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Cardiopulmonary System: Aeromedical Considerations

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Space Physiology and Medicine

Abstract

This chapter describes the effects of microgravity on the cardiopulmonary systems during space flight and on return to Earth. The results of medical monitoring and research in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neurologic organs related to cardiovascular function and anatomy, as well as the countermeasures developed to address prevention or treatment of potential pathologic conditions will be reviewed. Long-duration space flights with 1 year stays have begun on the International Space Station and with new exploration missions being planned beyond low Earth orbit, as outlined in the Vision of Space Exploration, even longer stays are likely. There is not only a requirement to find out what anatomical and physiologic cardiopulmonary space flight-induced alterations occur (whether it occurs over hours, days, weeks, or months), and the time course for recovery, but also a need to develop more predictive pre-flight medical screening for crew members to minimize risk factors for diseases that cannot be effectively treated in-flight. Research findings to-date suggest that as soon as an astronaut experiences microgravity, and continuing throughout the space flight, the following occurs: (1) decreased total intravascular volume occurs over the first several days and is maintained at this new homeostatic level; (2) the heart becomes less elongated and lung volume is reduced because gravity is no longer providing a downward distending force; (3) without the distention caused by the Earth’s gravity vector, the distribution of both ventilation and blood flow in the lungs become more uniform; (4) the heart and muscular component of the blood vessels atrophy because less force is required to move blood when the astronaut is in microgravity; (5) eye anatomical and visual changes occur in long duration space crews that may be caused by an underlying cardiovascular mechanism; (6) although arrhythmias are not caused by microgravity per se, arrhythmias can occur; and (7) other established cardiopulmonary diseases, e.g., atherosclerosis or asthma, can occur and/or progress during space missions. Additionally research has demonstrated some cardiopulmonary positive finds as well; e.g., snoring goes away and therefore obstructive sleep apnea would not be expected, pulmonary edema does not occur with normal work or exercise activity. Cardiopulmonary medical consequences that have or could occur during or after space flight include: asthma, visual problems, and arrhythmias during flight, possible myocardial infarction during or after flight, cardiovascular and pulmonary problems from decompression sickness and orthostatic intolerance induced syncope on return to earth. However, in general, there has been no evidence of long-term cardiopulmonary health consequences to returning astronauts. In future exploration class space missions, cardiopulmonary medical care can no longer depend on a quick return to Earth for adequate care beyond the limits of the ISS first aid station, a well-developed and appropriate medical suite of diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitation equipment and supplies that (1) fit into the limited volume of the space craft; (2) will have a long enough shelf-life; and (3) can actually be used effectively by the crew must be developed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Superfocus™ Glasses. Since the average age of the spaceflyers in NASA’s astronaut corps today is 48, they may suffer from presbyopia. In this condition, the lenses of aging eyes become increasingly inflexible, making it tough to focus on things close up. Superfocus™ glasses use a set of front lenses to hold the wearer’s distance prescription, while inner lenses contain a clear fluid. Moving a slider on the glasses’ bridge adjusts this fluid, allowing people to focus on objects that are nearby or in the middle distance. The result is a sharp, distortion-free image at a variety of distances. There are six pairs of the glasses for astronauts on the ISS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Human Exploration & Operations Mission Directorate and Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer, Washington, DC, USA

    Victor S. Schneider MD

  2. University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

    Victor S. Schneider MD

  3. Human Research Program, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX, 77058, USA

    John B. Charles PhD (Chief Scientist)

  4. Universities Space Research Association, 3600 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77058-2769, USA

    Johnny Conkin BS, MS, PhD

  5. Department of Medicine and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0852, USA

    G. Kim Prisk PhD, DSc

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington, Virginia, USA

    Arnauld E. Nicogossian

  2. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, USA

    Richard S. Williams

  3. NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Barrington, Rhode Island, USA

    Carolyn L. Huntoon

  4. Department of Family and Community Medicine School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Charles R. Doarn

  5. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, USA

    James D. Polk

  6. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, USA

    Victor S. Schneider

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Schneider, V.S., Charles, J.B., Conkin, J., Prisk, G.K. (2016). Cardiopulmonary System: Aeromedical Considerations. In: Nicogossian, A., Williams, R., Huntoon, C., Doarn, C., Polk, J., Schneider, V. (eds) Space Physiology and Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6652-3_8

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