Abstract
These thousand eyes have also been looking upon naturalists for quite a while, but only few have looked back. Usually they were zoologists interested in specific groups which live on, in or under bryophytes; in the role these animals play during initial land colonization by cryptogams; in freshwater associations and in diverse other aspects. Botanists have published far fewer observations, these dealing mainly with fertilization or spore dispersal by invertebrates. Although scattered and uneven, taken as a whole the compiled data offer suggestive insights into the relationships between bryophytes and invertebrates, especially in regard to their co-evolution.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Mosses are useful to the insect tribe, countless numbers of which find homes among their branches, and roam about in their shades as in mighty forests, looking with their thousand eyes upon the wonders of their leaves, and sunning their wings of purple and of gold, and burnishing their shining armour upon the polished columns of their urns
Frances Tripp British Mosses, 1888
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alexander, C.P. (1920), Cornell Agric. Exp. Stat., Mem. No. 38.
Anonymous (1970), The Insects of Australia,Melbourne University Press.
Arnett, R.H. Jr. (1971), The Beetles of the United States, American Entomological Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Bader, C. (1969), Proc. 2nd Int. Cong. Acarol.,pp. 89–92.
Barr, D. (1973), Life Sci. Misc. Publ., R. Ont. Mus.
Bengtson, S.-A., Fjellberg, A. and Solhöy, T. (1974), Ent. Scand., 5, 137–42.
Bertrand, M. (1975), Vie Milieu, 25, 299–314.
Bland, J.H. (1971), Forests of Lilliput. The Realm of Mosses and Lichens, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
Bonnet, L. (1973), Protistologia, 9, 319–38.
Bonnet, L., Cassagnau, P. and Travé, J. (1975), Oecologia, 21, 359–73.
Bordoni, A. (1972), Boll. Ass. romana. Ent., 27, 9–25.
Bournier, A. (1979), Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., 84, 147–53.
Bovee, E.C. (1979), Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 51, 615–29.
Brattsten, L.B., Wilkinson, C.F. and Eisner, T. (1977), Science,196 1349–52:
Brindle, A. (1957), Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 93, 202–4.
Brown, A.W.A. (1956), Insect Control by Chemicals, John Wiley, New York.
Buchner, P. (1965), Endosymbiosis of Animals with Plant Micro-organisms, Interscience Publishers, New York.
Burnett, W.C., Jones, S.B., Mabry, T.J. and Padolina, W.G. (1974), Biochem. syst. ecol., 2, 25–9.
Byers, G.W. (1961), Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 42, 665–924.
Chapman, D.W. and Demory, R.L. (1963), Ecology, 44, 140–6.
Chernov, J.I., Striganova, B.R. and Ananjeva, S.I. (1977), Oikos, 29, 175–9.
China, W.E. (1962), Trans R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 114, 131–61.
Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L. (1968), Spiders, Scorpions, Centipedes and Mites, Pergamon Press, London.
Collins, N.M. (1979), Ecol. ent., 4, 231–8.
Cooper, K.W. (1974), Psyche, 81, 84–120.
Corbet, S.A. (1973), Field studies, 3, 801–38.
Corbet, S.A. and Lan, O.B. (1974), J. biol. Educ., 8, 153–60.
Crum, H. (1972), J. Hattori bot. Lab., 35, 269–98.
Crum, H. (1976), Mosses of the Great Lakes Forests.,Univ. of Michigan.
Cuénot, L. (1949), Les Tardigrades. In: Traité de Zoologie, Anatomie, Systematique, Biologie ( Grassé, P.-P., ed.), Vol. VI, pp. 39–59. Masson, Paris.
Culberson, C.F. (1969), Chemical and Botanical Guide to Lichen Products, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
Cutten, F.E.A. and Mc, E. Kevan, D.K. (1970), Can, J. Zool., 48, 1–24.
Dethier, V.G. (1947), Chemical Insect Attractants and Repellents, Blakiston, Philadelphia.
Dobat, K. (1972), Umschau in Wissenschaft und Technik, 72, 493–4.
Dobzhansky, T. (1950), Am. Sci., 38, 209–21.
Donner, J. (1966), Rotifers, Warne, London.
Drake, C.J. and Lattin, J.D. (1963), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 115, 331–45.
Duke, K.M. and Crossley, D.A. Jr. (1975), Ecology, 56, 1106–17.
During, H.J. (1979), Lindbergia, 5, 2–18.
Dybas, H.S. (1978), Am. Mid. nat., 99, 83–100.
Eastop, V.F. (1973), Deductions from the present day host plants of aphids and related insects. In: Insect/Plant Relationships ( van Emden, H.F., ed.), pp. 157–78, Blackwells, Oxford.
Eastop, V.F. (1977), Worldwide importance of aphids as virus vectors. In: Aphids as Virus Vectors ( Harris, K.F. and Maramorosch, K., eds), pp. 3–62, Academic Press, London.
Edmonson, W.T. (1944), Ecol. monog., 14, 31–66.
Erlanson, C.O. (1930), Bryologist, 33, 13–4.
Faegri, K. and van der Pijl, L. (1979), The Principles of Pollination Ecology, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Fantham, M.A. and Porter, A. (1945), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 115, 97–174.
Feeny, P. (1976), Plant apparency and chemical defense. In; Biochemical Interaction Between Plants and Insects (Wallace, J.M. and Mansell, R.L., eds), pp. 1–40, Plenum, New York and London.
Forster, W. and Wohlfahrt, T.A. (1960), Die Schmetterlinge Mitteleuropas. Band III. Spinner und Schwärmer (Bombyces und Sphinges), Franckische Verlag, Stuttgart.
Fraenkel, G.S. (1959), Science, 129, 1466–70.
Frankland, J.C. (1974), Decomposition of lower plants. In: Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition ( Dickinson, C.H. and Pugh, G.J.F., eds), Vol. 1, pp. 3–36, Academic Press, London.
Frost, W.E. (1942), Proc. R. Irish Acad., 47B, 293–369.
Gadea,E. (1964a), Pub. Inst. Biol. apl. Barcelona, 36, 113–20.
Gadea, E. (1964b), Pub. Inst. Biol. apl. Barcelona, 37, 73–93.
Gadea, E. (1977), Inst. Munic. Cienc. Nat. Misc. Zool., 4, 17–22.
Garjeanne, A.J.M. (1932), Physiology. In: Manual of Bryology (Verdoorn, F., ed.), pp. 207–32, Nijhoff, The Hague.
Gerson, U. (1969), Bryologist, 72, 495–500.
Gerson, U. (1972), Acarologia, 13, 319–43.
Glime, J.M. (1978), Bryologist, 81, 186–7.
Glime, J.M. and Clemons, R.M. (1972), Ecology, 53, 458–64.
Goodey, T. (1963), Soil and Freshwater Nematodes, Methuen, London.
Gordon, H.T. (1959), Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 77, 290–351.
Gressitt, J.L. (1966), Pacific Insects, 8, 221–80.
Gressitt, J.L. (1967), Notes on arthropod populations in the Antarctic Peninsula–South Shetland Island–South Orkney Islands area. In: Entomology of Antarctica ( Gressitt, J.L., ed.), pp. 373–91, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
Gressitt, J.L., Samuelson, G.A. and Vitt, D.H. (1968), Nature, 217, 765–7.
Gressitt, J.L. and Sedlacek, J. (1970), Pacific Insects, 12, 753–62.
Grodzinska, K. (1978), Water Air Soil Pollution, 9, 83–97.
Grolière, C.-A. (1977), Protistologia, 13, 335–12.
Grolière, C.-A. (1978), Protistologia, 14, 295–311.
Hackemesser, H. and Lichte, H.-F. (1978), Nachrichtenb. Deut. Pflanzenschutz., 30, 129–33.
Hallas, T.E. (1975), Ann. Zool. Fennici, 12, 255–9.
Hallas, T.E. and Yeates, G.W. (1972), Pedobiologia, 12, 287–304.
Hammer, M. (1965), Acta univ. Lund., 2, 4–10.
Hammer, M. (1966), Zool. Anz., 177, 272–6.
Harvey-Gibson, R.J. and Miller-Brown, D. (1927), Ann. Bot., 41, 190–1.
Heal, O.W. (1962), Oikos, 13, 35–47.
Heinis, F. (1959), Ber. Geobot. Forschlnst. Rubel, 1958, 110–23.
Heller, J. (1975), Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 56, 153–70.
Helmsing, I. W. and China, E. W. (1937), Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 19, 473–89.
Hesse, R., Allee, W.C. and Schmidt, K.P. (1951), Ecological Animal Geography, Wiley, New York.
Horn, K.F., Wright, C.G. and Farrier, M.H. (1979), North Carolina Agric. Exp. Stn., Tech. Bull. No. 257.
Horton, D.G. and Murray, B.M. (1976), Bryologist, 79, 321–31.
Hyman, L.H. (1951), The Invertebrates: Acanthocephala, Aschelminthes and Entoprocta; the Pseudocoelomate Bilateria. Vol. III, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Hynes, H.B.N. (1941), Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 91, 459–557.
Hynes, H.B.N. (1961), Arch. Hydrobiol., 57, 344–88.
Ingold, C.T. (1965), Spore Liberation, Clarendon, Oxford.
Jackson, D.J. (1956), Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 92, 154–5.
Janetschek, H. (1967), Arthropod ecology of South Victoria Land. In: Entomology of Antarctica (Gressitt, J.L., ed.), pp. 205–93, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
Karppinen, E. and Koponen, M. (1973), Ann. Ent. Fennici, 39, 29–39.
Kevan, P.G., Chaloner, W.G. and Savile, D.B.O. (1975), Palaeontology,18, 391–417
Kolb, A. (1976), Z. Saugetierkunde, 41, 226–36.
Koponen, A. (1978), Bryophytorum Bibliotheca, 13, 535–68.
Koponen, A. and Koponen, T. (1978), Bryophytorum Bibliotheca, 13, 569–77.
Kühnelt, W. (1976), Soil Biology, With Special Reference to the Animal Kingdom, Faber & Faber, London.
Kumar, A. and Prasad, M. (1977), Entomon, 2, 225–30.
Lacey, W.S. (1969), Biol. Rev., 44, 189–205.
Larsson, S.G. (1978), Baltic Amber - A Palaebiological Study,Scandinavian Science Press, Klampenborg.
LeSage, L. and Harper, P.P. (1976), Ann. Limnol., 12, 139–74.
Levin, D.A. (1976), Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 7, 121–59.
Lindberg,K. (1954), Hydrobiologia, 6, 97–119.
Lindegaard, C., Thorup, J. and Bahn, M. (1975), Arch. Hydrobiol., 75, 109–39.
Lohammar, G. (1954), Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, 48, 162–73.
Loria, M. and Herrnstadt, I. (1981), Bryologist, 83, 524–5.
Lowe, B.G. (1978), Health Physics, 34, 439–44.
Luther, H. (1979), Ann. Bot. Fennici, 16, 163–72.
Macan, T.T. (1963), Freshwater Ecology, Longmans, London.
Mani, M. S. (1962), Introduction to High Altitude Entomology, Methuen, London.
Markham, K.R. and Porter, L.J. (1978), Prog. Phytochem., 5, 181–272.
Marshall, V.G. (1974), Can. J. Soil Sci., 54, 491–500.
Marstaller, R. (1979), Feddes Repertorium, 89, 629–61.
Martin, H. and Worthing, C. (1977), Pesticide Mannual,5th Edition. British Crop Protection Council.
Matile, L. (1972), C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 274, 1927–30.
Matthey, W. (1971), Rev. Suisse Zool., 78, 367–536.
Matthey, W. (1977), Bull. Soc. Ent. Suisse, 50, 299–306.
McLachlan, A.J., Pearch, L.J. and Smith, J.A. (1979), J.Anirn. Ecol., 48, 851–61.
Mehlen, R.H. (1972), Pac. Sci., 26, 223–5.
Menzel, R. (1921), Treubia, 2, 137–45.
Morgan, C.I. (1977), J. Anim. Ecol., 46, 263–79.
Morgan, C.I. and King, P.E. (1976), British Tardigrades, Academic Press, London.
Mullen, G.R. (1977), J. med. Ent., 13, 475–85.
Müller, F.P. (1973), Ent. Abhand., 39, 205–42.
Murphy, D.H. (1955), Long-term changes in collembolan populations with special reference to moorland soils. In: Soil Zoology ( Mc, E. Kevan, D.K., ed.), pp. 157–66, Butterworths, London.
Nägeli, W. (1936), Mitt. Schweiz. Anst. forstl. Vers Wes., 19, 211–381.
Neumann, A.J. and Vidrine, M.F. (1978), Bryologist, 81, 584–5.
Nicholas, W.L. (1975), The Biology of Free-Living Nematodes, Clarendon, Oxford.
Nielsen, C.O. (1967), Nematoda. In: Soil Biology ( Burges, A. and Raw, F., eds), pp. 197–211, Academic Press, London.
NOrgaard,E. (1951), Oikos, 3, 1–21.
Nosek, J. (1973), The European Protura, Their Taxonomy, Ecology and Distribution, with Keys for Determination, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Genève.
Oldroyd, H. (1964), The Natural History of Flies, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
Pedroli-Christen, A. (1977), Bull. Soc. Neuchatel Sci. Nat., 100, 21–34.
Pennak, R.W. (1978), Fresh Water Invertebrates of the United States, Wiley, New York.
Penny, N.D. (1977), Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 51, 141–217.
Plitt, C.C. (1907), Bryologist, 10, 54–5.
Priddle, J. and Dartnall, H.J.G. (1978), Freshwater Biology, 8, 469–80.
Pryor, M.E. (1962), Pac. Insects, 4, 681–728.
Pschorn-Walcher, H. and Gunhold, P. (1957), Z. Morph. Okol. Tiere, 46, 342–54.
Pycraft, D. (1975), Garden, 100, 396.
Pyysalo, H., Koponen, A. and Koponen, T. (1978), Ann. Bot. Fennici, 15, 293–6.
Quate, L.W. (1955), Univ. California Pub. Ent., 10, 103–273.
Quintero, D., Jr. (1974), Psyche, 81, 307–14.
Ramazzotti, G. (1958), Memorie Ist. Ital. Idrobiol., 10, 153–206.
Reichle, D.E. (1966), Syst. Zool., 15, 330–44.
Richards, A.M. (1962), Trans. R. Soc. N.Z., 2, 121–9.
Richards, O.W. and Davies, R.G. (1977), Imm’s General Textbook of Entomology, 10th edn, Chapman and Hall, London.
Richards, P.W. (1947), Trans. Br. Bryol. Soc., 1, 16.
Richards, P.W. (1959), Bryophyta. In: Vistas in Botany (Turrill, W.B., ed.), pp. 387–420, Pergamon Press, London.
Rieley, J.O., Richards, P.W. and Bebbington, A.D.L. (1979), J. Ecol., 67, 497–527.
Robinson, M.H. (1969), Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lon., 121, 281–303.
Rodriguez, J.G. (1972), Inhibition of acarid mite development by fatty acids. In: Insect and Mite Nutrition ( Rodriguez, J.G., ed.), pp. 637–50. North Holland, Amsterdam.
Rhode, C.J. Jr. (1955), Studies on Arthropods From a Moss Habitat with Special Emphasis on the Life History of Three Oribatid Mites, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
Rühling, A. and Tyler, G. (1970), Oikos, 21, 92–7.
Rylov, V.M. (1963), Fauna of the USSR, Crustacea, Freshwater Cyclopoidea, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.
Savory, T. (1977), Arachnida, 2nd edn., Academic Press, London.
Sayre, R.M. and Brunson, L.K. (1971), Am. Biol. Teach., 33, 100–5.
Schweizer, J. and Bader, C. (1963), Denkschr. schweiz. Naturf. Ges., 84, 209–378.
Séguy, E. (1950), La Biologie des Diptères, Lechevalier, Paris.
Shepherd, R.F. and Gray, T.G. (1972), Can. Ent., 104, 751–4.
Shorthouse, J.D. (1979), Questiones Entomologicae, 15, 341–4.
Simon, J.C. (1974), Graellsia, 27, 103–32.
Smirnov, N.N. (1961), Hydrobiologia, 27, 175–82.
Smith, V.R. (1977), Oecologia, 29, 269–73.
Snow, W.E., Pickard, E. and Moore, J.B. (1958), J. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 33, 5–23.
Sorsa, P. and Koponen, T. (1973), Ann. Bot. Fennici, 10, 187–200.
Southwood, T.R.E. and Leston, D. (1959), Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles, Warne, London.
Stebaev, I.V. (1963), Pedobiologia, 2, 265–309.
Stépânek, M. (1963), Hydrobiologia, 22, 304–27.
Stormer, L. (1976), Senckenbergiana Lethaea, 57, 87–183.
Stout, J.D. (1963), Tuatara, 11, 57–64.
Stout, J.D. (1974), Protozoa. In: Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition (Dickinson, C.H. and Pugh, G.J.F., eds), pp. 385–420, Academic Press, London.
Stout, J.D. and Heal, O.W. (1967), Protozoa. In: Soil Biology (Burges, A. and Raw, F., eds), pp. 149–95, Academic Press, London.
Strong, J. (1967). Ecology of terrestrial arthropods at Palmer Station, Antarctic Peninsula. In: Entomology of Antarctica (Gressitt, J.L., ed.), pp. 357–71, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
Stroyan, H.L.G. (1955), Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 106, 283–340.
Suire, C. (1975), Rev. bryol.lichénol., 41, 105–256.
Svensson, G.K. (1967), The increasing “’Cs level in forest moss in relation to the total ”’Cs fallout from 1961 to 1965. In: Radioecological Concentration Processes (Aberg, B. and Hungate, F.P., eds), pp. 539–46, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Swain, T. (1974), Biochemical evolution in plants. In: Comprehensive Biochemistry (Florkin, M. and Stotz, E.H., eds), Vol. 29, Part A., pp. 125–302, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Tarras-Wahlberg, N. (1952–1953), Oikos, 4, 166–71.
Tarras-Wahlberg, N. (1961), Oikos, Supp. 4, 1–56.
Teskey, H.J. (1969), Mem. Ent. Soc. Can., 63, 1–147.
Thieret, J.W. (1956), Econ. Bot., 10, 75–91.
Thomas, A.W. (1971), Quaestiones Entomologicae, 7, 407–8.
Thut, R.N. (1969), Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., 62, 894–8.
Tilbrook, P.J. (1967), Arthropod ecology in the Maritime Antarctic. In: Entomology Antarctica (Gressitt, J.L., ed.), pp. 331–56, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
Tillyard, R.J. (1922), Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1922, 437–53.
Travé, J. (1963), Vie Milieu, Supp. 14, 1–267.
Uvarov, B. (1977), Grasshoppers and Locusts, a Handbook of General Acridology, Vol. 2. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London.
Vandel, A. (1965), Biospeleology, the Biology of Cavernicolous Animals, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Verdcourt, B. (1947), Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 83, 190.
Vickery, V.R. (1969), Ann. Soc. Ent. Quebec, 14, 22–4.
Wada, K. and Munakata, K. (1971), Agric. Biol. Chem., 35, 115–18.
Wallace, R.N., Hynes, H.B.N. and Merritt, W.F. (1976), Environ. Pollut., 10, 251–69.
Williams, F X (1939), Proc. Hawaiian ent. Soc., 10, 281–315.
Winner, W.E. and Bewley, J.D. (1978), Oecologia, 35, 221–30.
Wise, K.A.J., Fearon, C.E. and Wilkes, O.R. (1964), Pac. Insects, 6, 541–70.
Yasuda, T. (1962), Kontyu, 30, 130–6.
Zagulyayev, A.K. (1970), Ent. Rev., 49, 657–64.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Chapman and Hall
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gerson, U. (1982). Bryophytes and Invertebrates. In: Smith, A.J.E. (eds) Bryophyte Ecology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5891-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5891-3_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-5893-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-5891-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive