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Nitrogen Cycling in the Americas: Natural and Anthropogenic Influences and Controls pp 61–89Cite as

Human activities changing the nitrogen cycle in Brazil

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Abstract

The production of reactive nitrogen worldwide has more than doubled in the last century because of human activities and population growth. Advances in our understanding of the nitrogen cycle and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on regional to global scales is largely hindered by the paucity of information about nitrogen inputs from human activities in fast-developing regions of the world such as the tropics. In this paper, we estimate nitrogen inputs and outputs in Brazil, which is the world’s largest tropical country. We determined that the N cycle is increasingly controlled by human activities rather than natural processes. Nitrogen inputs to Brazil from human activities practically doubled from 1995 to 2002, mostly because of nitrogen production through biological fixation in agricultural systems. This is in contrast to industrialized countries of the temperate zone, where fertilizer application and atmospheric deposition are the main sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In Brazil, the production of soybean crops over an area of less than 20 million ha, was responsible for about 3.2 Tg N or close to one-third of the N inputs from anthropogenic sources in 2002. Moreover, cattle pastures account for almost 70% of the estimated 280 × 106 ha of agricultural land in Brazil and potentially fix significant amounts of N when well managed, further increasing the importance of biological nitrogen fixation in the nitrogen budget. Much of these anthropogenic inputs occur in the Brazilian savannah region (Cerrado), while more urbanized regions such as the state of São Paulo also have high rates of nitrogenous fertilizer inputs. In the Amazon, rates of anthropogenic nitrogen inputs are relatively low, but continuing conversion of natural forests into cattle pasture or secondary forests potentially add a significant amount of new nitrogen to Brazil given the vast area of the region. Better measurements of biological fixation rates in Brazil are necessary for improving the nitrogen budgets, especially at a more refined spatial scale.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    Solange Filoso & Robert W. Howarth

  2. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil

    Luiz Antonio Martinelli

  3. Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Elizabeth W. Boyer

  4. Climate Change Unit, TP280, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, I-21020, Ispra (Va), Italy

    Frank Dentener

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  1. Solange Filoso
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cena-University of São Paulo, Brazil

    Luiz A. Martinelli

  2. Cornell University, USA

    Robert W. Howarth

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Filoso, S., Martinelli, L.A., Howarth, R.W., Boyer, E.W., Dentener, F. (2006). Human activities changing the nitrogen cycle in Brazil. In: Martinelli, L.A., Howarth, R.W. (eds) Nitrogen Cycling in the Americas: Natural and Anthropogenic Influences and Controls. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5517-1_4

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