Skip to main content

Conclusions and Outlook: Research Results and Research Needs

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict

Abstract

The authors of this volume argue that research into the effects of climate change on human security, on societal stability, and on violent conflict is still in its early stages. There is, as yet, little in terms of established knowledge beyond the generally accepted proposition that climate change, if extensive, will have major effects on people, societies, states, and the international system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adger, W. Neil; Kelly, P. Mick; Winkels, Alexandra; Huy, Luaong Quang; Locke, Catherine, 2002: “Migration, Remittances, Livelihood Trajectories, and Social Resilience”, in: Journal of the Human Environment, 31,4: 358–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubin, Jean-Pierre; Saint-Pierre, Patrick, 2005: “A viability approach to global climate change”, in: Haurie, Alain; Vigier, Laurent (Eds): Coupling Climate and Economic Dynamics. Kluwer (Dordrecht: Kluwer): 113–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aubin, Jean-Pierre; Saint-Pierre, Patrick, 2007: “An introduction to viability theory and management of renewable resources”, in: Kropp, Jürgen; Scheffran, Jürgen (Eds.): Decision Making and Risk Management in Sustainability Science (New York, NY: Nova Science): 43–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann, Matthias, 2003: “Indikatoren für eine diskursive Evaluation transdisziplinärer Forschung”, in: Technikfolgenabschätzung – Theorie und Praxis, 12,1: 65–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biermann, Frank; Pattberg, Philipp, 2008: “Global Environmental Governance: What Can We Learn from Experience?”, in: Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 33 (November): 277–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, Richard; Bennett, Stephen R.G.; Thomas, Sandy M.; Beddington, John R., 2011: “Migration as adaptation”, in: Nature, 478 (27 October): 447–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brauch, Hans Günter, 2000: “Partnership Building Measures to deal with long-term non-military challenges affecting North-South relations”, in: Brauch, Hans Günter; Marquina, Antonio; Biad, Abdelwahab (Eds.): Euro- Mediterranean Partnership for the 21st Century (London: Macmillan, New York, St. Martin Press): 284–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula, 2009: “Towards Sustainable Peace for the 21st Century”, in: Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Grin, John; Mesjasz, Czeslaw; Kameri-Mbote, Patricia; Behera, Navnita Chadha; Chourou, Béchir; Krummenacher, Heinz (Eds.): Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol. 4 (Berlin – Heidelberg – New York: Springer-Verlag): 1295–1310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula, 2011: “Introduction: Coping with Global Environmental Change in the Anthropocene”, in: Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Mesjasz, Czeslaw; Grin, John; Kameri- Mbote, Patricia; Chourou, Béchir; Dunay, Pal; Birkmann, Jörn (Eds.): Coping with Global Environmental Change, Disasters and Security. Hexagon Series on Human and Environ-mental Security and Peace 5 (Berlin: Springer): 31–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campana, Stu, 2010: Climate Change and the Mediterranean: Reframing the Security Threat Posed by nvironmental Migration, Master's Thesis, Universiteit Amsterdam; at: <clisec.zmaw.de>.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flinterman, J. Francisca; Teclemariam-Mesbah, Rebecca; Broerse, Jacqueline E. W.; Bunders, Joske F. G., 2001: “Transdisciplinarity: The New Challenge for Biomedical Research”, in: Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 21,4 (August): 253–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foresight, 2011: Migration and Global Environmental Change Final Project Report (London: Government Office for Science); available at: <http://go.nature.com/somswg >.

  • George, Alexander L., 1979: “The Causal Nexus between Cognitive Beliefs and Decision Making Behavior: The ‘Operational Code’”, in: Falkowski, L. (Ed.): Psychological Models in International Politics (Boulder: Westview): 95–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, Alexander L., 1988: “Case Studies and Theory Development: the Method of Structured, Focused Comparison”, in: Lauren, P. G. (Ed.): History: New Approaches (New York: Free Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • George, Alexander L.; Bennett, Andrew, 2005: Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Höhne, Niklas; Phylipsen, Dian; Ullrich, Simone; Blok, Kornelis, 2005: Options for the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Research Report, UBA-FB 000771 by ECOFYS (Berlin: Federal Environmental Agency).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holling, Crawford Stanley, 1973: “Resilience and stability of ecological systems”, in: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4 (September): 1–23; at: <http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/RP-73-003.pdf >.

  • Hsiang, Solomon M.; Meng, Kyle C.; Cane, Mark A., (2011): “Civil conflicts are associated with the global climate”, in: Nature, 476, (7361): 438–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IEA, 2007: World Energy Outlook 2007: China and India Insights (Paris: International Energy Agency).

