Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

(Dys-)Functionalities of Corruption pp 243–264Cite as

The changing global norm of anti-corruption: from bad business to bad government

Die globale Anti-Korruptionsnorm im Wandel: Von Bad Business to Bad Government

  • Chapter

Abstract

Fighting corruption has become an important element of good governance. International organizations, donors and non-governmental actors monitor corruption worldwide and seek government commitments in fighting it. This article traces the efforts of international anti-corruption from its beginnings as an American legal standard for businesses to the current worldwide norm of anti-corruption as part of good governance. It analyses how the fight against corruption evolved over time, with respect to the crucial activities involved in establishing anti-corruption policies, but also with respect to how the policy itself has changed. The central argument made is that fighting corruption has developed to a global norm over time, initiated by strong state actors and disseminated with the help of non-state actors and international organizations. The idea of fighting corruption, however, changed over time from a more narrow focus on business regulation to a broader agenda related to governance. The article shows this change by analysing norm entrepreneurship, diffusion and implementation of global anti-corruption efforts.

Zusammenfassung

Der Kampf gegen Korruption hat sich zu einem zentralen Element der Förderung von Good Governance entwickelt. Internationale Organisationen, Geberorganisationen und nichtstaatliche Akteure bemühen sich zunehmend weltweit um Korruptionsbekämpfung nationaler Regierungen. Dieser Beitrag zeichnet die Entwicklung internationaler Anti-Korruptionsbemühungen von seinen Anfängen im amerikanischen Wirtschaftssektor bis hin zur Verbreitung und Weiterentwicklung internationaler Anti-Korruptions-Politiken nach. Der Beitrag argumentiert, dass der Kampf gegen Korruption sich zu einer globalen Norm entwickelt hat, angestoßen durch starke staatliche Akteure und verbreitet durch nichtstaatliche und internationale Organisationen. Der Beitrag zeigt dabei auf, inwiefern sich die Normen der Korruptionsbekämpfung gewandelt haben und sich vom Wirtschaftssektor hin zu einer breiten governance-bezogenen Agenda ausweiteten. Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiert der Artikel Norm Entrepreneurship, Diffusion sowie Implementation globaler Anti-Korruptionsnormen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbott, Kenneth W., and Duncan Snidal. 2002. Values and Interests: International Legalization on the Fight Against Corruption. Journal of Legal Studies 31 (1): 141–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abbott, Kenneth W., Robert O. Keohane, Andrew Moravcsik, Anne-Marie Slaughter, and Duncan Snidal. 2000. The concept of legalization. International Organization 54 (3): 401–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreas, Peter, and Ethan Nadelmann. 2006. Policing the globe. Criminalization and crime control in international relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Androulakis, Ioannis N. 2007. Die Globalisierung der Korruptionsbekämpfung. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argandona, Antonio. 2007. The United Nations convention against corruption and its impact on international companies. Journal of Business Ethics 74 (4): 481–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Börzel, Tanja A., Yasemin Pamuk, and Andreas Stahn. 2010. Fighting corruption abroad. The EUʼs good governance export. In Anti-corruption regimes in Europe. Between corruption, integration and culture, eds. Sebastian Wolf and Diana Schmidt-Pfister, 47–68. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, R. Charli. 2007. Setting the advocacy agenda: Theorizing issue emergence and non-emergence in transnational advocacy networks. International Studies Quarterly 51 (1): 99–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe. 1981. Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Economic Crime (R (81) 12). Adopted on June 25, 1981. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe. 1999a. Criminal Law Convention on Corruption. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/173.htm. Accessed 23 June 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe. 1999b. Explanatory report on the criminal law convention on corruption. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Reports/Html/173.htm. Accessed 23 June 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe. 2003a. Additional protocol to the criminal law convention on corruption. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/191.htm. Accessed 23 June 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe. 2003b. Recommendation on common rules against corruption in the funding of political parties and electoral campaigns. https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=2183&Site=CM&BackColorInternet=9999CC&BackColorIntranet=FFBB55&BackColorLogged=FFAC75. Accessed 24 June 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vel, Guy, and Peter Csonka. 2002. The Council of Europe Activities against Corruption. In Corruption, integrity and law enforcement, eds. Cyrille Fijnaut and Leo Huberts, 361–380. The Hague: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eser, Albin, and Michael Kubiciel. 2005. Institutions against corruption. A comparative study of the national anti-corruption strategies reflected by GRECO’s first evaluation round. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

