Ferreira

  3. National Institute of Amazon Research (INPA), 69011-970, Manaus, AM, Brazil

    Astrid de Oliveira Wittmann

  4. Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05422-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Marcos Buckeridge

  5. Flottbek Systematik der Pflanzen, University of Hamburg, Biozentrum Klein, Hamburg, Germany

    Pia Parolin

  6. Biocentre Klein Flottbek, Dept of Plant Systematics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Pia Parolin

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  1. Maria T. F. Piedade
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  2. Cristiane S. Ferreira
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  3. Astrid de Oliveira Wittmann
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  4. Marcos Buckeridge
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  5. Pia Parolin
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Correspondence to Maria T. F. Piedade .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. MPI für Limnologie, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, Plön, 24306, Germany

    Wolfgang J. Junk

  2. Amazonia (INPA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

    Maria T. F. Piedade

  3. MPI für Chemie, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 27, Mainz, 55128, Germany

    Florian Wittmann

  4. Abt. Chemie der Atmosphäre, MPI für Chemie, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 27, Mainz, 55128, Germany

    Jochen Schöngart

  5. FB Biologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg, 22609, Germany

    Pia Parolin

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Piedade, M.T.F., Ferreira, C.S., Wittmann, A.d.O., Buckeridge, M., Parolin, P. (2010). Biochemistry of Amazonian Floodplain Trees. In: Junk, W., Piedade, M., Wittmann, F., Schöngart, J., Parolin, P. (eds) Amazonian Floodplain Forests. Ecological Studies, vol 210. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8725-6_6

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