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Working Group II Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (Cambridge – New York: Cambridge University Press, December).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laitin, David D.; Caporaso, James; Collier, David; Rogowski, Ronald; Tarrow, Sidney; King, Gary; Keohane, Robert; Verba, Sidney, 1995: “The Qualitative- Quantitative Disputation: Gary King, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verbas Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research”, in: American Political Science Review, 89(,2), p.: 454–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lempert, Robert; Scheffran, Jürgen; Sprinz, Detlef F., 2009: “Methods for Long-Term Environmental Policy Challenges”, in: Global Environmental Politics, 9,3: 106–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenton, Timothy; Held, Hermann; Kriegler, Elmar; Hall, Jim W.; Lucht, Wolfgang; Ramstorf, Stefan; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim, 2008: “Tipping elements in the Earth’s climate system”, in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS), 105,6 (12 February): 1786–1793.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesjasz, Czeslaw, 2011: “Economic Vulnerability and Economic Security”, in: Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Mesjasz, Czeslaw; Grin, John; Kameri- Mbote, Patricia; Chourou, Béchir; Dunay, Pal; Birkmann, Jörn, 2010: Coping with Global Environmental Change, Disasters and Security – Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks . Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol. 5 (Berlin –Heidelberg – New York: Springer-Verlag): 123–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oswald Spring, Úrsula, 1992: “Sistema Alimentario y Desarrollo Social”, in: Pablo González Casanova (Ed.): Diseño de Investigación y la Metodología en Ciencias Sociales (Mexico, D.F.: Ed. Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Humanidades /UNAM): 23–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oswald Spring, Úrsula, 2005: “Calentamiento Global, Conflictos Hídricos y Mecanismos de Resolución”, in: Coyuntura 130 (November–December): 3–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Hans Günter, 2008: “Reconceptualizing Security in the 21st Century: Conclusions for Research and Peacemaking”, in: Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Mesjasz, Czeslaw; Grin, John; Dunay, Pal; Behera, Navnita Chadha; Chourou, Béchir; Kameri-Mbote, Patricia; Liotta, P.H. (Eds.): Globalization and Environmental Challenges: Reconceptualizing Security in the 21st Century. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol. 3 (Berlin –Heidelberg – New York: Springer-Verlag): 941–954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Brauch, Hans Günter, 2011: “Coping with Global Environmental Change – Sustainability Revolution and Sustainable Peace”, in: Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Mesjasz, Czeslaw; Grin, John; Kameri-Mbote, Patricia; Chourou, Béchir; Dunay, Pal; Birkmann, Jörn, 2010: Coping with Global Environmental Change, Disasters and Security – Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks . Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol. 5(Berlin – Heidelberg – New York: Springer-Verlag): 1487–1504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott, Konrad; Klepper, Gernot; Lingner, Stephan; Schäfer, Achim; Scheffran, Jürgen; Sprinz, Detlef, 2004: Reasoning Goals of Climate ProtectionSpecification of Art.2 UNFCCC (Berlin: Umweltbundesamt).

    Google Scholar 

  • Renn, Ortwin; Webler, Thomas; Wiedemann, Peter, 1995: Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation (Dordrecht: Kluwer).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffran, Jürgen, 1983: Komplexität und Stabilität von Makrosystemen mit Anwendungen, Diploma Thesis, Department of Physics, University of Marburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffran, Jürgen, 1992: “Environmental Applications of Military Information and Communication Technologies”, in: Brunn, Anke; Baehr, Lutz; Karpe, Hans-Jürgen (Eds.): Conversion: Opportunities for Development and Environment (Heidelberg: Springer): 122–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffran, Jürgen, 1998: “Wege zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung des Friedens”, in: Scheffran, Jürgen; Vogt, Wolfgang (Eds.): Kampf um die NaturUmweltzerstörung und die Lösung ökologischer Konflikte (Darmstadt: WBG – Primus): 291–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffran, Jürgen, 2007: “Die Evaluation transdisziplinärer Nachhaltigkeitsforschung am Beispiel USA”, in: Stoll-Kleemann, Susanne; Pohl, Christian (Eds.): Evaluation inter- und transdisziplinärer Forschung: Humanökologie und Nachhaltigkeitsforschung auf dem Prüfstand, (München: Ökom).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffran, Jürgen, 2008: “The Complexity of Security”, in: Complexity, 14,1: 13–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffran, Jürgen, 2011: “The Security Risks of Climate Change: Vulnerabilities, Threats, Conflicts and Strategies”, in: Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Mesjasz, Czeslaw; Grin, John; Kameri-Mbote, Patricia; Chourou, Béchir; Dunay, Pal; Birkmann, Jörn (Eds.): Coping with Global Environmental Change, Disasters and Security. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace 5 (Berlin: Springer): 735–756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffran, Jürgen, 2011a: “Frieden und nachhaltige Entwicklung”, in: Giessmann, Hans-Joachim; Rinke, Bernhard (Eds.): Handbuch Frieden (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften): 310–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffran, Jürgen; Battaglini, Antonella, 2011: “Climate and Conflicts – The security risks of global warming”, in: Regional Environmental Change, 11 (Suppl. 1): 27–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheffran, Jürgen; Marmer, Elina; Sow, Papa, 2012: “Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: Social networks and co-development in Northwest Africa”, in: Applied Geography, 33: 119– 127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheffran, Jürgen; Stoll-Kleeman, Susanne, 2003: “Participatory Governance in Environmental Conflict Resolution”: in: Deb, Kaushik; Srivastava, Leena (Eds.): Transition Towards Sustainable Development in South Asia (New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute): 307–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schilling, Janpeter; Akuno, Moses; Scheffran, Jürgen; Weinzierl, Thomas, 2011: On arms and adaptation: Climatechange and pastoral conflict in Northern Kenya, Working paper CLISEC-15, at: <http://clisec.zmaw.de/fileadmin/user_upload/fks/publications/working-papers/Working_paper_CLISEC-15.pdf >.

  • Scholz, John T.; Bruce Stiftel, Bruce (Eds.), 2005: Adaptive Governance and Water Conflict: New Institutions for Collaborative Planning (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future); for a review see at: <Mazmanian_2006_ReviewAdaptivegovernanceandwaterconflict.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprinz, Detlef F.; Wolinsky-Nahmias, Yael, 2004: Models, numbers, and cases: methods for studying international relations (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press). Stern, Nicholas, 2006: The Economics of Climate ChangeThe Stern Review (Cambridge – New York: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoll-Kleemann, Susanne; Pohl, Christian (Eds.), 2007: Evaluation inter- und transdisziplinärer Forschung: Humanökologie und Nachhaltigkeitsforschung auf dem Prüfstand (München: Ökom).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoll-Kleemann, Susanne; Welp, Martin (Eds.), 2006: Stakeholder Dialogues in Natural Resources Management: Theory and Practice (Heidelberg: Springer).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tschakert, Petra; Dietrich, Kathleen Ann, 2010: “Anticipatory Learning for Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience. Ecology and Society”, 15,2: 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNDDA, 1991: Charting Potential Uses of Resources Allocated to Military Activities for Civilian Endeavours to Protect the Environment, Report of the UN Department for Disarmament Affairs, (New York: United Nations).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wæver, Ole, 1995: “Securitization and Desecuritization”, in: Lipschutz, Ronnie D. (Ed.): On Security (New York: Columbia University Press): 46–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wæver, Ole, 1997: Concepts of Security (Copenhagen: Department of Political Science).

    Google Scholar 

  • Waever, Ole, 2008: “Peace and Security: Two Evolving Concepts and their Changing Relationship”, in: Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Mesjasz, Czeslaw; Grin, John; Dunay, Pal; Behera, Navnita Chadha; Chourou, Béchir; Kameri-Mbote, Patricia; Liotta, P.H. (Eds.): Globalization and Environmental Challenges: Reconceptualizing Security in the 21st Century. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol. 3 (Berlin – Heidelberg – New York: Springer- Verlag): 99–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wæver, Ole, 2008a: “The Changing Agenda of Societal Security”, in: Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Mesjasz, Czeslaw; Grin, John; Dunay, Pal; Behera, Navnita Chadha; Chourou, Béchir; Kameri- Mbote, Patricia; Liotta, P.H. (Eds.): Globalization and Environmental Challenges: Reconceptualizing Security in the 21st Century. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol. 3 (Berlin – Heidelberg – New York: Springer-Verlag): 581–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • WCED [World Commission on Environment and Development], 1987: Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development, (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • WBGU, 2008: World in Transition – Climate Change as a Security Risk (London: Earthscan); at: <http://www.wbgu.de/wbgu_jg2007_engl.html >.

  • Wibeck, Victoria; Dahlgren, Madeleine; Öberg, Gunilla, 2007: “Learning in focus groups: an analytical dimension for enhancing focus group research”, in: Qualitative Research, 7,2: 249–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, Edward O., 1998: Consilience (New York: Knopf).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisner, Ben, 2009: “Interactions between Conflict and Natural Hazards: Swords, Ploughshares, Earthquakes, Floods and Storms”, in: Brauch, Hans Günter; Oswald Spring, Úrsula; Grin, John; Mesjasz, Czeslaw; Kameri- Mbote, Patricia; Behera, Navnita Chadha; Chourou, Béchir; Krummenacher, Heinz (Eds.), 2009: Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol. 4 (Berlin – Heidelberg – New York: Springer-Verlag): 245–256.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jürgen Scheffran .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Scheffran, J., Brzoska, M., Brauch, H.G., Link, P.M., Schilling, J. (2012). Conclusions and Outlook: Research Results and Research Needs. In: Scheffran, J., Brzoska, M., Brauch, H., Link, P., Schilling, J. (eds) Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28626-1_38

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics