Abstract
It has long been known that normal prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cells can grow only when their membrane lipids are largely in the fluid state, i.e., at temperatures above the gel to liquid-crystalline transition temperature (T m) of their membrane lipids (see McElhaney, this volume). Adaptation of bacteria (Cronan, 1975; Fulco, this volume), yeast (Watson, this volume), fungi (Miller and Barran, this volume), higher plants (Mazliak, 1979), and the protozoan Tetrahymena (Thompson and Nozawa, this volume) to temperatures below their normal growth temperatures generally results in changes in membrane lipid composition leading to increases in fatty acid unsaturation. The major factor affecting the fluidity of membrane lipids in eukaryotes, apart from the presence of cholesterol, is the degree of unsaturation of their fatty acid chains. This holds also for prokaryotes but, in addition, other factors such as chain length and branching may be important.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allmann, D. W., Hubbard, D. D., and Gibson, D. M., 1965, Fatty acid synthesis during fat-free refeeding of starved rats, J. Lipid Res. 6:63.
Baker, N., and Lynen, F., 1971, Factors involved in fatty acyl CoA desaturation by fungal microsomes: Relative role of acyl CoA and phospholipids as substrates, Ear. J. Biochem. 19:200.
Bloch, K., 1969, Enzymic synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids, Acc. Chem. Res. 2:193.
Bloomfield, D. K., and Bloch, K., 1960, The formation of Δ9-unsaturated fatty acids, J. Biol. Chem. 235:337.
Calabro, M. A., Prasad, M. R., Wakil, S. J., and Joshi, V. C, 1982, Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase activity in the mammary gland and liver of lactating rats, Lipids 17:397.
Cronan, J. E., Jr., 1975, Thermal regulation of the membrane lipid composition of Escherichia coli, J. Biol. Chem. 250:7074.
De Gomez Dumm, I. N. T., de Alaniz, M. J. T., and Brenner, R. R., 1970, Effect of diet on linoleic acid desaturation and on some enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, J. Lipid Res. 11:96.
Dickens, B. F., and Thompson, G. A., Jr., 1980, Effects of growth at different temperatures on the physical state of lipids in native microsomal membranes of Tetrahymena, Biochemistry 19:5029.
Enoch, H. G., Catala, A., and Strittmatter, P., 1976, Mechanism of rat liver microsomal stearyl-CoA desaturase, J. Biol. Chem. 251:5095.
Ferrante, G., and Kates, M., 1983, Pathways for desaturation of oleoyl chains in Candida lipolytica, Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 61:1191.
Ferrante, G., Ohno, Y., and Kates, M., 1983, Influence of temperature and growth phase on desaturase activity of the mesophilic yeast Candida lipolytica, Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 61:171.
Fukushima, H., Nagao, S., and Nozawa, Y., 1979, Further evidence for changes in the level of palmitoyl-CoA desaturase during thermal adapatation in Tetrahymena pyriformis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 572:178.
Fulco, A. J., 1972, The biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in bacilli. IV. Temperature-mediated control mechanisms, J. Biol. Chem. 247:3511.
Holloway, C. T., and Holloway, P. W., 1974, Lipid products formed during desaturation of 1-carbon-14-labeled stearyl CoA by hen liver microsomes, Lipids 9:196.
Holloway, C. T., and Holloway, P. W., 1977, The dietary regulation of stearyl coenzyme A desaturase activity and membrane fluidity in the rat aorta, Lipids 12:1025
Holloway, P. W., 1971, A requirement for three protein components in microsomal stearyl coenzyme A desaturation, Biochemistry 10:1556.
Howling, D., Morris, L. J., Gurr, M. I., and James, A. T., 1972, Specificity of fatty acid desaturases and hydroxylases: Dehydrogenation and hydroxylation of monoenoic acids, Biochim, Biophys. Act. 260:10.
Inkpen, C. A., Harris, R. A., and Quackenbush, F. W., 1969, Differential responses to fasting and subsequent feeding by microsomal systems of rat liver: 6-and 9-desaturation of fatty acids, J. Lipid Res. 10:277.
Jeffcoat, R., and James, A. T., 1977, Interrelationship between the dietary regulation of fatty acid synthesis and the fatty acyl-CoA desaturases, Lipids 12:469.
Kameyama, Y., Yoshioka, S., and Nozawa, Y., 1980, The occurrence of direct desaturation of phospholipid acyl chain in Tetrahymena pyriformis: Thermal adaptation of membrane phospholipids, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 618:214.
Kasai, R., and Nozawa, Y., 1980, Regulatory mechanism of palmitoyl-CoA desaturase activity in thermal adaptation: Induction in non-growing Tetrahymena cells deprived of preexisting desaturase, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 617:161.
Kates, M., and Ferrante, G., 1982, Metabolism of oleoyl-CoA in cell fractions of soybean cell suspension cultures, in: Biochemistry and Metabolism of Plant Lipids (J. F. G. M. Wintermans and P. J. C. Kuiper, eds.), pp. 21–24, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Kates, M., and Pugh, E. L., 1980, Role of phospholipid desaturase in control of membrane fluidity, in: Membrane Fluidity: Biophysical Techniques and Cellular Regulation (M. Kates and A. Kuksis, eds.), pp. 153–170, Humana Press, Clifton, N.J.
Koudelka, A. P., Kambadur, N., Bradley, D. K., and Ferguson, K. A., 1983a, A cytochrome b 5 electron transport chain in Tetrahymena, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 751:121.
Koudelka, A. P., Bradley, D. K., Kambadur, N., and Ferguson, K. A., 1983b, Oleic acid desaturation in Tetrahymena pyriformis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 751:129.
Lippiello, P. M., Holloway, C. T., Garfield, S. A., and Holloway, P. W., 1979, The effects of estradiol on stearyl-CoA desaturase activity and microsomal membrane properties in rooster liver, J. Biol. Chem. 254:2004.
Mazliak, P., 1979, Temperature regulation of plant fatty acyl desaturase, in: Low Temperature Stress in Crop Plants: The Role of the Membrane (J. M. Lyons, D. Graham, and J. K. Raison, eds.), pp. 391–404, Academic Press, New York.
Nagao, S., Fukushima, H., and Nozawa, Y., 1978, Studies on Tetrahymena membranes: Substrates for desaturation of fatty acyl chains in Tetrahymena pyriformis microsomes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 530:165.
Nozawa, Y., Iida, H., Fukushima, H., Ohki, K., and Ohnishi, S., 1974, Studies on Tetrahymena membranes: Temperature-induced alterations in fatty acid composition of various membrane fractions in Tetrahymena pyriformis and its effect on membrane fluidity as inferred by spin-label study, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 367:134.
Okayasu, T., Nagao, M., Ishibashi, T., and Imai, Y., 1981, Purification and partial characterization of linoleoyl-CoA desaturase from rat liver microsomes, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 206:21.
Oshino, N., and Sato, R., 1972, The dietary control of the microsomal stearyl CoA desaturation enzyme system in rat liver, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 149:369.
Paulsrud, J. R., Stewart, S. E., Graff, G., and Holman, R. T., 1970, Desaturation of saturated fatty acids by rat liver microsomes, Lipids 5:611.
Pugh, E. L., and Kates, M., 1973, Desaturation of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyle-thanolamine by a microsomal enzyme system in Candida lipolytica, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 316:305.
Pugh, E. L., and Kates, M., 1975, Characterization of a membrane-bound phospholipid desaturase system of Candida lipolytica, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 380:442.
Pugh, E. L., and Kates, M., 1977, Direct desaturation of eicosatrienoyl lecithin to arachidonoyl lecithin by rat liver microsomes, J. Biol. Chem. 252:68.
Pugh, E. L., and Kates, M., 1979, Membrane-bound phospholipid desaturases, Lipids 14:159.
Pugh, E. L., and Kates, M., 1984, Dietary regulation of acyltransferase & desaturase activities in rat liver microsomal membranes, Lipids 19:48.
Pugh, E. L., Kates, M., and Szabo, A. G., 1980, Fluorescence polarization studies of rat liver microsomes with altered phospholipid desaturase activities, Can. J. Biochem. 58:952.
Pugh, E. L., Kates, M., and Szabo, A. G., 1982, Studies on fluorescence polarization of 1-acyl-2-cis-or trans-parinaroyl-sn-3-glycerophosphorylcholines in model systems and microsomal membranes, Chem. Phys. Lipids 30:55.
Rochester, C. P., and Bishop, D. G., 1982, Biosynthesis of linoleic acid by cell-free extracts of sunflower seeds, in: Biochemistry and Metabolism of Plant Lipids (J. F. G. M. Wintermans and P. J. C. Kuiper, eds.), pp. 57–60, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Roughan, P. G., and Slack, C. R., 1982, Cellular organization of glycerolipid metabolism, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 33:97.
Scott, W. A., 1977a, Unsaturated fatty acid mutants of Neurospora crassa, J. Bacteriol. 130:1144.
Scott, W. A., 1977b, Mutations resulting in an unsaturated fatty acid requirement in Neurospora: Evidence for Δ9-desaturase defects, Biochemistry 16:5274.
Shapiro, H., Prescott, D., and Rabinowitz, J. L., 1978, Preliminary characterization of the delta-9 desaturase of Tetrahymena pyriformis W, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 61:513.
Sklar, L. A., Miljanich, G. P., and Dratz, E. A., 1979, Phospholipid lateral phase separation and the partition of cis-parinaric acid and trans-parinaric acid among aqueous, solid lipid and fluid lipid phases, Biochemistry 18:1707.
Skriver, L., and Thompson, G. A., Jr., 1979, Temperature-induced changes in fatty acid unsaturation of Tetrahymena membranes do not require induced fatty acid desaturase synthesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 572:376.
Slack, C. R., Roughan, P. G., and Browse, J., 1979, Evidence for an oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine desaturase in microsomal preparations from cotyledons of safflower seed, Biochem. J. 179:649.
Sreekrishna, K., Prasad, M. R., Wakil, S. J., and Joshi, V. C, 1981, Interaction of phenols with Δ9 terminal desaturase and other cyanide-sensitive factors in chicken liver microsomes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 665:427.
Strittmatter, P., Spatz, L., Corcoran, D., Rogers, M. J., Setlow, B., and Redline, R., 1974, Purification and properties of rat liver microsomal stearyl coenzyme A desaturase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:4565.
Stymne, S., and Appelqvist, L.-A., 1978, The biosynthesis of linoleate from oleoyl-CoA via oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine in microsomes of developing safflower seeds, Eur. J. Biochem. 90:223.
Stymne, S., and Glad, G., 1981, Acyl exchange between oleoyl-CoA and phosphatidylcholine in microsomes of developing soya bean cotyledons and its role in fatty acid desaturation, Lipids 16:298.
Tahin, Q. S., Blum, M., and Carafoli, E., 1981, The fatty acid composition of subcellular membranes of rat liver, heart, and brain: Diet-induced modifications, Eur. J. Biochem. 121:5.
Talamo, B., Chang, N., and Bloch, K., 1973, Desaturation of oleyl phospholipid to linoleyl phospholipid in Torulopsis utilis, J. Biol. Chem. 248:2738.
Thompson, G. A., Jr., 1980, Regulation of membrane fluidity during temperature acclimation by Tetrahymena pyriformis, in: Membrane Fluidity: Biophysical Techniques and Cellular Regulation (M. Kates and A. Kuksis, eds.), pp. 381–397, Humana Press, Clifton, N.J.
Umeki, S., Fukushima, H., Watanabe, T., and Nozawa, Y., 1982, Thermal acclimation mechanisms in Tetrahymena pyriformis: Effects of decreased temperature on microsomal electron transport, Biochem. Int. 4:101.
Wilson, A. C., and Miller, R. W., 1978, Growth temperature-dependent stearoyl-coenzyme-A desaturase activity of Fusarium oxysporum microsomes, Can. J. Biochem. 56:1109.
Wilson, A. C., Wakil, S. J., and Joshi, V. C, 1976, Induction of microsomal stearyl coenzyme A desaturase in newly hatched chicks, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 173:154.
Wilson, A. C., Adams, W. C, and Miller, R. W., 1980, Lipid involvement in oleoyl CoA desaturase activity of Fusarium oxysporum microsomes, Can. J. Biochem. 58:97.
Wunderlich, F., Kreutz, W., Mahler, P., Ronai, A., and Heppeler, G., 1978, Thermotropic fluid → ordered “discontinuous” phase separation in microsomal lipids of Tetrahymena: An X-ray diffraction study, Biochemistry 17:2005.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kates, M., Pugh, E.L., Ferrante, G. (1984). Regulation of Membrane Fluidity by Lipid Desaturases. In: Kates, M., Manson, L.A. (eds) Membrane Fluidity. Biomembranes, vol 12. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4667-8_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4667-8_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4669-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4667-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive