Skip to main content

Animal Leptospirosis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Leptospira and Leptospirosis

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 387))

Abstract

Leptospirosis is a global disease of animals , which can have a major economic impact on livestock industries and is an important zoonosis. The current knowledge base is heavily biased towards the developed agricultural economies. The disease situation in the developing economies presents a major challenge as humans and animals frequently live in close association. The severity of disease varies with the infecting serovar and the affected species, but there are many common aspects across the species; for example, the acute phase of infection is mostly sub-clinical and the greatest economic losses arise from chronic infection causing reproductive wastage. The principles of, and tests for, diagnosis , treatment , control and surveillance are applicable across the species.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdulla PK, Karstad L, Fish NA (1962) Cultural and serological evidence of leptospirosis in deer in Ontario. Can Vet J 3:71–78

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Afzal M, Sakkir M (1994) Survey of antibodies against various infectious disease agents in racing Camels in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Revue-Scientifique-et-Technique -Office-International-des-Epizooties 13:787–792

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agunloye CA (2001) Agglutinating antibodies to leptospires in slaughter pigs in Ibadan, Nigeria. Trop Veterinarian 19:188–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Agunloye CA (2002) Leptospiral agglutinating antibodies in sheep and goats in South-West Nigeria. Israel J Vet Med 57:28–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Agunloye CA, Nash AS (1996) Investigation of possible leptospiral infection in cats in Scotland. J Small Anim Pract 37:126–129

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed R (1990) Leptospiral infection in lactating buffaloes. Pakistan Vet J 10:98–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khleif A, Damriyasa IM, Bauer C, Menge C, Herbst W (2009) A serosurvey for infections with Leptospira serovars in pigs from Bali, Indonesia. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 116:389–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali H, Saeid S (2012) Seroprevalence of leptospiral infection in Horses, Donkeys and Mules in East Azerbaijan province. Afr J Microbiol Res 6:4384–4387

    Google Scholar 

  • Alt DP, Bolin CA (1996) Preliminary evaluation of antimicrobial agents for treatment of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona infection in hamsters and swine. Am J Vet Res 57(59–62):24

    Google Scholar 

  • Alt DP, Zuerner RL, Bolin CA (2001) Evaluation of antibiotics for treatment of cattle infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:636–639

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alt DP, Olsen S, Bolin C (2012) Concerns about Leptospira vaccine efficacy study. Am J Vet Res 73:928–929

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves CJ, Vasconcellos SA, Morais ZM, JSLd A, Clementino IJ, Azevedo SS, Santos FA (2003) Valuation the level of antibodies anti-leptospira in cats from the city of Patos, PB. La Clinica Veterinaria 8:48–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1966) C.D.C. Zoonosis surveillance: leptospiral serotypes distribution lists according to host and geographical area. U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1974) C.D.C. Zoonosis surveillance: Leptopsiral serotypes distribution lists according to host and geographical area. Supplement July 1966 to July 1973. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1998) Leptospirosis cases rising in United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:472

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2012) Cattle health certification standards, incorporating rules for cattle health schemes. CHeCS technical document:July 2012, 43pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbour J, Blais MC, Carioto L, Sylvestre D (2012) Clinical leptospirosis in three cats (2001–2009). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 48:256–260

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arent Z, Frizzel C, Gilmore C, Mackie D, Ellis WA (2013) Isolation of leptospires from genital tract of sheep. Vet Rec 173:582

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Athanazio DA, Silva EF, Santos CS, Rocha GM, Vannier-Santos MA, McBride AJA, Ko AI, Reis MG (2008) Rattus norvegicus as a model for persistent renal colonization by pathogenic Leptospira interrogans. Acta Trop 105:176–180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Artiushin SC, Timoney JF, Balasuriya UB, Erol E, Sells SF (2012) Real-time PCR for detection of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona type kennewicki in equine clinical specimens. J Equine Vet Sci 32:S53

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayanegui-Alcerreca MA, Wilson PR, Mackintosh CG, Collins-Emerson JM, Heuer C, Midwinter AC, Castillo-Alcala F (2007) Leptospirosis in farmed deer in New Zealand : a review. NZ Vet J 55:102–108

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babudieri B, Carlos ER, Carlos ET Jr (1973) Pathogenic Leptospira isolated from toad kidneys. Trop Geogr Med 25:297–299

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bain CB, Cruz NC, Fortugaleza DO, Guzman LE (1988) Prevalence of antibodies to arboviruses and Leptospira interrogans among captive Phillipine monkeys. Philippine J Vet Med 25:19–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Balakrishnan G, Govindarajan R, Meenambigai TV, Manohar BM (2011) Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among sheep in Tamilnadu. Tamilnadu J Vet Anim Sci 7:285–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow AM (2004) Reproductive failure in sows associated with Leptospira mozdok from a wildlife source. Pig J 54:123–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Batza HJ, Weiss R (1987) Occurrence of Leptospira antibodies in cat serum samples. Kleintierpraxis 32(171–172):174

    Google Scholar 

  • Baulu J, Everard COR, Everard JD (1987) Leptospires in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) on Barbados. J Wildl Dis 23:60–66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baverud V, Gunnarsson A, Engvall EO, Franzen P, Egenvall A, Engvall EO (2009) Leptospira seroprevalence and associations between seropositivity, clinical disease and host factors in horses. Acta Vet Scand 51:15

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett RB (1994) A computer-based decision model of leptospirosis control in dairy herds—what use for veterinary practice? cattle Practice 2:541–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahaman AR, Marshall RB, Blackmore DK, Hathaway SW (1980) Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo from sheep in New Zealand (correspondence). NZ Vet J 28(171):178

    Google Scholar 

  • Baitchman EJ, Calle PP, James SB, Linn MJ, Raphael BL (2006) Leptospirosis in Wied’s marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii). J Zoo Wildl Med 37:182–185

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bielanski A, Surujballi O (1998) Penetration of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos by Leptospira after in vitro exposure. Theriogenology 49:250

    Google Scholar 

  • Biscola NP, Fornazari F, Saad E, Richini-Pereira VB, Campagner MV, Langoni H, Barraviera B, Ferreira Junior RS (2011) Serological investigation and PCR in detection of pathogenic leptospires in snakes. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 31:806–811

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolin C (2002). Leptospirosis posing new threat for canine hepatic, renal disease. In Focus:31-34

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolin CA, Cassells JA (1990) Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava from stillborn and weak pigs in Iowa. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1601–1604

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolin CA, Cassells JA (1992) Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovars bratislava and hardjo from swine at slaughter. J Vet Diagn Invest 4:87–89

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolin CA, Cassells JA, Zuerner RL, Trueba G (1991) Effect of vaccination with a monovalent Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis vaccine on type hardjo-bovis infection of cattle. Am J Vet Res 52:1639–1643

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolin CA, Thiermann AB, Handsaker A, Foley JW (1989a) Effect of vaccination with a pentovalent leptospiral vaccine on Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis infection of pregnant cattle. Am J Vet Res 50:161–165

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolin CA, Zuerner RL, Trueba G (1989b) Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine containing Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis on type hardjo-bovis infection in cattle. Am J Vet Res 50:2004–2008

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolt I, Marshall RB (1995a) The epidemiology of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in grower pig herds. NZ Vet J 43:10–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolt I, Marshall RB (1995b) The epidemiology of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in grower pig herds. NZ Vet J 43:204

    Google Scholar 

  • Boqvist S, Montgomery JM, Hurst M, Thu HTV, Engvall EO, Gunnarsson A, Magnusson U (2003) Leptospira in slaughtered fattening pigs in southern Vietnam: presence of the bacteria in the kidneys and association with morphological findings. Vet Microbiol 93:361–368

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boqvist S, Eliasson-Selling L, Bergström K, Magnusson U (2012) The association between rainfall and seropositivity to Leptospira in outdoor reared pigs. Vet J 193:135–139

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borku MK, Kurtdede A, Aydin Y, Durgut R, Pekkaya S, Ozkanlar Y (2000) Clinical, laboratory and pathological findings in cats and Dogs exhibiting chronic renal failure signs. Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi 47:281–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Borstel MV, Oppen TV, Glitz F, Fruhauf B, Deegen E, Boeve MH, Ohnesorge B (2005) Long-term results of pars-plana (double-port) vitrectomy in equine recurrent uveitis. Pferdeheilkunde 21:13–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Borstel MV, Oey L, Strutzberg-Minder K, Boeve MH, Ohnesorge B (2010) Direct and indirect detection of leptospires in vitreal samples of horses with ERU. Pferdeheilkunde 26:219–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryson DG, Ellis WA (1976) Leptospirosis in a British domestic cat. J Small Anim Pract 17:459–465

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgemeister R, Leyk W, Gossler R (1975) Studies on the occurrence of parasites and bacterial and viral infections in southern Tunisian dromedaries. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 82:352–354

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron CE, Zuerner RL, Raverty S, Colegrove KA, Norman SA, Lamboum DM, Jeffiies SJ, Gulland FM (2008) Detection of pathogenic Leptospira bacteria in pinniped populations via PCR and identification of a source of transmission for zoonotic leptospirosis in the marine environment. J Clin Microbiol 46:1728–1733

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carmona-Gasca AC, Lara LL, Castillo-Sanchez OL, Ramirez-Ortega MJ, Ko A, Palomera LC, de la Pena-Moctezuma A (2011) Detection of Leptospira santarosai and L. kirschneri in cattle: new isolates with potential impact in bovine production and public health. Veterinaria Mexico 42:277–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerqueira GM, McBride AJA, Hartskeerl RA et al (2010) Bioinformatics describes novel loci for high resolution discrimination of Leptospira isolates. PLoS One 5(10):1533

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerri D, Ebani VV, Fratini F, Pinzauti P, Andreani E (2003) Epidemiology of leptospirosis: observations on serological data obtained by a “Diagnostic Laboratory for Leptospirosis” from 1995 to 2001. Microbiologica 26:383–389

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charon NW, Johnson RC, Muschel LH (1975) Antileptospiral activity in lower vertebrate sera. Infect Immun 12:1386–1391

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan K-W, Hsu Y-H, Hu W-L, Pan M-J, Lai J-M, Huang K-C, Chou S-J (2014) Serological and PCR detection of feline Leptospira in southern Taiwan. Vector Borne Zoon Dis 14:118–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiareli D, Cosate MRV, Moreira EC, Leite RC, Lobato FCF, da Silva JA, Teixeira JFB, Marcelino AP (2012) Control of leptospirosis in dairy cattle with autogenous vaccine in Santo Antonio do Monte, MG, Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 32:633–639

    Google Scholar 

  • Claus A, de Maele IV, Pasmans F, Gommeren K, Daminet S (2008) Leptospirosis in dogs: a retrospective study of seven clinical cases in Belgium. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 77:259–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortese V, Behan S, Galvin J, Penka D, Ramsey D, Bryson W, Lucas M (2007) Evaluation of two antimicrobial therapies in the treatment of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo infection in experimentally infected cattle. Vet Therap 8:201–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Cousins DV, Ellis TM, Parkinson J, McClashan CH (1989) Evidence for sheep as a maintenance host for Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Vet Rec 124:123–124

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox TE, Smythe LD, Leung LKP (2005) Flying foxes as carriers of pathogenic Leptospira species. J Wildl Dis 41:753–757

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • da Silva RC, da Costa VM, Shimabukuro FH, Richini-Pereira VB, Menozzi BD, Langoni H (2012) Frequency of Leptospira spp. in sheep from Brazilian slaughterhouses and its association with epidemiological variables. Pesquisa Vet Bras 32:194–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Dehkordi FS, Taghizadeh F (2012) Prevalence and some risk factors associated with brucellosis and leptospirosis in aborted fetuses of ruminant species. Res Opin Anim Vet Sci 2:275–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Desvars A, Naze F, Benneveau A, Cardinale E, Michault A (2013) Endemicity of leptospirosis in domestic and wild animal species from Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). Epidemiol Infect 141:1154–1165

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dey S, Mohan CM, Kumar T, Ramadass P, Nainar AM, Nachimuthu K (2004) Recombinant Lipl32 antigen-based single serum dilution elisa for detection of canine leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol 103:99–106

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhaliwal GS, Murray RD, Dobson H, Montgomery J, Ellis WA (1996a) Effect of vaccination against Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo on milk-production and fertility in dairy cattle. Vet Rec 138:334–335

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhaliwal GS, Murray RD, Dobson H, Montgomery J, Ellis WA (1996b) Reduced conception rates in dairy cattle associated with serological evidence of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection. Vet Rec 139:110–114

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickeson D, Love DN (1993) A serological survey of dogs, cats and horses in south-eastern Australia for leptospiral antibodies. Aust Vet J 70:389–390

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diesch SL, McCulloch WF, Braun JL, Ellinghausen HC (1966) Leptospires isolated from frog kidneys. Nature 209:939–940

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon P, Coppack R (2002) Equine recurrent uveitis. Vet Rec 150:556

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doosti A, Tamimian NH (2011) Diagnosis of leptospiral abortion in bovine by polymerase chain reaction. Global Veterinaria 7:79–82

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doosti A, Ahmadi R, Arshi A (2012) PCR detection of leptospirosis in Iranian Camels. Bulgarian J Vet Med 15:178–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorjee S, Heuer C, Jackson R, West DM, Collins-Emerson JM, Midwinter AC, Ridler AL (2008) Prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in sheep in a sheep-only abattoir in New Zealand. NZ Vet J 56:164–170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egan J, Yearsley D (1987) Serological survey of leptospiral antibodies in cattle, sheep and pigs in the Republic of Ireland. Irish Vet J 41:213–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Elder JK, McKeon GM, Duncalfe F, Ward WH, Leutton RD (1986) Epidemiological studies on the ecology of Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and hardjo in Queensland. Prev Vet Med 3:501–521

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellinghausen HC (1973) Growth teperatures, virulence, survival, and nutrition of leptospires. J Med Microbiol 6:487–497

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA (1999). Equine leptospirosis. Equine infectious diseases VIII. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference, Dubai. R&W Publications (Newmarket) Ltd, Newmarket, pp 155–158, 23–26 March 1998

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA (1994) Leptospirosis as a cause of reproductive failure. Vet Clin Nth Am Food Anim Pract 10:463–478

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA (2010) Control of canine leptospirosis in Europe: time for a change? Vet Rec 167:602–605

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA (2012) Leptospirosis. In: Zimmerman JJ, Karriker LA, Ramirez A, Swartz KJ, Stevenson GW (eds) Diseases of swine. Wiley, New York, pp 770–778

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, O’Brien JJ, Neill SD, Ferguson HW, Hanna J (1982a) Bovine leptospirosis: microbiological and serological findings in aborted fetuses. Vet Rec 110:147–150

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, O’Brien JJ, Neill SD, Hanna J (1982b) Bovine leptospirosis: serological findings in aborting Cows. Vet Rec 110:178–180

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, Bryson DG, Neill SD, McParland PJ, Malone FE (1983a) Possible involvement of leptospires in abortion, stillbirths and neonatal deaths in sheep. Vet Rec 112:291–293

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, O’Brien JJ, Cassells JA, Montgomery J (1983b) Leptospiral infection in horses in Northern Ireland: serological and microbiological findings. Equine Vet J 15:317–320

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, Bryson DG, O’Brien JJ, Neill SD (1983c) Leptospiral infection in aborted equine foetuses. Equine Vet J 15:321–324

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, O’Brien JJ, Bryson DG, Mackie DP (1985a) Bovine leptospirosis: some clinical features of serovar hardjo infection. Vet Rec 117:101–104

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, O’Brien JJ, Cassells JA, Neill SD, Hanna J (1985b) Excretion of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo following calving or abortion. Res Vet Sci 39:296–298

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, Montgomery J, Cassells JA (1985c) Dihydrostreptomycin treatment of bovine carriers of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Res Vet Sci 39:292–295

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, Songer JG, Montgomery J, Cassells JA (1986a) Prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo in the genital and urinary tracts of non pregnant cattle. Vet Rec 118:11–13

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, McParland PJ, Bryson DG, Thiermann AB, Montgomery J (1986b) Isolation of leptospires from the genital tract and kidneys of aborted sows. Vet Rec 118:294–295

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, Cassells JA, Doyle J (1986c) Genital leptospirosis in bulls. Vet Rec 118:333

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, McParland PJ, Bryson DG, Cassells JA (1986d) Boars as carriers of leptospires of the Australis serogroup on farms with an abortion problem. Vet Rec 118:563

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, McParland PJ, Bryson DG, Cassells JA (1986e) Prevalence of Leptospira infection in aborted pigs in Northern Ireland. Vet Rec 118:63–65

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, Thiermann AB (1986) Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava from sows in Iowa. Am J Vet Res 47:1458–1460

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, Thiermann AB, Montgomery J, Handsaker A, Winter PJ, Marshall RB (1988) Restriction endonuclease analysis of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo isolates from cattle. Res Vet Sci 44:375–379

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, Montgomery JM, McParland PJ (1989) An experimental study with a Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava vaccine. Vet Rec 125:319–321

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, Montogomery JM, Thiermann AB (1991) Restriction endonuclease analysis as a taxonomic tool in the study of pig isolated belonging to the australis serogroup of Leptospira interrogans. J Clin Microbiol 29:957–961

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis WA, Yan KT, McDowell SWJ, Mackie DP, Pollock JM, Taylor MJ (2000) Immunity to bovine leptospirosis. In: Proceedings of the 21st World Buiatrics Congress, pp 10601–10611

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezeh AO, Kmety E, Ellis WA, Addo PB, Adesiyun AA (1989) Characterisation of leptospires isolated from cattle and man in Plateau State, Nigeria. Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties 8(1009–1020):1026

    Google Scholar 

  • Faine S (1963) Antibody in the renal tubles and urine of mice. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sic 41:81–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Farina R, Cerri D, Renzoni G, Andreani E, Mani P, Ebani V, Pedrini A, Nuvoloni R (1996) Leptospira interrogans in the genital tract of sheep. Research on ewes and rams experimentally infected with serovar hardjo (Hardjobovis). Microbiologica 19:235–242

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feresu SB (1992) Isolation of Leptospira interrogans from kidneys of Zimbabwe beef cattle. Vet Rec 130:446–448

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson LC, Powers TE (1956) Experimental leptospirosis in pregnant swine. Am J Vet Res 17:471–477

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris DH, Hanson LE, Hoerlein AB, Beamer PD (1960) Experimental infection of white-tailed deer with Leptospira pomona. Corn Vet 50:236–250

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris DH, Rhoads WE, Hanson LE, Galton M, Manfield ME (1961) Research into the Nidality of Leptospira ballum in campestral host including the hog-nosed snake (Heterodon platyrhinus). Cornell Vet 51:406–419

    Google Scholar 

  • Flint SH, Marshall RB, Winter PJ (1986) Dual infections of red deer (Cervus elaphus) by Leptospira interrogans serovars copenhageni and hardjo. NZ Vet J 34:70–71

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frantz JC, Hanson LE, Brown AL (1989) Effect of vaccination with a bacterin containing Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava on the breeding performance of swine herds. Am J Vet Res 50:1044–1047

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frerichs GN, Maley AD (1980) Pseudoleptospires in blood culture [letter]. J Clin Pathol 33:905–906

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher A (2011) Leptospirosis in a dog with uveitis and presumed cholecystitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 47:162–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautam R, Wu CC, Guptill LF, Potter A, Moore GE (2010) Detection of antibodies against Leptospira serovars via microscopic agglutination tests in dogs in the United States, 2000–2007. J Am Vet Med Assoc 237:293–298

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Genovez ME, Scarcelli E, Piatti RM, Girio RJS, Cardoso MV, Miyashiro S, Castro V (2004) Leptospira spp. detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in thoroughbred equine semen—case report. Arquivos do Instituto Biologico (Sao Paulo) 71:546–548

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerritsen MJ, Koopmans MJ, Peterse D, Olyhoek T (1994) Sheep as maintenance host for Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis. Am J Vet Res 55:1232–1237

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glosser JW, Sulzer CR, Eberhardt M, Winkler WG (1974) Cultural and serologic evidence of Leptospira interrogans serotype Tarassovi infection in turtles. J Wildl Dis 10:429–435

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gravekamp C, Korver H, Montgomery J, Everard COR, Carrington D, Ellis WA, Terpstra WJ (1991) Leptospires isolated from toads and frogs on the island of Barbados. Int J Med Microbiol 275:403–411

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene CE, Sykes JE, Brown CA et al (2007) Leptospirosis. In: Greene CE (ed) Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, 3rd edn. Elsevier, St Louis, pp 402–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajikolaei MRH, Gorbanpour M, Haidari M, Abdollapour G (2005) Comparison of leptospiral infection in the horse and Donkey. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 49:175–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamond C, Martins G, Lilenbaum W, Medeiros MA (2012a) PCR detection of leptospiral carriers among seronegative horses. Vet Rec 171:105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamond C, Martins G, Lilenbaum W, Medeiros MA (2012b) Rapid and efficient diagnosis of leptospirosis in an aborted foal by PCR of gastric juice. Vet Microbiol 160:274–275

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamond C, Martins G, Lawson-Ferreira R, Medeiros MA, Lilenbaum W (2013a) The role of horses in the transmission of leptospirosis in an urban tropical area. Epidemiol Infect 141:33–35

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamond C, Martins G, Medeiros MA, Lilenbaum W (2013b) Presence of leptospiral DNA in semen suggests venereal transmission in horses. J Equine Sci 33:1157–1159

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartman EG, Brummelman B, Dikken H (1975) Leptospirae of serotype lora of the serogroup Australis isolated for the first time from swine in the Netherlands. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 100:421–425

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman EG (1984) An IgM- and IgG-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect anti-leptospiral immunoglobulins in dogs. Ztlbt Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg Series A 257:508–510

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartskeerl RA, Goris MGA, Brem S, Meyer P, Kopp H, Gerhards H, Wollanke B (2004) Classification of Leptospira from the eyes of horses suffering from recurrent uveitis. J Vet Med Series B 51:110–115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassanpour A, Imandar M, Abdollahpour GR, Mahsayekhi M (2011) Seroprevalence of leptospiral infection in ewes in Khoy-Iran. Adv Environ Biol 5:2033–2038

    Google Scholar 

  • Hathaway SC (1981) Leptospirosis in New Zealand: an ecological view. NZ Vet J 29:109–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hathaway SC, Little TWA (1981) Prevalence and clinical significance of leptospiral antibodies in pigs in England. Vet Rec 108:224–228

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hathaway SC, Blackmore DK (1981) Ecological aspects of the epidemiology of infection with leptospires of the Ballum serogroup in the black Rat (Rattus rattus) and the brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus) in New Zealand. J Hyg (Lond) 87:427–436

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hathaway SC, Ellis WA, Little TW, Stevens AE, Ferguson HW (1983) Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in pigs: a new host-parasite relationship in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 113:153–154

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hathaway SC, Little TW, Pritchard DG (1986) Problems associated with the serological diagnosis of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in bovine populations. Vet Rec 119:84–86

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann GP, Lage AP, Moreira EC, Haddad JPA, JRd R, Rodrigues RO, Leite RC (2004) Seroprevalence of agglutinins of anti-Leptospira sp in sheep from the Southeast and Southwest Meso-regions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Ciencia Rural 34:443–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins RJ, Harbourne JF, Little TW, Stevens AE (1980) Mastitis and abortion in dairy cattle associated with Leptospira of the serotype hardjo. Vet Rec 107:307–310

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges RT, Thomson J, Townsend KG (1979) Leptospirosis in pigs: the effectiveness of streptomycin in stopping leptospiruria. NZ Vet J 27:124–126

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyakutake S, Biasi PD, Belluomini HE, Santa Rosa CA (1980) Leptospiroses in Brazilian snakes. Int J Zoon 7:73–77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez-Contreras A, Hernandez-Godinez B, Torres-Barranca JI, Melendez-Velez P (2010) Antibodies findings against Leptospira spp., of the serovars Panama, Lai, Australis, Shermani, and Patoc, in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto) in conditions of captivity. Archivos De Medicina Veterinaria 42:101–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaffe JE, Hartskeerl RA, Bolhuis HGH, Ahmed A, Houwers DJ (2007).Serological survey of leptospirosis in a Dutch primate colony and the local rodent population. In: Erkrankungen der Zootiere Verhandlungsbericht des 43 Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere, Edinburgh, 19–20 May 2007, pp 257–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagun AT, Ajayi OL, Ilugbo MO, Olugasa BO (2011) Isolation and prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans in slaughtered cattle in two abattoirs in southwestern Nigeria. In: Animal hygiene and sustainable livestock production. In: Proceedings of the 15th international congress of the international society for animal hygiene, vol 1. Vienna, 3–7 July 2011, pp 235–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamshidi S, Akhavizadegan MA, Bokaie S, Maazi N, Ali AG (2009) Serologic study of feline leptospirosis in Tehran, Iran. Iranian J Microbiol 1:32–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang L, Lu Q, Luo Y, Ye J, Zhang Z, Xu B, Jiang LP, Lu QY, Luo Y, Ye JL, Zhang Z, Xu BX (2011) Application of a lipL32-PCR method for detection of Leptospira interrogans. Chinese J Vector Biol Cont 22:388–392

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez MA, Sanchez B, Pena L (2013) Itistopathological detection of subclinical leptospirosis in free-ranging Iberian Lynxes (Lynx pardinus). J Comp Pathol 148:55

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RC, Seiter CW (1976) Leptospira and their cultivation. Monograph Reheis Chem Co. Phoenix, Arizona, pp :1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalsow CM, Dwyer AE (1998) Retinal immunopathology in horses with uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 6:239–251

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kemenes F, Suveges T (1976) Leptospira—induced repeated abortion in sows. Acta Vet Acad Sci Hung 26:395–403

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khalacheva M, Sherkov SH (1981) Outbreak of leptospirosis among buffaloes in Bulgaria. Veterinarna Sbirka 79:33–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Khbou MK, Hammami S, Kodjo A (2010) Anti-leptospires antibodies seroprevalence in sheep from the Fahs region, Tunisia. Revue De Medecine Veterinaire 161:185–192

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinde H, Hietala SK, Bolin CA, Dowe JT (1996) Leptospiral abortion in horses following a flooding incident. Equine Vet J 28:327–330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kingscote B (1988) Leptospiral antibodies in cattle in Alberta and evidence of an emerging serovar. Can Vet J 29:647–653

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klaasen HLBM, van der Veen M, Molkenboer MJCH, Sutton D (2013) A novel tetravalent Leptospira bacterin protects against infection and shedding following challenge in dogs. Vet Rec 172:181

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koizumi N, Muto M, Yamamoto S, Baba Y, Kudo M, Tamae Y, Shimomura K, Takatori I, Iwakiri A, Ishikawa K, Soma H, Watanabe H (2008) Investigation of reservoir animals of Leptospira in the northern part of Miyazaki prefecture. Jap J Infect Dis 61:465–468

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koizumi N, Muto MM, Akachi S, Okano S, Yamamoto S, Horikawa K, Harada S, Funatsumaru S, Ohnishi M (2013) Molecular and serological investigation of Leptospira and leptospirosis in dogs in Japan. J Med Microbiol 62:630–636

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohm A (1988) Death of a polar bear cub from Leptospira autumnalis infection. Erkrankungen der Zootiere Verhandlungsbericht des 30 Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo und Wildtiere, Sofia 1988 Berlin, German Democratic Republic; Akademie, pp 298–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulbrock M, Mv B, Rohn K, Distl O, Ohnesorge B (2013) Occurrence and severity of equine recurrent uveitis in warmblood horses—a comparative study. Pferdeheilkunde 29:27–36

    Google Scholar 

  • La-ard A, Amavisit P, Sukpuaram T, Wajjwalku W (2011) Evaluation of recombinant lig antigen-based ELISA for detection of leptospiral antibodies in canine sera. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 42:128–137

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson CE, Santa RCA, Larsson M, Birgel EH, Fernandes WR, Paim GV (1985) Laboratory and clinical features of experimental feline leptospirosis. Int J Zoonoses 12:111–119

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leon VL, Hermoso DMM, Garrido F (1987) Incidence of abortions caused by leptospirosis in sheep and goats in Spain. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 10:149–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard F, Quinn PJ, Ellis WA (1992) Possible effect of ph on the survival of leptospires in cattle urine. Vet Rec 131:53–54

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levett PN (2001) Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:296–328

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lilenbaum W, Morais ZM, Goncales AP, de Souza GO, Richtzenhain L, Vasconcellos SA (2007) First isolation of leptospires from dairy goats in Brazil. Brazil J Microbiol 38:507–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilenbaum W, Varges R, Brandao FZ, Cortez A, de Souza SO, Brandao PE, Richtzenhain LJ, Vasconcellos SA (2008) Detection of Leptospira spp. in semen and vaginal fluids of goats and sheep by polymerase chain reaction. Theriogenol 69:837–842

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilenbaum W, Varges R, Ristow P, Cortez A, Souza SO, Richtzenhain LJ, Vasconcellos SA (2009) Identification of Leptospira spp. carriers among seroreactive goats and sheep by polymerase chain reaction. Res Vet Sci 87:16–19

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lilenbaum W, Varges R, Moraes IA, Ferreira AM, Pissinatti A (2005) Leptospiral antibodies in captive Lion tamarins (Leontopithecus sp.) in Brazil. Vet J 169:462–464

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Little TWA, Parker BNJ, Stevens AE, Hathaway SC, Markson LM (1981) Inapparent infection of sheep in Britain by leptospires of the Australis serogroup. Res Vet Sci 31:386–387

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Llorente P, Leoni L, Vivot MM (2002) Leptospirosis in South-American Camelids: a study on the serological prevalence in different regions of Argentina. Archivos De Medicina Veterinaria 34:59–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Mancia A, Ryan JC, Chapman RW, Wu QZ, Warr GW, Gulland FMD, Van Dolah FM (2012) Health status, infection and disease in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) studied using a canine microarray platform and machine-learning approaches. Dev Comp Immunol 36:629–637

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marianelli C, Tarantino M, Astarita S, Martucciello A, Capuano F, Galiero G (2007) Molecular detection of Leptospira species in aborted fetuses of water Buffalo. Vet Rec 161:310–312

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marin RE, Brihuega B, Romero G (2008) Seroprevalence of infectious diseases in Llamas from Jujuy province, Argentina. Vet Argent 25:281–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Martins G, Penna B, Hamond C, Leite RCK, Silva A, Ferreira A, Brandao F, Oliveira F, Lilenbaum W (2012) Leptospirosis as the most frequent infectious disease impairing productivity in small ruminants in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 44:773–777

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masuzawa T, Hashiguchi NR, Suzuki R, Shimizu T, Iwamoto Y, Morita T, Yanagihara Y (1991) Experimental lethal infection of Leptospira interrogans in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. Can J Microbiol 37:312–315

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathur KN, Khanna VK, Purohit AK (1984) Macroscopic plate agglutination results of serological examination of camels, cattle and goats for leptospirosis in Rajasthan. [Abstract]. Indian J Pub Hlth 28:61

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Campos KJ, Calderon M, Willig MR, Pacheco V, Gotuzzo E, Gilman RH, Vinetz JM (2005) Diversity of Bat-associated Leptospira in the Peruvian Amazon inferred by Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73:964–974

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews A (1999) Equine recurrent uveitis—an update. In Practice 21:370–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer-Scholl A, Luge E, Draeger A, Nockler K, Kohn B (2013) Distribution of Leptospira serogroups in dogs from Berlin, Germany. Vector Borne Zoon Dis 13:200–202

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeown JD, Ellis WA (1986) Leptospira hardjo agalactia in sheep. Vet Rec 118:482

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McTague T (1997) Outbreak of Leptospira hardjo abortion in a lowland flock. Irish Vet J 50:128

    Google Scholar 

  • Michna SW (1970) Leptospirosis. Vet Rec 86:484–496

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michna SW, Campbell RSF (1969) The isolation of Leptospira sejroe from the kidney of aborting cattle. Vet Rec 84:83–86

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell D, Robertson A, Corner AH, Boulanger P (1966) Some observations on the diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis in swine. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 30:211–217

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Modric Z, Knezevic N (1997) Leptospirosis in domestic cats (Felis domestica Briss.) in the Sisak area. Veterinarska Stanica 28:261–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Monahan AM, Callanan JJ, Nally JE (2008) Proteomic analysis of Leptospira interrogans shed in urine of chronically infected hosts. Infect Immun 76:4952–4958

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monteiro RV, Fedullo LPL, Albuquerque CE, Lilenbaum W (2003) Leptospirosis in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Linnaeus, 1758) in Rio de Janeiro Zoo, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Veterinaria 10:126–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore GE, Guptill LF, Glickman NW, Caldanaro RJ, Aucoin D, Glickman LT (2006) Canine Leptospirosis, United States, 2002–2004. Emerg Infect Dis 12:501–503

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moreira EC (1994) Avaliação de métodos para erradicação de leptospirosis em bovinos leiteiros. Tese de Doutorado Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, p 93

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse EV, Langham RF (1958) Experimental leptospirosis. III. Caprine Leptospira pomona infection. Am J Vet Res 19:139–144

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moshkelani S, Javaheri-Koupaei M, Rabiee S, Moazeni M (2011) Detection of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from aborted bovine, ovine and caprine fetuses in Iran. Afr J Microbiol Res 5:4627–4630

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muehldorfer K (2013) Bats and bacterial pathogens: a review. Zoonoses Public Health 60:93–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Mylonakis ME, Bourtzi-Hatzopoulou E, Koutinas AF, Petridou E, Saridomichelakis MN, Leontides L, Siochu A (2005) Leptospiral seroepidemiology in a feline hospital population in Greece. Vet Rec 156:615–616

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nally JE, Monahan AM, Miller IS, Bonilla-Santiago R, Souda P, Whitelegge JP (2011) Comparative proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the urine of reservoir hosts of leptospirosis. PLoS ONE 6:26046

    Google Scholar 

  • Natarajaseenivasan K, Ratnam S (1999) Isolation of Leptospira javanica from sheep. Indian J Anim Sci 69:759–761

    Google Scholar 

  • Neiffer DL, Klein EC, Wallace-Switalski C (2001) Leptospira infection in two black Rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis Michaeli). J Zoo Wildl Med 32:476–486

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nervig RM, Garrett LA (1979) Use of furosemide to obtain bovine urine samples for leptospiral isolation. Am J Vet Res 40:1197–1200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira SJD, Bortolanza F, Passos DT, Pires Neto JAS, Fallavena LCB, TdA W (2007) Molecular diagnosis of Leptospira spp. in culled sows. Brazil J Vet Res Anim Sci 44:18–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira FCS, Azevedo SS, Pinheiro SR, Batista CSA, Moraes ZM, Souza GO, Goncales AP, Vasconcellos SA (2010) Risk factors associated with leptospirosis in cows in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 30:398–402

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira ST, Messick JB, Biondo AW, dos Santos AP, Stedile R, Dalmolin ML, de Sa Guimaraes AM, Mohamed AS, Riediger IN, Diaz Gonzalez FH (2012) Exposure to Leptospira spp. in sick dogs, shelter dogs and dogs from an endemic area: points to consider. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 40:1056

    Google Scholar 

  • Otaka DY, Martins G, Hamond C, Penna B, Medeiros MA, Lilenbaum W (2012) Serology and PCR for bovine leptospirosis: herd and individual approaches. Vet Rec 170:338

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pande PG, Sekariah PC, Ramachandra Iyer PK, Shukla RR (1961) Cerebrospinal leptospirosis in Buffalo Calves due to Leptospira hebdomadis. Curr Sci 30:147–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Pekelder JJ, Westenbrink F, Vellema P, Peterse DJ, Bokhout BA, Franken P (1993) Serological study of the occurrence of L. hardjo in sheep in The Netherlands. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 118:433–443

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perea A, Garcia R, Maldonado A, Tarradas MC, Luque I, Astorga R, Arenas A (1994) Prevalence of antibodies to different Leptospira interrogans serovars in pigs on large farms. J Vet Med Series-B 41:512–516

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira MM, Da Silva JJ, Pinto MA, Da Silva MF, Machado MP, Lenzi HL, Marchevsky RS (2005) Experimental leptospirosis in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus): a new model for studies of severe pulmonary leptospirosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72:13–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez J, Goarant C (2010) Rapid Leptospira identification by direct sequencing of the diagnostic PCR products in New Caledonia. BMC Microbiol 10:325

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perolat P, Poingt JP, Vie JC, Jouaneau C, Baranton G, Gysin J (1992) Occurrence of severe leptospirosis in a breeding colony of Squirrel monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 46:538–545

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Picardeau M (2013) Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses 43:1–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinna MH, Martins G, Pinheiro ACO, Almeida DS, Oria AP, Lilenbaum W (2012) Detection of anti-Leptospira antibodies in captive nonhuman primates from Salvador, Brazil. Am J Primatol 74:8–11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pintore A, Palmas B, Noworol M, Canu M, Fiori E, Picardeau M, Tola A, Piredda I, Ponti MN (2012) First record of Leptospira isolation from wild boars of Sardinia. European Leptospirosis Conference, Dubrovnik

    Google Scholar 

  • Poonacha KB, Donahue JM, Giles RC, Hong CB, Petritesmurphy MB, Smith BJ, Swerczek TW, Tramontin RR, Tuttle PA (1993) Leptospirosis in equine fetuses, stillborn foals, and placentas. Vet Pathol 30:362–369

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Power SB (1991) Diagnosing Leptospira in pigs. Vet Rec 128:43

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard GC (1999) Bulk milk antibody testing for Leptospira hardjo infection. cattle Practice 7:59–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Pumarola A, Mora R, Pumarola T (1987). A serological survey on Leptospira infections of pigs and cattle in the province of Barcelona (Spain). Trop Geogr Med 39:S7; Proceedings of 5th Mtg Europ Leptospira Workers, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapley WA, Cranfield MR, Mehren KG, Vas SI, Barker IK, Lathe F (1981) A natural outbreak of leptospirosis in a captive black tailed deer (Odocoileus heminonus columbianus) herd and in Dall’s sheep (Ovis dalli) at the Metropolitan Toronto zoo. In: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual proceedings, Seattle, Washington, USA, pp 115–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid AC, Herron AJ, Hines ME, Orchard EA, Altman NH (1993) Leptospirosis in a white lipped Tamarin (Saguinus labiatus). Lab Anim Sci 43:258–259

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reilly GAC, Bailie NC, Morrow WT, McDowell SWJ, Ellis WA (1994) Feline stillbirths associated with mixed Salmonella typhimurium and Leptospira infection. Vet Rec 135:608

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renaud C, Andrews S, Djelouadji Z, Lecheval S, Corrao-Revol N, Buff S, Demont P, Kodjo A (2013) Prevalence of the Leptospira serovars Bratislava, Grippotyphosa, Mozdok and Pomona in French dogs. Vet J 196:126–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribotta M, Higgins R, Perron D (1999) Swine leptospirosis: low risk of exposure for humans. Can Vet J 40:809–810

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridler A, Heuer C, West D, Dorjee S (2005). Leptospirosis in sheep in New Zealand. In: Proceedings of 6th international sheep veterinary congress, Crete, Greece, June 2005, pp 270–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Rinehart CL, Zimmerman AD, Buterbaugh RE, Jolie RA, Chase CCL (2012a) Efficacy of vaccination of cattle with the Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjoprajitno component of a pentavalent Leptospira bacterin against experimental challenge with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis. Am J Vet Res 73:735–740

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rinehart CL, Jolie RA, Zimmerman AD, Buterbaugh RE, Chase CCL (2012b) Concerns about Leptospira vaccine efficacy study. Response. Am J Vet Res 73:929

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocha T (1990) Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar mozdok from aborted swine fetuses in Portugal. Vet Rec 126:602

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues ALB, Girio RJS, Esper CR, Rodrigues LH, Magajevski FS, Oliveira MA (2003) Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona bovine semen survive contaminated experimentally. Revista Brasileira de Reproducao Animal 27:636–643

    Google Scholar 

  • Romberg J, Lang S, Balks E, Kamphuis E, Duchow K, Loos D, Rau H, Motitschke A, Jungbäck C (2012) Potency testing of veterinary vaccines: the way from in vivo to in vitro. Biologicals 40:100–106

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romero PM, Astudillo HM, Sanchez VJ, Gonzalez GL, Varela AN (2012) Antibody titers against Leptospira sp., in primates from Matecana zoo, Pereira, Colombia. Revista MVZ Cordoba 17:3224–3230

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosadio AR, Veliz AA, Castillo DH, Yaya LK, Rodriguez HA, Rivera GH, Wheeler JC (2012) Seroprevalence to pathogenic Leptospira in alpacas and vicunas from Huancavelica and Ayacucho, Peru. Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru 23:350–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross L, Jakowski R, Bolin C, Kiupel M (2011) Retrospective immunohistochemical detection of Leptospira in dogs with renal pathology. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 9:324–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth EE, Adams WV, Sanford GE, Newman K, Moore M, Greer B (1964) Isolation of Leptospira pomona from white tailed deer in Louisiana. Am J Vet Res 25:259–261

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan EG, Leonard N, O’Grady L, Doherty ML, More SJ (2012) Herd-level risk factors associated with Leptospira Hardjo seroprevalence in Beef/Suckler herds in the Republic of Ireland. Vet Ireland J 2:449–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanhueza JM, Heuer C, West D (2013) Contribution of Leptospira, Neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhea virus to fetal loss of beef cattle in New Zealand. Prev Vet Med 112:90–98

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scarcelli E, Piatti RM, Fedullo JDL, Simon F, Cardoso MV, Castro V, Miyashiro S, Genovez ME (2003) Leptospira spp. detection by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in clinical samples of captive black-capped capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). Brazil J Microbiol 34:143–146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schollum LM, Blackmore DK (1981) The serological and cultural prevalence of leptospirosis in a sample of feral goats. NZ Vet J 29:104–106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schonberg A, Hahnhey B, Kampe U, Schmidt K, Ellis WA (1992) The isolation and identification of Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava from a pig in Germany. J Vet Med Series B 39:362–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Sebastian M, Giles R, Roberts J, Poonacha K, Harrison L, Donahue J, Benirschke K (2005) Funisitis associated with leptospiral abortion in an equine placenta. Vet Pathol 42:659–662

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shigidi MTA (1974) Animal leptospirosis in the Sudan. Brit Vet J 130:528–531

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shive RJ, Green SS, Evans LB, Garner FM (1969) Leptospirosis in barbary Apes (Macaca sylvana). J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:1176–1178

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva EF, Brod CS, Cerqueira GM, Bourscheidt D, Seyffert N, Queiroz A, Santos CS, Ko AI, Dellagostin OA (2007) Isolation of Leptospira noguchii from sheep. Vet Microbiol 121:144–149

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CR, Corney BG, McGowan MR, McClintock CS, Ward W, Ketterer PJ (1997) Amoxycillin as an alternative to dihydrostreptomycin sulphate for treating cattle infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo. Aust Vet J 75:818–821

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth JA, Fitzpatrick DA, Ellis WA (1999) Stillbirth/perinatal weak Calf syndrome: a study of Calves infected with Leptospira. Vet Rec 145:539–542

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spiess BM (2008) New findings on the treatment of periodic ophthalmia. Praktische Tierarzt 89:648–650

    Google Scholar 

  • Stasilevich ZK, Dzhikidze EK, Anisimova TA, Krylova RI (2000) Serological investigations for leptospirosis in monkeys of the Adler monkey colony. Baltic J Lab Anim Sci 10:33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokes WS, Kulpa-Eddy J, Brown K, Srinivas G, McFarland R (2012) Recent progress and future directions for reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal use in veterinary vaccine potency and safety testing: a report from the 2010 NICEATM-ICCVAM International Vaccine Workshop. Dev Biol (Basel) 134:9–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subathra M, Senthilkumar TMA, Ramadass P (2013) Recombinant OmpL1 protein as a diagnostic antigen for the detection of canine leptospirosis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 169:431–437

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Subharat S, Wilson PR, Heuer C, Collins-Emerson JM (2010) Investigation of localisation of Leptospira spp. in uterine and fetal tissues of non-pregnant and pregnant farmed deer. NZ Vet J 58:281–285

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subharat S, Wilson PR, Heuer C, Collins-Emerson JM (2011) Vaccination for leptospirosis improved the weaning percentage of 2-year-old farmed red deer hinds in New Zealand. NZ Vet J 59:191–196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subharat S, Wilson PR, Heuer C, Collins-Emerson JM (2012a) Growth response and shedding of Leptospira spp. in urine following vaccination for leptospirosis in young farmed deer. NZ Vet J 60:14–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subharat S, Wilson PR, Heuer C, Collins-Emerson JM (2012b) Longitudinal serological survey and herd-level risk factors for Leptospira spp. serovars Hardjo-bovis and Pomona on deer farms with sheep and/or beef cattle. NZ Vet J 60:215–222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szonyi B, Agudelo-Flórez P, Ramírez M, Moreno N, Ko AI (2011) An outbreak of severe leptospirosis in capuchin (Cebus) monkeys. Vet J 188:237–239

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tangeman LE, Littman MP (2013) Clinicopathologic features and atypical presentations of naturally occurring canine leptospirosis: 51 cases (2000–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 243:1316–1322

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thaipadungpanit J, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Amornchai P, Boonslip S, Smythe LD, Limpaiboon R, Hoffmaster AR, Day NPJ, Peacock SJ (2011) Diagnostic accuracy of real-time PCR assays targeting 16S rRNA and lipL32 genes for human leptospirosis in Thailand: a case-control study. PLoS ONE 6:16236

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiermann AB (1982) Experimental leptospiral infections in pregnant cattle with organisms of the hebdomadis serogroup. Am J Vet Res 43:780–784

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorne T (1985) Experimental Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in pronghorn antelope. In: Proceedings of 88th annual meeting USAHA 1984 Fort Worth Texas 1984, p 634

    Google Scholar 

  • Timoney JF, Kalimuthusamy N, Velineni S, Donahue JM, Artiushin SC, Fettinger M (2011) A unique genotype of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona type kennewicki is associated with equine abortion. Vet Microbiol 150:349–353

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tochetto C, Flores MM, Kommers GD, Barros CSL, Fighera RA (2012) Pathological aspects of leptospirosis in dogs: 53 cases (1965–2011). Pesquisa Vet Bras 32:430–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomordy E, Hassig M, Spiess BM (2010) The outcome of pars plana vitrectomy in horses with equine recurrent uveitis with regard to the presence or absence of intravitreal antibodies against various serovars of Leptospira interrogans. Pferdeheilkunde 26:251–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Torten, M (1979) Leptopsirosis. In: Stoenner H, Kaplan W, Torten M (eds) A.C.R.C. Handbook series in Zoonoses, vol 1. C.R.C. Press, Boca Rato

    Google Scholar 

  • Trap D, Garin BB (1988) Leptospirosis in sheep. Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Veterinaire Pratique de France 72(283–286):288–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Tripathy DN, Hanson LE, Bedoya M, Mansfield ME (1985) Experimental infection of pregnant and lactating goats with Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and szwajizak. Am J Vet Res 46:2515–2518

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tucunduva de Faria M, Athanazio DA, Goncalves Ramos EA, Silva EF, Reis MG, Ko AI (2007) Morphological alterations in the kidney of Rats with natural and experimental Leptospira infection. J Comp Pathol 137:231–238

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tulsiani SM, Cobbold RN, Graham GC, Dohnt MF, Burns MA, Leung LKP, Field HE, Smythe LD, Craig SB (2011) The role of fruit Bats in the transmission of pathogenic leptospires in Australia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 105:71–84

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Twigg GI, Hughes DM, McDairmid A (1971) Occurrence of leptospirosis in thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 2:52–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Upadhye AS, Rajasekhar M, Ahmed SN, Krishnappa G (1983) Isolation of Leptospira Andaman from an active clinical case of jaundice in a Buffalo. Indian Vet J 60:319–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Schaik G, Schukken YH, Nielen M, Dijkhuizen AA, Barkema HW, Benedictus G (2002) Probability of and risk factors for introduction of infectious diseases into Dutch SPF dairy farms: a cohort study. Prev Vet Med 54:279–289

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verma A, Kumar P, Babb K, Timoney JF, Stevenson B (2010) Cross-reactivity of antibodies against leptospiral recurrent uveitis-associated proteins A and B (LruA and LruB) with eye proteins. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:778

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma A, Stevenson B, Adler B (2013) Leptospirosis in horses. Vet Microbiol 167:61–66

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermunt JJ, West DM, Cooke MM, Alley MR, Collins Emerson J (1994) Observations on three outbreaks of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona infection in lambs. NZ Vet J 42:133–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Sehgal SC (2001) Evaluation of microscopic agglutination test as a diagnostic tool during acute stage of leptospirosis in high and low endemic areas. Indian J Med Res 114:99–106

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vijayarani K, Reghana J, Sridhar R, Jayathangaraj MG, Thirumurugan R, Raj GD, Kumanan K (2010) A report on leptospirosis in a wild dog. Indian Vet J 87:497–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber MFVJ, Verhoeff J (2001) Integrated disease control in dairy herds: a case study from the veterinarians’ viewpoint. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 126:340–345

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wernery U, Thomas R, Raghavan R, Syriac G, Joseph S, Georgy N (2008) Seroepidemiological studies for the detection of antibodies against 8 infectious diseases in dairy dromedaries of the United Arab Emirates using modern laboratory techniques—Part II. J Camel Pract Res 15:139–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood JLN, Townsend HGG (1999) Leptospiral infections associated with disease and fertility in horses. J Anim Breed 3:39–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Zieris H (1991) Epidemiology of Leptospira interrogans serovar mozdok in former GDR. Monatsh Veterinarmed 46:355–358

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

My grateful thanks are due to Professor N. Wright for the picture of acute Canicola infection a dog kidney and to the late Dr. S.W. Michna for the photograph of acute Canicola infection in a pig.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to William A. Ellis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ellis, W.A. (2015). Animal Leptospirosis. In: Adler, B. (eds) Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 387. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics