Abstract
A child immersed in play or games is not only a child preoccupied with leisure activities, but the cultural image of childhood. The European working and agrarian classes were still at work when the bourgeoisie conceived of childhood as a period of play, peers and leisure. Childhood was also understood as a segregated strange world, a state of mind. The latter was vividly illustrated by Virginia Woolf’s comments about Lewis Carroll and his vision in Alice in Wonderland: ‘he could return to that world; he could re-create it, so that we too become children again’ (Woolf, 1948, 83).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aguiar, M. and E. Hurst (2006) Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time over Five Decades. Working Papers No 06–2 Federal Reserve Bank of Boston http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/wp/wp2006/wp0602.pdf.
Armstrong, D., J. Hine, S. Hacking, R. Armaos, R. Jones, N. Klessinger and A. France (2005) Children, Risk and Crime; The On Track of Youth Lifestyles Surveys. Home Office Research Study 278. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hors278.pdf.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006) Participation in Cultural and Leisure Activities http://www.googlesyndicatedsearch.com/u/AustralianBureauOfStatistics?q=children+cultural+ activities&sa=Go&domains=abs.gov.au&sitesearch=abs.gov.au.
Bakken, B. (2000) The Exemplary Society: Human Improvement, Social Control, and the Dangers of Modernity in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barthes, R. (1972) Mythologies. London: Paladin.
Beinart, S., B. Anderson, S. Lee and D. Utting (2002). Youth at Risk? A National Survey of Risk Factors, Protective Factors, and Problem Behaviour among Young People in England, Scotland and Wales. (Report to the Joseph Rowntree Foundation). London: Communities That Care.
Bianchi, S., J.P. Robinson and M. Milkie (2006) Changing Rhythms of American Family Life. New York: Russell Sage.
Bourdieu, P. (1986) ‘The Forms of Capital’, in J.G. Richardson (ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood Press, pp. 241–258.
Campenni, C.E. (1999) ‘Gender Stereotyping of Children’s Toys: A Comparison of Parents and Non-Parents’, Sex Roles, 40, 121–138.
Child Accident Prevention Trust (2002) Taking Chances: The Lifestyles And Leisure Risk of Young People. Project Summary http://www.capt.org.uk/pdfs/capt_risk_doc.pdf
Child Trends (2003) ‘Watching Television’, http://www.childtrendsdatabank.org/indicators/55WatchingTV.cfm.
Clements, R. (2004) ‘An Investigation of the State of Outdoor Play’, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 5(1): 68–80.
Cloud, J. (2007) ‘The Overscheduled Child Myth’, Times. January 19.
Coleman, J. (1961) The Adolescent Society. New York: The Free Press.
Coleman, J. (1988) ‘Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital’, American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95–120.
Cyber Angels: http://www.cyberangels.org/.
Elkind, D. (1981) The Hurried Child. Reading MS: Addison-Wesley.
Elkind, D. (2007) The Power of Play; How Spontaneous, Imaginative Activities Lead to Happier, Healthier Children. Cambridge: Da Capo Press.
Freud, A. (1937) The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. London: Hogarth Press,
Frønes, I. (1995) Among Peers. Oslo: Scandinavia University Press.
Frønes, I. (2001) ‘Revolution without Rebels: Gender, Generation, and Social Change. An Essay on Gender, Socialization and Change’, in A. Furlong and I. Guidikova (eds) Transitions of Youth Citizenship in Europe: Culture, Subculture and Identity. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe Publishing, pp. 217–234.
Garbarino, J. (1995) Raising Children in a Socially Toxic Environment. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Gelber, S. (1999) Hobbies, Leisure and the Culture of Work in America. New York: Columbia University Press.
George, D. (2007) ‘Despite “Mommy Guilt,” Time With Kids Increasing’, Washington Post Staff Writer. Tuesday, 20 March 2007, page A01.
Ginsburg, K. (2007) ‘The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent–Child Bonds’, Pediatrics, 119 Number 1 January.
Hall, S. (1922, first published 1904) Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education. New York: D. Appleton.
Hebdige, D. (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Methuen.
Hillman, M. and J.G. Adams (1992) ‘Children’s Freedom and Safety’, Children’s Environments, 9(2): 12–33.
Hofferth, S.L. and S. Curtin (2003) ‘Leisure Activ ities in Middle Childhood’, paper presented at The Positive Outcome Conference Washington DC. http://www.childtrends.org/Files/HofferthCurtinPaper.pdf
Hofferth, S.L. and J.F. Sandberg (2001) ‘Changes in American Children’s Time, 1981–1997’, in S.L. Hofferth and T.J. Owens (eds) Children at the Millennium: Where Have We Come From, Where Are We Going? New York: JAI Press, pp. 1–7.
Hong, E., R.M. Milgram and S.C. Whiston (1993) ‘Leisure Activities in Adolescents as a Predictor of Occupational Choice in Young Adults: A Longitudinal Study’, Journal of Career Development, 19(3): 221–229.
Hongyan, S. (2003) ‘Physical and Mental Health of Contemporary Chinese Children’, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 24(4): 355.
Hongyan, S. (2007) China Daily. 10 January 2007.
Huntsinger, C. (1997) ‘Cultural Differences in Parents’ Facilitation of Mathematics Learning: A Comparison of Euro-American and Chinese-American Families’, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Chicago, IL, March 24–28).
Huntsinger, C. (1999) ‘Homework’ American Teacher, April 1999 http://www.aft.org/parents/k5homework.htm.
Ironmonger, P. (2007) ‘Travel Behaviour of Women, Men and Children: What Changes and What Stays the Same?’ 29th Annual Conference on Time Use Research 17–19 October 2007 Washington DC: USA.
Juster, T., H. Ono and F. Stafford (2004) Changing Times of American Youth: 1981–2003, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan http://www.umich.edu/news/Releases/2004/Nov04/teen_time_report.pdf.
Kagitcibasi, C. (1996) Family and Human Development across Cultures: A View from the Other Side. Mawah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Karsten, L. (2005) ‘It All Used to be Better? Different Generations on Continuity and Change in Urban Children’s Daily Use of Space’, Children’s Geographies, 3(3): 275–290.
Lareau, A. (2003) Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.
Mahoney, J. (2006a) Social Policy Report, 12 August 2006; vol XX: no IV.
Mahoney, J. From Boston Globe. Interview http://www.timesargus.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061001/NEWS/610010319/1016/FEATURES07.
Mannheim, K. (1952) ‘The Problems of Generations’, in his Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Mead, M. (1972) Culture and Commitment: A Study of the Generation Gap. London: Panther.
Miles, S. (2000) Youth Llifestyles in a Changing World. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Nagamura, K. (2005) ‘At What Point Is a Child Being to Active?’ Japan Times 4 October 2005.
NSGA (2006) http://www.nsga.org/public/pages/index.cfm?pageid=158
Øia, T. (1994) Norske ungdomskulturer. Lillehammer: Oplandske Bokforlag.
Parsons, T. (1942) ‘Age and Sex in the Social Structure of the United States’, American Sociological Review, 7(5): 604–616.
Perez, S. and M. Gauvain (2001) ‘Children’s After-School Activities as Opportunities To Develop Cognitive Skills’, Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. Minneapolis MN, 19–22 April.
PISA (The Programme for International Student Assessment) is a world-wide test of 15-year-old schoolchildren’s scholastic performance. Coordinated by the OECD. The first PISA assessment was carried out in 2000.
Schor, J. (1993) The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure. New York: Basic Books.
Seth, M. (2002) Education Fever: Society, Politics, and the Pursuit of Schooling in South Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Statistics Bureau Japan (2001) Summary of Results of the 2001 Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities. Director General for Policy Planning & statistical Research and Training Institute Japan. http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/shakai/index.htm.
Statistics Finland 2004; http://www.stat.fi/tk/el/kva_artikkelit_everydaylifesummary_en.html.
Statistics New Zealand (2006) http://www.stats.govt.nz/products-and-services/Articles/time-use-time-culture.htm.
Sweeting, H. and P. West (2003) ‘Young People’s Leisure and Risk-Taking Behaviours: Changes in Gender Patterning in the West of Scotland during the 1990s’, Journal of Youth Studies, 6(4): 391–412.
Trends (2006) Young People in the Uk Attitudes to and Experience of Leisure Activities 1983–2005. http://www.sheu.org.uk/publications/exampleuk.pdf.
UK National Statistics Time Use Survey (2000) http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=7054&More=Y.
UNICEF (2001) Early Marriage: Child Spouse. Innocenti Digest No. 7, March. Florence: UNICEF.
UNICEF (2006) State of the World’s Children 2006: Excluded and Invisible http://www.unicef.org/sowc06/.
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Educational Statistics (2006). The Condition of Education 2006 (NCES 2006–071). Washington DC: US. http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2006/pdf/34_2006.pdf.
Verma, S. and R. Larson (eds) (2003) Examining Adolescent Leisure Time Across Cultures. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, No. 99. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Waage, F. (2002) Statistics Norway: Barn og unges tidsbruk. http://www.ssb.no/vis/samfunns-speilet/utg/200204/06/art-2002–10-08–01.html/.
Wood, E., S. Desmarais and S. Gugula(2002) ‘The Impact of Parenting Experience on Gender Stereotyped Toy Play of Children’, Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 47(1–2): 39–49.
Woolf, V. (1948) The Moment and Other Essays. London: Hogarth Press, p. 83.
Wridt, P. (2004) ‘An Historical Analysis of Young People’s Use of Public Space, Parks and Playgrounds in New York City’, Children, Youth and Environments, 14(1): 86–106.
Young Europeans (2001) Eurobarometer. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_151_summ_en.pdf.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2009 Ivar Frønes
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Frønes, I. (2009). Childhood: Leisure, Culture and Peers. In: Qvortrup, J., Corsaro, W.A., Honig, MS. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Childhood Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-27468-6_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-27468-6_19
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-230-53261-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-27468-6
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social & Cultural Studies CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)