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Volcanic Lakes pp 219–237Cite as

The Other Side of the Coin: Geochemistry of Alkaline Lakes in Volcanic Areas

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Part of the book series: Advances in Volcanology ((VOLCAN))

Abstract

Among surface waters, lakes in volcanic areas display the greatest range in pH values: from negative values up to about 12. The present chapter is a short review of the main features of alkaline lakes, which belong to the high-pH part of this range. They are characterised by saline or hypersaline waters, pH values higher than 9 and high Na+, HCO3 − and CO3 2− and low Ca2+ concentrations. Alkaline lakes are found in quiescent or recently extinct volcanic areas where neither water vapour nor acidic magmatic gases can reach surface waters. Their occurrence depends on peculiar climatic and geological conditions that allow evaporative concentration of the water (potentially evaporation much higher than water inputs and in endorheic basins) and on geochemical factors that favour a chemical evolution towards an alkaline environment (composition of the dilute input waters characterised by a ratio between total dissolved inorganic carbon and earth-alkaline elements much higher than 1). Such initial composition, due to evaporative concentration, after the deposition of earth-alkaline carbonate minerals, will lead to the above-mentioned typical composition. Alkaline lakes also host microbial communities sometimes characterised by extremely high productivity. These microbial communities are scientifically remarkable because they comprise some interesting extremophiles, which can grow not only at very high pH and salinity conditions but also in the presence of elevated concentrations of toxic elements (e.g. As, Se, Te).

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express special thanks to the Editor Dmitri Rouwet for his comments and advice for significantly improving and clarifying the early version of the manuscript. The authors would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. This work was partially funded by the Italian Dipartimento della Protezione Civile under the 2004–2006 agreement with Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV-DPC Research Project V3_7—Pantelleria; Research Unit 02).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Di Palermo, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy

    Giovannella Pecoraino, Walter D’Alessandro & Salvatore Inguaggiato

  2. Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, México DF, Mexico

    Salvatore Inguaggiato

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  1. Giovannella Pecoraino
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  2. Walter D’Alessandro
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  3. Salvatore Inguaggiato
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Correspondence to Giovannella Pecoraino .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sezione di Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Bologna, Italy

    Dmitri Rouwet

  2. GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand

    Bruce Christenson

  3. Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Franco Tassi

  4. Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Université de Savoie, Le Bourget du Lac, France

    Jean Vandemeulebrouck

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Pecoraino, G., D’Alessandro, W., Inguaggiato, S. (2015). The Other Side of the Coin: Geochemistry of Alkaline Lakes in Volcanic Areas. In: Rouwet, D., Christenson, B., Tassi, F., Vandemeulebrouck, J. (eds) Volcanic Lakes. Advances in Volcanology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36833-2_9

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