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Floral Diversity of the High Altitudes of Amanos Mountains: A Case Study from Daz Mountain-Mıgır, Turkey

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Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems

Abstract

This study presents a general view of the floristic characteristics of the plants in Daz Mountains (Mıgır hill), which is the highest part of Amanos Dortyol (Hatay). Of all 660 vascular plants, taxa belonging to 387 genera and 98 families are distributed in this area. Phytogeographically, these taxa belong to the Mediterranean (7.29 %), Euro-Siberian (10.8 %), and Irano-Turanian (6.2 %) divisions; over 53.3 % are accepted as multizones and unknowns. The total number of endemic species is 53 and endemism ratio is 8 %. Out of these, endemic taxa 1 is critical, 1 endangered, and 15 are included in the vulnerable categories. The climate change is expected to critically undermine efforts for sustainable development at these altitudes all through the Amanos Mountains by adding to the existing degradation problems. It is threatening these high-altitude ecosystems by changing the phonological behavior of the plant taxa. Some plants are flowering earlier and are shifting their ranges. Attempts are made here to present information in this connection as a case study from Mığı hills located in Daz Mountains on Amanos in the Mediterranean phytogeographical region of Turkey.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department, Cukurova University, Balcalı-Adana, Turkey

    Necattin Turkmen & Atabay Duzenli

  2. Botany Department & Centre for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey

    Münir Öztürk

Authors
  1. Necattin Turkmen
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  2. Atabay Duzenli
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  3. Münir Öztürk
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Necattin Turkmen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

    Münir Öztürk

  2. Faculty of Forestry, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

    Khalid Rehman Hakeem

  3. Faculty of Forestry, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

    I. Faridah-Hanum

  4. Department of Geogaraphy, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey

    Recep Efe

Appendix

Appendix

  • The Floristic List

  • Aceraceae

    • Acer platanoides L. Euro-Sib

  • Adiantaceae

    • Adiantum capillis-veneris L.

  • Amaranthaceae

    • Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.

    • A. chlorostachys Willd.

    • A. lividus L.

    • A. retroflexus L.

  • Anacardiaceae

    • Cotinus coggyria Scop.

    • Pistacia terebinthus L. ssp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler

    • Rhus coriaria L.

  • Apiaceae (umbelliferae)

    • Ainsworthia trachycarpa Boiss. Med.

    • Ammi majus L. Med.

    • Bunium ferulaceum Sm. Med.

    • Bupleurum intermedium Poiret

    • Cnidium silaifolium (Jacq.) Simonkai ssp. orientalis (Boiss.) Tutin

    • Daucus guttatus Sm.

    • Eryngium creticum Lam. Med

    • E. falcatum Delar Med.

    • Ferula elaeochytris Korovin Med.

    • Ferulago cassia Boiss. Med.

    • F. trachycarpa Boiss.

    • Laser trilobium (L.) Borkh.

    • Laserpitium glaucum Post Med.

    • Lecokia cretica (Lam.) DC.

    • Sanicula europaea L. Euro-Sib

    • Smyrnium connatum Boiss. & Kotschy Med.

    • Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link ssp. neglecta (Sprengel) Thellung

    • T. arvensis (Huds.) Link ssp. arvensis

    • Turgeniopsus foeniculacea (Fenzl.) Boiss.

  • Apocynaceae

    • Nerium oleander L. Med.

    • Vinca major L. ssp. major Med.

  • Aquifoliaceae

    • Ilex colchica Poj. Euro-Sib

  • Araceae

    • Arum dioscoridis Sm. var. liepoldtii (Scott) Engler Med.

  • Araliaceae

    • Hedera helix L.

  • Asclepiadaceae

    • Vincetoxicum tmoleum Boiss. Ir-Tur

  • Aspidiaceae

    • Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) Woynar.

    • Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott. Med.

    • D. pallida (Bory) Fomin.

  • Aspleniaceae

    • Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L.

    • A. cuneifolium Viv.

    • A. septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. ssp. septentrionale (L.) Hoffm.

    • A. trichomanes L.

    • Ceterach officinarum DC.

    • Phyllitis sclopenendrium (L.) Newm.

  • Asteraceae (compositae)

    • Achillea coarctata Poir.

    • A. grandiflora Friv.

    • Anthemis kotschyana BOISS. var. radians Bornm.

    • A. tinctoria L. var. tinctoria

    • Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. ssp. pubens (Babington) Arenes Euro-Sib

    • Bellis perennis L. Euro-Sib

    • Carduus amanus Rech. fil..

    • Carlina oligocephala Boiss. & Kotschy ssp. oligocephala carpa Moris Med.

    • Centaurea aegialophila Wagenitz Med.

    • C. aucheri (DC.) Wagenitz Ir-Tur

    • C. babylonica (L.) L. Med

    • C. calcitrapa L. ssp. calcitrapa Med.

    • C. cataonica Boiss. & Hausskn. End

    • C. lycopifolia Boiss. & Kotschy Med. End

    • C. ptosimopappa Hayek Med. End

    • C. solstitialis L. ssp. solstitialis

    • Calendula arvensis L.

    • Cardopatium corymbosum (L.) Pers. Med.

    • Carduus nutans L. ssp. nutans

    • C. pycnocephalus L. ssp. albidus (Bieb.) Kazmi

    • Chrysanthemum segetum L. Med.

    • Cichorium pumilum Jack Med.

    • Cirsium leuconeurum Boiss. & Hausskn.

    • Condrilla juncea L. var. juncea

    • Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist

    • C. canadensis (L.) Cronquist

    • Crepis reuterana Boiss. ssp. reuterana

    • C. sancta (L.) Babcock

    • Doronicum orientale Hoffm.

    • Echinops ritro L.

    • E. viscosus DC. ssp. bithynicus (Boiss.) Rech. fil.

    • Eupotarium cannabinum L.

    • Galatella amani (Post) Grierson Med. End

    • Gundelia tournefortii L. var. tournefortii

    • Hedypnois cretica (L.) Dum.-Cours. Med.

    • Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench ssp. aucheri (Boiss.) Davis et Kupicha Ir-Tur End

    • H. armenium DC. ssp. armenium

    • H. plicatum DC. ssp. plicatum

    • Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub. Med.

    • Hieracium laevigatum Willd. Euro-Sib

    • Hypochoeris radicata L. var. heterocarpa Moris Euro-Sib

    • Inula anatolica Boiss. End

    • I. salicina L. Euro-Sib

    • I. vulgaris (Lam.) Trevisan Euro-Sib

    • Lapsana saligna L.

    • L. serriola L. Euro-Sib

    • Lapsana communis L. ssp. intermedia (Bieb.) Hayek

    • L. communis L. ssp. psidica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Rech. fil.

    • Leontodon hispidus L. var. hispidus

    • Leucocyclus formosus Boiss. ssp. amanicus (Rech. fil.) Hub.-Mor. & Grierson Med. End

    • Onopordum acanthium L.

    • Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. Med.

    • Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. Med.

    • Picris amalecitana (Boiss.) Eig Med.

    • Pilosella echioides (Lumn.) C.H. & F.W. Schultz ssp. procera (Fries) Sell & West

    • P. hoppeana (Schul.) C.H. & F.W. Schultz ssp. troica

    • P. hoppeana (Schultes) C.H. & F.W. Schultz ssp. isaurica Hub.-Mor. Ir-Tur End

    • Ptilostemon diacantha (Lab.) Greuter Med.

    • Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh.

    • Reichardia intermedia (Schultz Bip.) Hayek Med.

    • Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Gaertner var. edulis (Gaert.) DC. Med.

    • Scorzonera cana (C.A. Meyer) Hoffm. var. cana Cosm.

    • S. cana (C.A. Meyer) Hoffm. var. radicosa (Boiss.) Chamb.

    • S. mollis Bieb. ssp. szowitzii (DC.) Chamb. Ir-Tur

    • Senecio vernalis Waldst & Kit.

    • Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner

    • Sonchus oleraceus L.

    • Steptorhampus tuberosus (Jacq.) Grossh.

    • Taraxacum sintensii Dahlst.

    • Tripleurospermum oreades (Boiss.) Rech. fil. var. oreades (Boiss.) Rech. f.

    • Tyrimnus leucographus (L.) Cass. Med.

    • Urospermum picroides (L.) F.W. Schmidt. Med.

    • Xanthium spinosum L.

    • X. strumarium L. ssp. cavenillesii (Scho.) D. Love & P. Dansr.

  • Athyriaceae

    • Athyrium filix-foemina (L.) Roth.

  • Betulaceae

    • Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. ssp. barbata (C.A. Meyer) Yalt. Euro-Sib

  • Boraginaceae

    • Alkanna amana Rech. Fil. Med. End

    • Anchusa strigosa Labill.

    • A. undulata L. ssp. hybrida (Ten.) Coutinho

    • Brunnera orientalis (Scheyk) Johnston Euro-Sib

    • Buglossoides arvensis (L.) Johnston

    • Cynoglossum creticum L.

    • C. montanum L. Grande ssp. cariense (Boiss.) R. Mill var. cariense

    • Heliotrophium europaeum L. Med.

    • Lithodora hispidula (Sm.) Griseb. ssp. versicolor Meikle Med.

    • Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum L. Euro-Sib

    • Myosotis lithospermifolia (Willd.) Hornem. Euro-Sib

    • M. alpestris F.W. Schmidt.

    • Onosma frutescens Lam Med.

    • O. inexspectatum Teppner Med. End

    • O. tauricum Patlas ex Willd. var. tauricum

    • Paracaryum lithospermifolium (Lam.) Med.

    • Symphytum brachycalix Boiss. Med.

  • Brassicaceae (cruciferae)

    • Aethionema capitatum Boiss. & Ball. End.

    • Alyssum cassium Boiss. Med.

    • A. condensatum Boiss. & Hauskn. ssp. flexibile (Nyar) Dudley

    • A. desertorum Stapf. var. prostratum Dudley

    • A. minus (L.) Rothm. var. micranthum (Meyer) Dudley

    • A. murale Waldst. & Kit. var. haradjianii (Rech.) Dudley End.

    • A. samariferum Boiss. & Hsusskn.

    • A. strictum Willd. Ir-Tur

    • A. strigosum Banks & Sol. ssp. strigosum

    • Arabis caucasica Willd. ssp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen Med.

    • A. caucasica Willd. ssp. caucasica

    • A. turrita L.

    • Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

    • Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. ssp. draba

    • Erysimum alpestre Kotschy ex Boiss. Ir-Tur End.

    • E. goniocaulon Boiss.

    • Iberis spruneri Jord. Med.

    • I. taurica DC.

    • Isatis candolleana Boiss. Ir-Tur End.

    • Neslia apiculata Fisch.

    • Raphanus raphanistrum L.

    • Ricotia sinuata Boiss. & Heldr. Med. End.

    • Sisymbrium altissimum L. ssp. flexibile (Nyar) Dudley

    • Thlaspi annuun Koch

    • T. densiflorum Boiss. et Kotschy End.

    • T. elegans Boiss. Med. End.

    • T. praeocox Wulf Euro-Sib

    • T. oxyceras (Boiss.) Hedge

    • T. kotschyanum Boiss. & Hohen.

    • T. violascens Boiss. End.

    • Turritis glabra L.

    • T. laxa (Sibth. & Sm.) Hayek

  • Buxaceae

    • Buxus sempervirens L. Euro-Sib

  • Campanulaceae

    • Asyneuma virgatum (Labill.) Bornm. ssp. virgatum

    • Campanula aucheri A. DC. Euro-Sib

    • C. postii (Boiss.) Engler Med.

    • C. rapunculus L. var. rapunculus Euro-Sib

    • C. retrorsa Labill.

    • C. trachelium L. ssp. athoa (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek Euro-Sib

    • Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix Med.

    • Michauxia campanuloides L’Herit. ex Aiton Med.

  • Capparaceae

    • Capparis spinosa L. var. spinosa

  • Caprifoliaceae

    • Lonicera xylosteum L.

    • Sambucus ebulus L. Euro-Sib

    • S. nigra L. Euro-Sib

  • Caryophyllaceae

    • Arenaria leptoclados (Reichb.) Gauss.

    • Cerastium saccardoanum Dirat

    • C. glomeratum Thuill. Cosm.

    • Dianthus polycladus Boiss. Med.

    • D. orientalis Adams

    • Gypsophila libanotica Boiss. Med.

    • Minuartia hybrida (Vill.) Schischk. ssp. hybrida

    • M. mesogitana (Boiss.) Hand.-Mazz. ssp. mesogitana Med.

    • M. tchihatchewii (Boiss.) Hand.-Mazz. End.

    • Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv.

    • Petrorhagia velutina (Guss.) Ball & Heyward

    • Phryna orthegioides (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Pax & K. Hoffm. Ir-Tur End

    • Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L.

    • Silene aegyptiaca (L.) L. fil. ssp. aegyptiaca

    • S. compacta Fischer

    • S. confertiflora Chowdh.

    • S. flavescens Waldst. & Kit.

    • S. italica (L.) Pers.

    • S. odontopetala Fenzl

    • S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke var. vulgaris

    • Telephium imperati L. ssp. orientale (Boiss.) Nyman

    • Vaccaria pyramidata var. grandiflora (Fisch. ex DC.) Cullen

  • Celastraceae

    • Euanymus latifolius (L.) Mill. ssp. latifolius Euro-Sib

  • Chenopodiaceae

    • Chenopodium album L. ssp. album var. album

    • C. foliosum (Moench.) Aschers.

  • Cistaceae

    • Cistus creticus L. Med.

    • C. salviifolius L.

    • Fumana arabica (L.) Spach var. arabica

    • F. thymifolia (L.) Variot var. thymifolia Med.

    • Helianthemum ledifolium (L.) Miller var. microcarpum Willk.

    • H. nummularium (L.) Miller ssp. tomentosum (Scop.) Schnz et Thellung

  • Convolvulacae

    • Calystegia silvatica (Kit.) Griseb.

    • Convolvulus arvensis L. Cosm.

    • C. dorycnium L. ssp. oxycephalus (Boiss.) Rech. fil Med.

  • Cornaceae

    • Cornus mas L. Euro-Sib

    • C. sanguinea L. ssp. australis (C.A. Mey.) Jav. Euro-Sib

  • Corylaceae

    • Carpinus orientalis Miller

    • Corylus avellana L. var. avellana Euro-Sib

    • Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. Med.

  • Crassulaceae

    • Rosularia libanotica (Lab.) Muirhead Med

    • Sedum album L.

    • S. caespitosum (Cav.) DC. Med.

    • S. hispanicum L. var. hispanicum

    • S. pallidum Bieb. var. pallidum

    • S. rubens L. Med.

  • Cupressaceae

    • Juniperus oxycedrus L. ssp. oxycedrus

  • Cuscutaceae

    • Cuscuta brevistyla A. Braun

    • C. campestris Yuncker Cosm.

  • Cyperaceae

    • Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla var. cymosus

    • Carex distans L. Euro-Sib

    • C. divulsa Stokes subsp. divulsa Eur-Sib

    • C. flacca Schreber ssp. serrulata (Biv.) Greuter Med.

    • C. pendula Hudson Euro-Sib

    • Cyperus rotundus L.

    • Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Sojak

  • Dioscareaceae

    • Tamus communis L. ssp. communis

  • Dipsaceae

    • Cephalaria taurica Szabo Med. End

    • Scabiosa calocephala Boiss.

    • S. columbaria L. ssp. columbaria var. intermedia (Post) Matws.

    • S. columbaria L. ssp. ochroleuca (L.) Coulter var. webbiana (Don) Matws

    • S. kurdica Post Med. End

  • Ephedraceae

    • Ephedra campylopoda C.A. Meyer

  • Equisetaceae

    • Equisetum palustre L.

  • Ericaceae

    • Arbutus andrachne L.

    • A. unedo L.

    • Erica manipuliflora Salisb. Med.

  • Euphorbiaceae

    • Mercurialis annua L.

    • M. ovata Sternb. & Hoppe Euro-Sib.,

    • Euphorbia herniariifolia Willd. var. glaberrima Hal. Med.

    • E. supina Rafin

    • E. rhytidosperma Boiss. & Bal. Med., End

    • E. apios L. var. lamprocarpa Boiss. Med.

    • E. helioscopia L.

    • E. peplus L. var. peplus

    • E. falcata L. ssp. falcata var. falcata

    • E. macrostegia Boiss.

  • Fabaceae (leguminosae)

    • Alhagi mannifera Desv.

    • Astragalus antiochinus Post Med. End

    • A. campylosema Boiss. ssp. campylosema Ir-Tur End

    • A. depressus L.

    • A. glycyphyllos L. ssp. glycyphylloides (DC.) Matws. Ir-Tur

    • A. hamosus L.

    • A. macrourus Fisch. & Mey. Ir-Tur

    • A. russelii Banks & Sol. Ir-Tur

    • A. schizopterus Boiss. Med.

    • A. thiebautii Eig Med.

    • Calicotome villosa (Poiret) Link Med.

    • Ceratonia siliqua L. Med.

    • Cercis siliquastrum L. ssp. hebecarpa (Bornm.) Yalt.

    • Chamaecytisus drepanolobus (Boiss.) Rothm. Med. End

    • C. hirsutus (L.) Link

    • Colutea cilicica Boiss. et Bal.

    • Coronilla emerus L. ssp. emerus (Boiss. & Sprun.) Uhrova

    • C. parviflora Willd. Med.

    • Cytisopsis dorycniifolia Jaub. & Spach. ssp. dorycniifolia

    • Dorycnium graecum (L.) Ser. Euro-Sib

    • D. hirsutum (L.) Ser. Med.

    • D. pentaphyllum Scop. ssp. haussknechtii (Boiss.) Gams

    • Genista anatolica Boiss. Med.

    • G. lydia Boiss. var. antiochia (Boiss.) P. Gibbs. Med.

    • G. lydia Boiss. var. lydia

    • Gonocytisus angulatus (L.) Spach Med.

    • Hymenocarpus circinnatus (L.) Savi Med.

    • Lathyrus annuus L. Med.

    • L. aphaca L. var. modestus P.H. Davis Med.

    • L. laxiflorus (Desf.) Kuntze ssp. angustifolius (Post ex Dinsm.) Davis Med. End.

    • L. niger (L.) Bernh. ssp. niger Euro-Sib

    • L. spathulatus Cel. Med.

    • Lens ervoides (Brign.) Grande Med.

    • Lotus angustissimus L.

    • L. corniculatus L. var. corniculatus

    • L. peregrinus L. var. peregrinus

    • Lupinus angustifolius L. ssp. angustifolius

    • Medicago coronota (L.) Bart. Med.

    • M. lupulina L.

    • M. minima (L.) Bart. var. minima

    • M. polymorpha L. var. vulgaris (Benth.) Shinners

    • M. rigidula (L.) All. var. rigidula

    • Melilotus elegans Salzm. Med.

    • M. indica (L.) All.

    • Onobrychis caput-galli (L.) Lam. Med.

    • O. gracilis Besser

    • Ononis phyllocephala Boiss. Med.

    • O. reclinata L. Med.

    • O. spinosa L. ssp. leiosperma (Boiss.) Sirj.

    • Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) Macbride

    • Psoralea bituminosa L. Med.

    • Scorpiurus muricatus L. var. subvillosus (L.) Fiori Med.

    • Sophora jaubertii Spach Euro-Sib

    • Spartium junceum L. Med.

    • Tetragonolobus purpureus Moench Med.

    • Trifolium angustifolium L. var. angustifolium

    • T. arvense L. var. arvense

    • T. campestre Schreb.

    • T. davisii Hossain Med. End

    • T. fragiferum L. var. pulchellum Lange

    • T. hirtum All. Med.

    • T. lappaceum L. Med.

    • T. lucanicum Gasp. Med.

    • T. physoides Stev. ex Bieb. var. physoides Med.

    • T. physoides Stev. ex Bieb. var. psilocalyx Boiss. Med.

    • T. purpureum Boiss. var. pamphylicum (Boiss. & Heldr.) Zoh. Med.

    • T. resupinatum L. var. microcephalum Zoh.

    • T. tomentosum L.

    • T. tumens Stev. ex Bieb. Euro-Sib

    • Trigonella kotschyi Fenzl Ir-Tur

    • T. spruneriana Boiss. var. sibthorpii (Boiss.) Hub.- Mor. Med.

    • Vicia canescens Lab. ssp. canescens Ir-Tur End

    • V. cracca L. ssp. cracca Euro-Sib

    • V. crocea (Desf.) B. Fedtsch. Euro-Sib

    • V. grandiflora Scop. var. grandiflora Med.

    • V. hybrida L.

    • V. lunata (Boiss. & Bal.) Boiss. var. grandiflora Plitm.

    • V. sativa L. ssp. sativa Cosm.

    • V. villosa Roth ssp. eriocarpa (Hausskn.) P.W. Ball

  • Fagaceae

    • Castanea sativa Miller Euro-Sib

    • Fagus orientalis Lipsky. Euro-Sib

    • Quercus cerris L. var. cerris Med.

    • Q. coccifera L. Med.

    • Q. infectoria Oliver ssp. boissieri (Reuter) O. Schwarz

    • Q. libani Oliver Ir-Tur

    • Q. petraea (Mat.) Liebl. ssp. pinnatiloba (C. Koch) Menitsby End

  • Gentianaceae

    • Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Hudson ssp. serotina (W. Koch ex Reichb.) Vollmann

    • Centaurium erythraea Rafin. ssp. turcicum (Velen) Melderis

  • Geraniaceae

    • Erodium acaule (L.) Becherer & Thell. Med.

    • Geranium columbinum L.

    • G. libanoticum Schenk

    • G. molle L. ssp. molle

    • G. purpureum Vill.

    • G. robertianum L.

    • G. tuberosum L. ssp. tuberosum

  • Hypericaceae (guttiferae)

    • Hypericum confertum Choisy ssp. stenobotrys (Boiss.) Holmb.

    • H. elongatum Ledeb. ssp. microcalycinum (Boiss.& Heldr.) Robson Ir-Tur

    • H. montbreti Spach

    • H. origanifolium Willd.

    • H. perforatum L.

    • H. thymifolium Banks. et Sol. Med.

  • Hypolepidaceae

    • Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

  • Illecebraceae

    • Herniaria hirsuta L.

    • H. saxatilis Brummitt End.

    • Paronychia argentea Lam var. scariossima Post Med.

    • Scleranthus annuus L. ssp. annuus

  • Iridaceae

    • Crocus cancellatus Herbert ssp. cancellatus Herbert Med. End

    • C. kotschyanus C. Koch ssp. kotschyanus

    • Gladiolus anatolicus (Boiss.) Stapf Med. End

    • G. italicus (Boiss.) Stapf

    • Gynandriris sisyrinchium (L.) Parl.

    • Iris unguicularis Poiret Med.

  • Juglandaceae

    • Juglans regia Miller

  • Juncaceae

    • Juncus inflexus L.

    • Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. Euro-Sib

  • Lamiaceae (labiatae)

    • Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreber bsp. chia (Schreber) Arcangeli var. ciliata Briq.

    • A. orientalis L.

    • Ballota nigra L. ssp. nigra (Fiori & Beg.) Petzak Med.

    • Calamintha grandiflora (L.) Moench Euro-Sib

    • C. nepeta (L.) Savi ssp. nepeta Med.

    • Clinopodium vulgare L. ssp. arundanum (Boiss.) Nyman

    • Lamium garganicum L. ssp. nepetifolium (Boiss.) R. Mill.

    • L. garganicum L. ssp. reniforme (Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham) R. Mill. Med.

    • L. macrodon Boiss. & Huet Ir-Tur

    • L. maculatum L. var. maculatum Euro-Sib

    • L. microphyllum Boiss. Med. End

    • L. truncatum Boiss. Med.

    • Marrubium globosum Montbret et Aucher ex Bentham ssp. globosum Ir-Tur End

    • Melissa officinalis L. ssp. officinalis

    • Mentha pulegium L.

    • Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce ssp. barbata (Boiss. et Kotschy) DAVIS Med.

    • Nepeta cilicica Boiss. Med.

    • Origanum laevigatum Boiss. var. laxum Post Med.

    • O. syriacum L. var. bevanii (Holmes) Leswaart Med.

    • Phlomis longifolia Boiss. & Bal. var. bailanica (Vierh.) Hub.-Mor. Med. End

    • P. viscosa Poiret Med.

    • Prunella orientalis Bornm.

    • P. vulgaris L. Euro-Sib

    • Salvia glutinosa L. Euro-Sib

    • S. viridis L. Med.

    • S. tomentosa Miller Med.

    • Satureja amani P.H. Davis Med. End

    • Scutulleria glaphyrostachys Rech. fil. Med. End

    • S. rubicunda Hormem ssp. brevibracteata (Stapf.) Edmond Med. End

    • S. salviifolia Bentham End

    • Sideritis libanotica Labill. ssp. libanotica Med.

    • S. perfoliata L. var. condensata Boiss.

    • Stachys annua (L.) L. ssp. ammophila (Boiss. & Bl.) Samuel. Med.

    • S. diversifolia Boiss. Med.

    • S. pinetorum Boiss. & Bal. Med.

    • Teucrium polium L. var. vulgare Bentham

    • Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata Med.

    • Thymus leuchotrichus Hal. var. austroanatolicus Jales

    • T. kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen var. glabrescens Boiss. Ir-Tur

    • T. sipyleus Boiss. ssp. sipyleus var. sipyleus End

    • Ziziphora capitata L. ssp. orientalis Samuel. ex Rech. Ir-Tur

  • Lauraceae

    • Laurus nobilis L. Med.

  • Liliaceae

    • Alllium ampeloprasum L. Med.

    • A. calyptratum Boiss. Med.

    • A. lycaonicum Siehe ex Hayek

    • A. scorodoprasum L. ssp. rotundum (L.) Stearn Med.

    • A. sipyleum Boiss. Med.

    • Asparagus acutifolius L. Med.

    • Asphodelina globifera J. Gay ex Baker Med.

    • A. damascena (Boiss.) Baker ssp. damascena Ir-Tur

    • Asphodelus aestivus Brot. Med.

    • Colchicum cilicicum (Boiss.) Dammer Med.

    • C. trodii Kotschy Med.

    • Danae racemosa (L.) Moench

    • Eremurus spectabilis Bieb. Ir-Tur

    • Fritillaria acmopetale Boiss. ssp. acmopetale Med.

    • F. hermonis Fenzl ssp. amana Rix Med.

    • F. pinardii Boiss. Ir-Tur

    • Gagea fibrosa (Desf.) Schultes & Schultes. fil.

    • Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.

    • M. neglectum Guss.

    • M. tenuiflorum Tousch.

    • Ornithogalum oligophyllum E.D. Clarke

    • O. ulophyllum Hand.-Mazz.

    • Polygonatum multiflorum All.

    • P. orientale Desf. Euro-Sib

    • Ruscus aculeatus L. var. angustifolius Boiss.

    • Scilla autumnalis L.

    • S. melaine Speta Med.

    • Smilax aspera L.

    • S. excelsa L. Euro-Sib

    • Urginea maritima L. Med.

  • Linaceae

    • Linum aroanium Boiss. & Orph.

    • L. bienne Miller Med.

  • Loranthaceae

    • Loranthus europaeus Jacq.

  • Malvaceae

    • Alcea apterocarpa (Fenzl.) Boiss. Ir-Tur End.

    • Althaea cannabina L.

    • Malva neglecta Waldr.

  • Moraceae

    • Ficus carica L. ssp. carica

  • Myrtaceae

    • Myrtus communis L. ssp. communis

  • Oleaceae

    • Fraxinus ornus L. ssp. cilicica (Lingels.) Yalt. Med. End

    • Jasminum fruticans L. Med.

    • Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris (Miller) Lehr. Med.

    • Phillyrea latifolia L. ssp. orientalis Sebst. Med.

  • Onagraceae

    • Epilobium montanum L. Euro-Sib

  • Orchidaceae

    • Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) L.C.M. Richard Med.

    • Cephalanthera kurdica Bornm. ex Kranzlin Ir-Tur

    • C. damasonium (Miller) Druce Euro-Sib

    • C. longifolia (L.) Fritsch Euro-Sib

    • C. rubra (L.) L.C.M. Richard

    • Dactylorhiza osmanica (L.) Soo’ var. osmanica Ir-Tur End

    • D. saccifera (Brong.) Soo’ Med.

    • Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz

    • Limodorum abortivum (L.) Swartz

    • Orchis mascula (L.) ssp. pinetorum (Boiss. & Kotschy) G. Camus Med.

    • O. morio L. ssp. syriaca Camus et al. Med.

    • Platanthera bifolia (L.) L.C.M. Richard Euro-Sib

  • Orobanchaceae

    • Orobanche anatolica Boiss. & Reuter

    • O. caryophyllacaea Smith

    • O. crenata Forsskal

    • Phelypaea coccinea (Bieb.) Poiret Ir-Tur

  • Oxalidaceae

    • Oxalis corniculata L. Cosm.

  • Paeoniaceae

    • Paeonia mascula (L.) Miller ssp. mascula

  • Papaveraceae

    • Corydalis alpestris C.A. Meyer Euro-Sib

    • C. rutifolia (Sibth.& Sm.) DC. ssp. erdelii (Zucc.) Cullen & Davis

    • Hypecoum procumbens L.

    • Papaver rhoeas L.

    • P. syriacum Boiss. & Blanche

  • Phytolaccaceae

    • Phytolacca pruniosa Fenzl Med.

  • Pinaceae

    • Abies cilicica (Ant.& Kotschy) Carr. ssp. cilicica

    • Cedrus libani A. Rich.

    • Pinus brutia Ten.

    • P. nigra Arnold. ssp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe

  • Plantaginaceae

    • Plantago holosteum Scop. Med.

    • P. lanceolata L.

    • P. major L. ssp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange

    • P. scabra Moench

  • Platanacae

    • Platanus orientalis L.

  • Plumbaginaceae

    • Acanthalimon acerosum (Willd.) Boiss. var. brachystachyum Boiss. Ir-Tur End.

    • A. libanoticum Boiss. Med.

    • A. venustum Boiss. var. venestum Boiss. Ir-Tur

  • Poaceae (gramineae)

    • Aegilops neglecta REq.  ex Bertol. Med.

    • A. speltoides Tausch var. speltoides

    • Agrostis stolonifera L. Euro-Sib

    • Alepocurus gerardii Vill. var. gerardii Med.

    • Arrhenatherum palaestinum Boiss. Med.

    • Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv.

    • Briza minor L.

    • Bromus intermedius Guss.

    • B. scoparius L.

    • B. squarrosus L.

    • B. sterilis L.

    • B. tectorum L.

    • Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E. Hubbard ex Dony ssp. rigidum var. majus (C. Persl) Lainz

    • Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin.

    • Crypsis alopecuroides (Piller & Mitterp.) Schrader

    • Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon

    • Cynosurus echinatus L. Med.

    • Dactylis glomerata L. ssp. glomerata

    • D. glomerata L. ssp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman

    • Dicanthium annulatum (Forsskal.) Stapf. Ir-Tur

    • Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.

    • Echinaria capitata (L.) Scop.

    • Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link

    • Eromopoa songarica (Schrenk) Roshev. Ir-Tur

    • Festuca adanensis Markgr.-Dannenb. End

    • F. jeanpertii (St.-Yves) F. Markgraf apud Hayek ssp. jeanpertii (St.-Yves) f. Markgraf apud Hayek Med.

    • Hordeum bulbosum L.

    • Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf.

    • Lolium rigidum Gaudin var. rigidum

    • Melica eligulata Boiss. Med.

    • M. minuta L. Med.

    • M. uniflora Retz Euro-Sib

    • Paspalum paspaloides (Michx.) Schribner

    • Phleum montanum C. Koch ssp. montanum

    • Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steudel Euro-Sib

    • Piptatherum coerulescens (Desf.) P. Beauv.

    • Poa annua L. Cosmp.

    • P. bulbosa L.

    • P. nemoralis L.

    • P. timoleontis Heldr. ex Boiss. Med.

    • Saccharum ravennae (L.) Murray

    • S. strictum (Host) Sprengel

    • Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. var. halepense Steudel

    • Stipa holosericea Trin Ir-Tur

    • Themeda triandra Forsskal.

    • Tragus racemosus (L.) All.

    • Vulpia fasciculata (Forsskal) Fritsch Med.

  • Polygalaceae

    • Polygala comosa Schkur

    • P. supina Schreb.

  • Polygonaceae

    • Polygonum arenarium Euro-Sib

    • P. aviculare L. Cosm.

    • P. convolvulus L.

    • P. persicaria L.

    • P. polycnemoides Saub. & Spach Ir-Tur

    • Rumex acetosella L. Cosm.

    • R. angustifolius Campd. ssp. angustifolius Ir-Tur

    • R. chalepensis Miller

    • R. conglomeratus Murray

    • R. pulcher L.

  • Polypodiaceae

    • Polypodium australe Fee.

    • P. vulgare L. ssp. vulgare

  • Portulacaceae

    • Portulaca oleracea L.

  • Primulaceae

    • Anagallis arvensis L. var. caerulea (L.) Gouan

    • Cyclamen coum Miller var. coum

    • Primula vulgaris Huds. ssp. vulgaris Euro-Sib

  • Punicaceae

    • Punica granatum L.

  • Raflesiaceae

    • Cytinus hypocistis L. ssp. kermesinus (Guss.) Waldts. Med.

  • Ranunculaceae

    • Adonis annua L.

    • Clematis flammula L. Med.

    • C. vitalba L.

    • Ranunculus chius DC.

    • R. cuneatus Boiss.

    • Thalictrum orientale Boiss. Med.

  • Rhamnaceae

    • Paliurus spina-christi Miller

    • Rhamnus alaternus L. Med.

    • R. libanoticus Boiss.

    • R. punctatus Boiss. var. angustifolius Post Med.

  • Rosaceae

    • Cerasus prostrata (Lab.) Ser. var. prostrata

    • Cotoneaster nummularia Fisch.& Mey.

    • Crateagus atrosanguinea Pojark. Ir-Tur

    • C. monogyna Jacq. ssp. azarella (Gris.) France

    • C. monogyna Jacq. ssp. monogyna

    • C. orientalis Pallas ex Bieb. var. orientalis

    • Fragaria vesca L.

    • Geum urbanum L. Euro-Sib

    • Malus sylvestris Miller ssp. orientalis (A. Uglitz.) Browicz var. orientalis

    • Potentilla aucheriana Th. Wolf Ir-Tur

    • P. calycina Boiss. and Bal. Med. End

    • Potentilla crantzii (Crantz) G. Beck ex Fritsch var. crantzii (Crantz) G. Beck ex Fritsch Euro-Sib

    • P. kotschyana Fenzl Med.

    • P. micrantha Remond ex DC.

    • P. speciosa Willd. var. discolor Hal.

    • Prunus divaricata Ledeb. ssp. divaricata

    • P. spinosa L. ssp. dasyphylla (Schur) Domin Euro-Sib

    • Pyracantha coccinea Roemer

    • Pyrus syriaca Boiss. var. syriaca

    • Rosa canina L.

    • R. pulverulenta Bieb.

    • Rubus sanctus Schreber

    • R. canescens DC. var. glabratus (Godron) Davis et Meikle Euro-Sib

    • Sanguisorba minor Scop. ssp. muricata (Spach) Briq.

    • Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz. var. torminalis Euro-Sib

    • S. umbellata (Desf.) Fritsch var. cretica (Lindl.) Schn.

  • Rubiaceae

    • Asperula cymulosa (Post) Post Med. End

    • A. pontica Boiss. Euro-Sib

    • A. stricta Boiss. ssp. monticola Ehrend. Med. End

    • A. stricta Boiss. ssp. stricta Med.

    • Crucianella latifolia L. Med.

    • Cruciata laevipes Opiz Euro-Sib

    • C. taurica (Pallas ex Willd.) Ehrend. Ir-Tur

    • Galium album Miller ssp. amani Ehrend. et Schönb.-Tem.

    • G. aparine L.

    • G. incanum Sm. ssp. elatius (Boiss.) Ehrend. Ir-Tur

    • G. odoratum (L.) Scop. Euro-Sib

    • G. tenuissimum Bieb. ssp. tenuissimum

    • G. verum L. ssp. verum Euro-Sib

    • Putoria calabrica (L. fil.) DC. Med.

    • Rubia rotundifolia Banks & Sol. Med.

    • R. tenuifolia d. Urv. ssp. brachypoda (Boiss.) Ehrend. Med.

    • Sherardia arvensis L.

  • Salicaceae

    • Populus tremula L. Euro-Sib

    • Salix alba L. ssp. micans (Anderson) Rech. fil. Euro-Sib

    • S. pedicellata Desf. ssp. pedicellata Med.

  • Santalaceae

    • Osyris alba L. var. serotinia Griseb. Med.

    • Thesium bergeri Zucc. Med.

  • Scrophulariaceae

    • Anarrhinum orientale Bentham Ir-Tur

    • Bellardia trixago (L.) All.

    • Kickxia commutata (Bernh. ex Reichb.) Frit. ssp. graeca (Bor & Chamb.) R. Fernand.

    • Lesquereuxia syriaca Boiss. & Reuter Med.

    • Linaria chalepensis (L.) Miller var. chalepensis Med.

    • Misopates orontium (L.) Rafin.

    • Scrophularia scopolii (Hoppe ex) Pers. var. scopolii

    • S. xanthoglossa Boiss. Ir-Tur

    • Verbascum amanum Boiss. Med.

    • V. caesareum Boiss. Med. End

    • V. cedreti Boiss. Med.

    • V. cheiranthifolium Boiss. var. asperilum (Boiss.) Murb. End

    • V. galileum Boiss. Med.

    • V. linearilobium (Boiss.) Hub.-Mor. Med. End

    • V. lydium Med.

    • V. sinuatum L. var. adenosephalum Murb. Med.

    • Veronica arvensis L. Euro-Sib

    • V. cymbalaria Bodard Med.

    • V. leiocarpa Boiss. Med.

    • V. orientalis Boiss. Miller ssp. nimordi (Reichter ex Stapf.) M.A. Fischer End

    • V. persica Poiret

    • Wulfenia orientalis Boiss. Med.

  • Sinopteridaceae

    • Cheilanthes marantae (L.) Domin

  • Solanaceae

    • Atropa belladonna L. Euro-Sib

    • Datura innoxia Miller

    • Physalis alkekengi L.

    • Solanum dulcamara L. Euro-Sib

    • S. elatum Moench

    • S. nigrum L. ssp. nigrum Cosm.

  • Staphylaceae

    • Staphylea pinnata L.

  • Styracaceae

    • Styrax officinalis L.

  • Tamaricaceae

    • Tamarix smyriensis Bunge

  • Taxaceae

    • Taxus baccata L.

  • Thymelaeceae

    • Daphne oleoides Schreb. ssp. kurdica (Bornm.) Bornm.

    • D. oleoides Schreb. ssp. oleoides Shreb.

    • D. sericea Vahl Med.

  • Tiliaceae

    • Tilia argentea Desf. Euro-Sib

  • Typhaceae

    • Typha angustifolia L.

  • Ulmaceae

    • Ulmus glabra Hudson Euro-Sib

  • Urticaceae

    • Parietaria judaica L.

    • Urtica dioica L. Euro-Sib

    • U. urens L.

  • Valerianaceae

    • Valeriana alliariifolia Adams

  • Verbenaceae

    • Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene

    • Verbena officinalis L.

    • Vitex agnus-castus L. Med.

  • Violaceae

    • Viola alba Besser ssp. dehnardtii (Ten.) Becker

    • V. parvula Tineo

    • V. shieana Becker

  • Vitaceae

    • Vitis sylvestris Gmelin

  • Zygophyllaceae

    • Tribulus terrestris L.

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Turkmen, N., Duzenli, A., Öztürk, M. (2015). Floral Diversity of the High Altitudes of Amanos Mountains: A Case Study from Daz Mountain-Mıgır, Turkey. In: Öztürk, M., Hakeem, K., Faridah-Hanum, I., Efe, R. (eds) Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12859-7_17

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