    Google Scholar 

  • EU Observer. 2011. EU to monitor anti-corruption measures in member states. http://euobserver.com/22/32444. Accessed 01 Oct 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. 2003. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee on a comprehensive EU policy against corruption. COM (2003) 317 final. Brussels: European Commission. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do? uri = COM:2003:0317:FIN:EN:PDF. Accessed 01 July 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. 2006. Opinions on organised, cross-border crime and corruption. Summary (Fieldwork November-December 2005). Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finnemore, Martha. 1993. International organizations as teachers of norms: The United Nations educational, scientific, and cultural organization and science policy. International Organization 47 (4): 565–597.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finnemore, Martha, and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization 52 (4): 887–917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fjeldstadt, Odd-Helge, and Jan Isaksen. 2008. Anti-corruption reforms: challenges, effects and limits of World Bank support. Washington, DC: World Bank

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauci, Geoffrey and Jessica Fisher. 2011. The UK bribery act and the US FCPA: The key differences. Association of Corporate Counsel. http://www.acc.com/legalresources/quickcounsel/ukbafcpa.cfm?makepdf=1. Accessed 01 July 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, Barbara C., Kathleen A. Lacey, and Jutta Birmele. 2000. The 1998 OECD Convention: An impetus for worldwide changes in attitudes toward corruption in business transactions. American Business Law Journal 37 (3): 485–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, Barbara Cruchfield, and Kethleen A. Lacey. 2000. A coalition of industrialized nations, multilateral development banks, and non-governmental organizations: A pivotal complement to current ant-corruption initiatives. Cornell International Law Journal 33: 547–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • GRECO. 2009. How does GRECO work? http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/general/4.%20How%20does%20GRECO%20work_en.asp. Accessed 24 June 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller, Nathaniel. 2009. Defining and measuring corruption. Where have we come from, where are we now and what matters for the future? In Corruption, global security and world order, ed. Robert I. Rotberg, 47–65. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heineman, Ben W., and Fritz Heimann. 2006. The long war against corruption. Foreign Affairs 85 (3): 75–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, David, and Thomas W. Dunfee. 2000. Fighting corruption: A principled approach. The C2 principles (combating corruption). Cornell International Law Journal 33: 593–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzinger, Katharina, Christoph Knill, and Thomas Sommerer. 2008. Environmental policy convergence: The impact of international harmonization, transnational communication, and regulatory competition. International Organization 62 (3): 553–587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hotchkiss, Carolyn. 1998. The sleeping dog stirs: New signs of life in efforts to end corruption in international business. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 17 (1): 108–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Financial Institutions Anti-Corruption Task Force. 2006. Uniform framework for preventing and combating fraud and corruption. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDOII/Resources/FinalIFITaskForceFramework&Gdlines.pdf. Accessed 19 June 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahn, Detlef. 2006. Globalization as ‘Galtonʼs Problem’: The missing link in the analysis of diffusion patterns in welfare state development. International Organization 60 (2): 401–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakobi, Anja P. 2010. E Pluribus Unum? The global anti-corruption agenda and its different international regimes. In International anti-corruption regimes in Europe, eds. Sebastian Wolf and Diana Schmidt-Pfister, 87–100. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakobi, Anja P. 2013. Common goods and evils? The formation of global crime governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzenstein, Peter J., ed. 1996. The culture of national security. Norms and identities in world politics. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keck, Margaret E., and Kathryn Sikkink. 1999. Transnational advocacy networks in international and regional politics. International Social Science Journal 51 (159): 89–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knill, Christoph. 2005. Introduction: Cross-national policy convergence: Concepts, approaches and explanatory factors. Journal of European Public Policy 12 (5): 764–774.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Rensselaer W. 1999. Transnational organized crime: An overview. In Transnational crime in the Americas, ed. Tom Farer, 1–38. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meseguer, Covadonga, and Fabrizio Gilardi. 2009. What is new in the study of policy diffusion? Review of International Political Economy 16 (3): 527–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • MESICIC. 2006. Hemispheric report. First round of reviews. http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/mesicic_rounds.htm. Accessed 01 Mar 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadelmann, Ethan A. 1990. Global prohibition regimes: The evolution of norms in International Society. International Organization 44 (4): 479–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuhann, Florian. 2005. Im Schatten der Integration. OLAF und die Bekämpfung von Korruption in der Europäischen Union. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. 1994. Recommendation of the Council on Bribery in International Business Transactions. C (94)75/Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. 1997a. Convention on combating bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. 1997b. OECD actions to fight corruption. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. 2010. Report of the working group on bribery. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. 2011. UK: Chair of OECD working group on bribery concerned over delay of new bribery act. http://www.oecd.org/document/13/0,3746,en_21571361_44315115_47020557_1_1_1_1,00.html. Accessed 01 Apr 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. 2013. Fighting corruption in the public sector: OECD legal instruments on corruption prevention. http://www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/oecdlegalinstrumentsoncorruptionprevention.htm. Accessed 01 July 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panke, Diana, and Ulrich Petersohn. 2012. Why international norms disappear sometimes. European Journal of International Relations 18 (4): 719–742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pieth, Mark. 2002. International efforts to combat corruption. In Combating corruption in the European Union, ed. Barbara Huber, 129–135. Köln: Bundesanzeiger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pujas, Véronique. 2003. The European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF): A European policy to fight against economic and financial fraud? Journal of European Public Policy 10 (5): 778–797.

    Google Scholar 

  • Risse, Thomas, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink, eds. 1999. The power of human rights. International norms and domestic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1999. Corruption and government. Causes and consequences of reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossa, Donna. 2001. The anti-corruption and good governance act. The Journal of Public Inquiry Fall/Winter: 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotberg, Robert I., ed. 2009. Corruption, global security and world order. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salimbene, Franklyn P. 1999. The OAS and the OECD move against transnational bribery: implications for U.S. businesses and the foreign corrupt practices act. Business and Society Review 1004 (1): 91–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, Beth A., Frank Dobbin, and Geoffrey Garrett, eds. 2008a. The global diffusion of markets and democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, Beth A., Frank Dobbin, and Geoffrey Garrett. 2008b. Introduction: the diffusion of liberalization. In The global diffusion of markets and democracy, eds. Beth Simmons, Frank Dobbin and Geoffrey Garrett, 1–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, David A., E. Burke Rocheford Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford. 1986. Frame alignment processes, micromobilization, and movement participation. American Sociological Review 51 (4): 464–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, Robert H. 1996. Controlling corruption through collective means: Advocating the Inter-American convention against corruption. Fordham International Law Journal 20 (4): 1427–1478.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. 2003. Convention against corruption. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/index.html. Accessed 01 Apr 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNODC. 2004. United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto. http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNODC 2010. Mechanism for the review of implementation of the United Nations convention against corruption’basic documents.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Department of State. 2001. Report to congress pursuant to the international anticorruption and good governance act. http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rpt/c6698.htm. Accessed 01 Mar 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Department of State. 2008. Fifth report to congress pursuant to the international anticorruption and good governance act. http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/rpt/109571.htm#I. Accessed 01 Jul 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Hongying, and James N. Rosenau. 2001. Transparency international and corruption as an issue of global governance. Global Governance 7 (1): 25–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, Philippa. 2005. The United Nations convention against corruption: Global achievement or missed opportunity? Journal of International Economic Law 8 (1): 191–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Windsor, Duane, and Kathleen A. Getz. 2000. Multilateral cooperation to combat corruption: Normative regimes despite mixed motives and diverse values. Cornell International Law Journal 33: 731–772.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 1997. Helping countries combating corruption: The role of the World Bank. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 2000. Helping countries combat corruption. Progress at the World Bank since 1997 Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 2006. Strengthening bank group engagement on governance and anticorruption. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 2007. Implementation plan for strengthening World Bank group engagement on governance and anti-corruption. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 2011a. Overview of anticorruption. http://go.worldbank.org/K6AEEPROC0. Accessed 01 Apr 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 2011b. World Bank list of ineligible firms. http://web.worldbank.org/external/default/main?theSitePK=84266&contentMDK=64069844&menuPK=116730&pagePK=64148989&piPK=64148984. Accessed 01 Apr 2011.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Politics and International Relations, Royal Holloway, University of London, TW20 0EX Egham, Surrey, UK

    Dr. (habil) Anja P. Jakobi

Authors
  1. Dr. (habil) Anja P. Jakobi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Tobias Debiel Andrea Gawrich

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jakobi, A. (2014). The changing global norm of anti-corruption: from bad business to bad government. In: Debiel, T., Gawrich, A. (eds) (Dys-)Functionalities of Corruption. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04633-0_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation